医学英语整理
P17：疾病-ia：缺血贫血出血
-Pathy：
ism:甲状腺功能亢进
P27：多：multi-：
Poly-：多尿
表示血液病相关单词（emia）：贫血缺血
P28：a/an-：无菌痛觉缺失
anti-：抗硬化
P29：dis-：消毒疾病
de-：脱水
latral（侧面）：双侧bilatral 单侧unilatral
P30:hyper-（高）：甲状腺功能亢进甲状旁腺的parathyroid
hypo-（低）：低氧缺氧
P31：pre-：心前区手术前的
P50：morph-：组织形态学histomorphology
cyst-：细胞学cystology
hist-：组织学histology 组织学家histologist
aden-：腺纤维瘤adenofibrioma
Myel-（脊髓、骨髓）、derma-（皮肤）、enter-（肠）、gastr-（胃）、肠胃病学gastroenterology
arthr-（关节）：关节痛关节炎关节肿胀关节水肿
P52：lip-（fat）：高脂血症高血糖高血压hypertension
hydr-（water）：脱水dehydrate（动词）dehydration（名词）
P67：thorac-/steth-（chest）：听诊器stethoscope
P68：表示方位的前缀
P83：pyr-（fever）：发热高热
alg-/algi-（pain）：相关单词
-carcin：肝癌
-oma：肉瘤脂肪瘤腺纤维瘤adenofibrioma
P84：-ectasia（扩张）：支气管扩张
-sten（狭窄）：支气管狭窄
-scler（硬化）：硬皮病抗硬化
py-：脓囊肿脓胸empyema/pyothorax 脓尿
P98：brady-：呼吸过缓bradypnea 心动过缓bradycardia
tachy-：呼吸过快tachypnea 心动过快tachycardia
dys-：排尿困难呼吸困难消化不良
-rrhage/-rrhagia/-staxia：出血子宫出血鼻出血
-megaly：巨头肝脾大
-phobia（fear）：畏光photophobia 恐高aerophobia
P99：-ptosis：肠下垂enteroptosis
P196：heredo-（遗传）：先天性的
P257：ren-/nephr-：与肾有关的常见疾病
P307：neur/o（神经nerve）
视inspection
触palpation
扣percussion
听auscultation
突发性的paroxysmal
肥大的hypertrophic
主动脉狭窄aortostenosis
主动脉瓣aorta valve
亚急性细菌性心内膜炎subacute bacterioendocarditis
慢性chronic
急性acute
经食道transesophageal
心音图phonocardiogram
疫苗vaccine
全身性无力？
熟悉教材P71、P92、P169（内容，英汉互译）认真复习教材每一单元的练习题熟悉循环系统心脏的相关表达考试内容：1--11单元（9、10单元不考）题型：多为选择题和英汉互译（包括单词、句子、短文）
医学论文英语翻译技巧
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译 [摘要] 2.1 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能（提供文章的主要内容）、祈使功能（吸引读者阅读和购买）、美感功能（简单明了、新颖、醒目）和检索功能（方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用）。 2.2 语态在英语中却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。 2.3 时态：一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。 结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。当然，使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时，要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。 3 长、难句的翻译 不管是英语还是汉语医学文章，都有一个共同的特点，即它们的句子通常较长，结构较复杂，有时，长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此，要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式（或主谓）主轴(form?pivot or subject? predict?pivot)上。也就是说，虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位，汉语强调的是意义，不太强调句子结构，许多句子没有主语，还有的句子主语不明显，但意义是明确的；而英语句子特别强调句子结构，绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换，学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子 例1：“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型，采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法，比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异，分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译：The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a m odel for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cell s.分析：在中文原句中，出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此，根据句意和英语的句子结构，将原文分成两层意思，按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中，“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词，但在实际翻译中，应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时，将它们的位置颠倒过来，并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致，使用了被动语态。第二层意思中，“c DNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现，层次分明，出落自然，毫无累赘之感。 例2：“这些感受器是神经末梢，它们嵌入血管壁，根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译：These r eceptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析：原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。 翻译的等效性和灵活性 1. 正确理解“等效翻译”
我的医学专业英语论文
Summary ofTheAtrial FibrillationStudyProgress Abstract:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commoncardiac arrhythmia,andarrhythmiafield ofthe most difficultto overcomeoneoftheheart disease. Chinaisthelargest country intheworldonpatients with atrial fibrillation, withtheimprovementofpeople's living standardand population aging, the incidence rateshowed an increasingtrendandbecomethe 21st centuryChina's emergingmainstreamof cardiovascular disease. Althoughatrial fibrillationis notlikeVFwill have a directcause of death in patients, but therapidventricular rateinatrial fibrillationcan causehemodynamic deterioration, resulting in cardiacdysfunctionandmalignant ventricular arrhythmias, especially combinedthrombosiswill begreatly increasedin patients withtherisk of stroke. Effectivetestmethodcannotfindthetrackstate changesofatrial fibrillationandtreatmentof atrial fibrillationtreatmentare basicallybasedontheclinicaltrial and error, leading to thedeclineintreatmentefficiency.In this paper, througha synthesis ofmodern researchonatrial fibrillation (AF), provideamore scientificbasistounderstandthe hazardsofatrial fibrillationandatrial fibrillationdiagnosis and treatment. Key words: atrial fibrillationmechanism ESC OSAS New understanding of atrial fibrillation mechanisms Based on extensive research in recent years, clinical and basic, the ESC released a new atrial fibrillation treatment guidelines detailed mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: atrial factor (atrial pathophysiology, such as atrial enlargement or fibrosis), electrophysiological mechanism (focal excited or reentrant, multiple micro-reentry, etc.), genetic factors (such as the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A adjustment function missing, etc.), clinically relevant factors (eg, hemodynamic changes) [1]. New risk factors: obesity and OSAS Obese patients with atrial fibrillation, the average body mass index (BMI) was 27.5 kg/m2, equivalent to when the moderately obese [3]. Overweight and obesity can affect the atrial and ventricular structure and diastolic function, autonomic nerve function, suggesting a clear link between obesity and atrial fibrillation. The data show that obese people with atrial fibrillation relative risk is 1.5 times the normal individuals, and each increase in BMI to 1 kg/m2, the relative risk of atrial fibrillation increased by 4% [4]. Sleep-disordered breathing sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increase atrial pressure or excessive changes of autonomic tone can trigger atrial fibrillation. Repeated hemodynamic and hypoxic fluctuations can also activate the stretch sensitivity of ion channels and (or) catecholaminergic channel, resulting in a more active focal excited. OSAS associated with vagal reflex as a symbol (bradycardia) can lead to pulmonary vein antrum should not shorten the trigger focal excited. OSAS and elevated C-reactive protein is independently associated with cause of atrial fibrillation relative risk increase. Studies have shown that the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with OSAS was significantly
英语医学论文格式要求-(含MPH)
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求 Review； comments ；editorials ；case reports； original articles. I．格式 The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE) （The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ）(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版本https://www.360docs.net/doc/de15683819.html,) *, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称"论文"）应包括以下12个部分： 1．Title 7． Acknowledgements 2．Abstract 8． References 3．Introduction 9． Legends 4．Materials and Methods 10． Figures 5．Results 11． Tables 6．Discussion 12． Plates and Explanations II．要求 1．标题 A. 标题的要求 a.What is a title? Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么） b.Requirement of a title a)（America）Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words. b) The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters c)China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words Generally speaking: （1） Short and concise（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准（GB－7713－87）要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系 （2）Informative（信息丰富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
英语医学论文投稿信Cover letter示例
医学论文Cover letter写作示例 写在前面的话： 医学论文投稿，需要Cover letter。Cover letter有相对固定格式，以下举例，仅供参考。 原创：wenkookoo 2020/3/28 Cover Letter Dear Editor, The paper entitled“ABCDEFGHIGKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ” is now submitted to be considered for publication as an article in your journal. If the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal, we will feel greatly honored. Please accept it as a candidate for publication in your journal. Derived from aaa, bbb, as a saponin, has been found to exert multiple pharmacological activities, including a robust anti-cancer impact both in vitro and in vivo. Our major findings concerning aaa are as follows: (1) aaa inhibits proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and arrests cells at the ddd; (2) aaa disrupts migration and invasion of cancer cells without compromising cell viability; (3)aaa inhibits the ccc process in cervical cancer cells via the ddd signaling pathways. The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that
英语医学论文格式要求
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求 打开一本医学专业期刊，可以看到不同文体的文章。除了综述(review)或述评（comments）、编者按（editorials）和个例报告（case reports）外，大量的是医学科研论文，即原始报告（original articles）。医学科研论文有许多不同的类型，常见的有两大类：医学基础研究报告和临床研究报告。 I．格式 根据国际医学杂志编辑委员会 (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE) 制定的《生物医学杂志投稿统一要求》（The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ）(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版本https://www.360docs.net/doc/de15683819.html,) *, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称"论文"）应包括以下12个部分： 1．标题（Title） 7．致谢（Acknowledgements） 2．摘要（Abstract）8．参考文献（References） 3．引言（Introduction）9．插图说明（Legends） 4．材料与方法（Materials and Methods ） 10．插图（Figures） 5．结果（Results）11．表格（Tables） 6．讨论（Discussion） 12．照片和说明（Plates and Explanations）以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是一篇论文必不可少的内容。下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中"标题"和"摘要"两部分将在以后单元另行讨论。 II．要求 1．标题 A. 标题的要求 Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么） 要求： （1） Short and concise（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准（GB－7713－87）要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系 （2）Informative（信息丰富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work; （3）Indexing（便于索引）：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词（索引词）安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上
中英文医学论文参考文献范例
https://www.360docs.net/doc/de15683819.html, 中英文医学论文参考文献 一、中英文医学论文期刊参考文献 [1].中英文医学科研论文摘要的比较研究. 《辽宁医学院学报：社会科学版》.2011年4期.严美娟. [2].中英文医学科研论文前言的比较研究. 《辽宁医学院学报（社会科学版）》.2009年1期.严美娟. [3].地震灾难医学救援临床研究论文的循证评估：近5年中英文论文的系统评价. 《四川医学》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2014年6期.孙明伟.曾俊.蔡斌.江华.王文渊.胡卫建. [4].高校医学术语的语音课件制作与应用. 《中国科教创新导刊》.2010年8期.刘长林. [5].如何写好中英文医学论文. 《中华创伤杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年2期.宋双明. [6].关于《中华预防医学杂志》刊出论文中英文缩写的公告. 《中华预防医学杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2016年2期. [7].铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制的文献计量分析. 《中国临床药理学杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年1期.邸秀珍.梁蓓蓓.李悦.赵静.王睿.王瑾. [9].医学期刊论文中英文题目及结构式摘要的编辑修改. 《中国科技期刊研究》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2011年5期.范华泉.冷怀明. [10].中英文医学论文标题的对比及其翻译. 《山西职工医学院学报》.2005年2期.袁良平. 二、中英文医学论文参考文献学位论文类
中西医结合论文(英文版)
Awareness of integrated Chinese and Western medicine Abstract Integrated traditional and Western medicine is the development of the times and the rise of a subject, in the face of emerging disciplines, described on the awareness, understanding, and development of integrated Chinese and Western medicine approach. And the combination of existing State, secondly, develop integrated measures to achieve better blueprint. Keywords:Integrated Chinese and Western medicine；Views；Attitude；The current situation；Measures The text China is a large country with thousands of years of Chinese history, but since after Western medicine with Western missionaries set foot on your land, Chinese medicine there are two systems of medicine "traditional Chinese medicine is a holistic concept, is dialectical medicine, Western medicine is reductionist, is disease medicine [1]. Views on the two kinds of medicine put forward different views under unprecedented criticism, questioning and challenging of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that Chinese medicine is the medicine of experience, there is no sufficient scientific justification, it will push the situation to the brink of extinction of traditional Chinese medicine. In order to remedy the situation, protect the health of human beings thousands of years make immeasurable contributions to medicine, Mao pointed out that the Chinese cannot long two medicine, only there kind of dialectical medicine actually pointed out the historical inevitability of integrated traditional and Western medicine. Truth a Yuan discourse, on same things full of really rational of objective truth only a, TCM is China of quintessence, is we generations from personally practice in the get of full summary, it of practice sex, and authenticity unquestionable, but while Western based on Science of discipline, from molecular to material, are is after test obtained reliable conclusions, both with has advantages, also has cannot ignored of shortcomings " Black Cat white cat catches mice is a good cat ' based on traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine are not perfect, if the mutual merits further development, in the case of complementary additional medical problems, combined with traditional Chinese medicine will be the best way out. 1.My understanding of integrated Chinese and Western medicine Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine is defined as: integrated use of Chinese and Western medical theories and methods, and cross penetration of Western medicine generated new theories and new methods, study the structure and function of the human body, the human body and the environment (natural and social) relationships, explore and solve the problems of human health, disease, and life sciences. Yiqian himself just simple of think integrated Chinese and Western medicine combines is medical and diagnosis techniques of combines, TCM in the includes Western, or Western in the infiltration has TCM is combines, learn has integrated Chinese and Western medicine combines introduction to Hou only knows it is theory high-level of combines, high-level of should has following several features: by
医学英语论文
本科毕业论文 2005年 5 月 题 目： 医学英语的特点及翻译技巧 院 系： 外国语言学系 专 业： 英语（医学科技） 学 号： 06260210 学生姓名： 李海静 导师姓名： 雍文明
On the Characteristics of Medical English Vocabulary and Translation Skills A Thesis Presented to Xinxiang Medical University By Li Haijing In Impartial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English May 2010 Thesis Supervisor: Yong Wenming
摘要 在国际学术交流日益广泛当前，医学英语学习与医学文献翻译愈显重要。要想了解和学习国外的先进医学技术，了解医学界的最新动态，掌握最新的医学成果以开阔视野、提高学习和科研能力，就必须广泛阅读和大量翻译这些科技文献。本文通过对医学英语词汇的特点、翻译中的些许技巧作以分析，从而探讨提高医学英语学习与医学文献翻译效率的途径。医学英语作为一种科技文体，其遣词造句、语法结构等有着自身的特点和规律，语言为的表达也具有较强的专业性，因而医学英语的翻译难度较大普通英语大得多，译者不仅需要拥有扎实的英语基础知识，还要具备相关的医学背景知识，才能是翻译更好达到“信、达、雅”的标准。对医学翻译者来说，医学专业词会是其中阻碍之一。随着医学科技的不断发展，新名词、新术语层出不穷，据统计，关于医学的新词，平均每年出现1500个之多。因此掌握一些外国人医学词汇的方法尤为重要。在医学英语术语中，用几个词组合起来构成一个新词是屡见不鲜，因此，翻译专业词汇，必须首先了解原词的含义，然后再根据所在的语境选择或创造汉语的专业词汇。本文探讨了医学英语词汇的构词、来源、用词的选择等方面的特点，和如何利用这些特点对医学英语进行有效翻译。 关键词：医学英语；词汇；翻译
中英对照医学论文参考文献范例
https://www.360docs.net/doc/de15683819.html, 中英对照医学论文参考文献 一、中英对照医学论文期刊参考文献 [1].医学专业课教材“英中文及中英文名词对照索引”中增设音标注音的意义及可行性调查分析. 《继续医学教育》.2011年8期.孔令泉.邢雷.黄剑波.蒲莹晖. [2].医学法语二外多元教学法. 《中国中医药咨讯》.2010年8期.丁小会. [3].达英35联合二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征的临床效果研究. 《医学美学美容（中旬刊）》.2014年4期.冯泽旻. [4].温肾化痰胶囊联合达英35治疗多囊卵巢综合征的临床效果分析. 《中国疗养医学》.2015年8期.葛晨蕾. [5].英研究显示：戒烟短信有助提高戒烟成功率. 《科技与生活》.2011年15期. [6].英夫利西单抗治疗儿童克罗恩病的临床效果. 《中国医学前沿杂志（电子版）》.2015年5期.方莹.任晓侠.韩亚楠.陈一. [7].二 《中山大学学报（医学科学版）》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2010年5期.沈杨.刘娟.任慕兰. [9].颅面骨纤维异常增殖症围术期心理干预在改善术后焦虑和抑郁状态患者中的应用效果. 《国际呼吸杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2016年7期.韩建平.王焱.申顺英.郑莹.张秀芝. [10].达英35与雌孕激素治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血疗效观察. 《基层医学论坛》.2015年5期.张慧. 二、中英对照医学论文参考文献学位论文类 [1].2,3,7,8四氯二苯并对二噁英宫内暴露对仔鼠早期卵泡发育的影响. 作者：许虹.妇产科学北京协和医学院清华大学医学部中国医学科学院2011 （学位年度）
医学英语论文
医学英语阅读课学期论文 中文标题当前中国医患关系的成因与思考 英文标题Causes and thinking of the relationship between doctors and patients in China 作者姓名：张鹏飞 学科专业：临床医学（五年制）1307班 学院：湘雅医学院 指导教师：杨文君 论文提交日期2015年6月26日 中南大学 二〇一五年七月
Causes and thinking of the relationship between doctors and patients in China THESIS Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for The Term Credit of Medical English Reading By Pengfei Zhang Supervisor: Wenjun Yang
Abstract :Reform and opening up has brought economic and social development and people's living standards continue to improve, people are asking higher demand for health services. So now building a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients has become a great concern of the social problems. In this thesis, I try to find the current situation, bad effects and the causes of the tension between doctors and patients. And the countermeasures to alleviate the tension between doctors and patients are proposed to provide the basis for promoting the harmonious relationship between doctors and patients. Key Words:doctor-patient relationship problem cause thinking solution harmonious society Introduction:Nowadays, the tension between doctors and patients has become a social problem that can not be ignored. The relationship between doctors and patients can not only affect the development of health care in China, but also become a very worried problem that affects the life of everyone. In order to promote the development of China's medical and health undertakings, to serve the people well, and to effectively solve the problem of the people's medical treatment. On the
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译
百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！ 1 医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译 [摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验，总结和归纳在翻译医学论 文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略，重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。 [关键词]医学论文；英语摘要；写作；翻译 2.2 语态在英语中，被动语态的使用远不及主动语态广泛。然而，在翻译医学论文摘要时，却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述，使得整项活动更显出科学性。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用必要的修辞手段，扩大句子的信息量，从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容[4]。请看下例：“采用Western blotting技术检测37例食管鳞状细胞癌组织、癌旁组织、区域淋巴结和相应正常食管组织中P73蛋白的表达，并探讨与食管临床病理特征的关系。”翻译：The expression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues'para?cancer tissues'regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tissues'and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored.分析：(P73蛋白的)“表达”和“关系”是两个中心词，只有使用被动语态，才能突出这两个词。“检测”和“探讨”都是科学研究的过程，使用被动语态就是强调其科学性。整个译句使用被动语态达到的效果是结构紧凑，上下联贯。 2.3 时态时态是大多数作者遇到的一大难题，他们不知何时该用何种时态。有时全文从头到尾只用一种时态，或几种时态杂乱交错，给人不知所云的感觉。笔者通过多年对医学论文英文摘要的加工、翻译发现'医学论文摘要中所采用的时态主要是一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。而它们的功能也很明确，即，一般现在时（偶尔有现在完成时）使用于摘要的目的与结论当中。对于摘要的目的，现在常常省略主语，只用不定式短语进行表达。如“to study; to evaluate; to understand”等；而一般过去时（偶尔有过去完成时）则常常用于摘要的方法和结果之中。请看下例：例1：“106例宫颈癌均行广泛性子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除术，其中78例斧正编辑Q1366273999行术前放疗（体外加腔内放疗），16例采用腔内放疗加手术，12例术后放疗。”翻译：106 patients with cervical carcinoma were all treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy'of whom 78 had preoperative radiotherapy'(external radiation and brachytherapy)'16 combination of brachytherapy and radical operation'12 adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy.分析：上文是摘要“方法”中的一句。主句使用了过去时，从句则使用了过去完成时。之所以使用这两种时态，是因为在撰写此文时，研究工作已经结束，研究过程中所做的一切已成过去。读者阅过就一目了然。例2：“初步结果显示肝素酶基因表达可能为肺癌细胞获得转移活性的可靠标志之一，其检测可用于辅助判断肺癌患者预后。”翻译：The preliminary results suggest that the expression of heparanase gene may be one of the reliable markers for the metastastic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.分析：这是摘要“结论”
医学类英文论文
Genes, autoimmunity and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease L Guilherme1, KF K?hler1, E Postol1, J Kalil2 1 Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo;Institute for Immunology Investigation, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, Brazil 2 Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo;Institute for Immunology Investigation, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo;Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, School of Medicine, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, Brazil Click here for correspondence address and email Abstract Pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains incompletely understood. Several genes associated with RHD have been described; most of these are involved with immune responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of genes affect patients with RHD compared to controls. Molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and human proteins, including cardiac myosin epitopes, vimentin and other intracellular proteins is central to the pathogenesis of RHD. Autoreactive T cells migrate from the peripheral blood to the heart and proliferate in the valves in response to stimulation with specific cytokines. The types of cells involved in the inflammation as well as different cytokine profiles in these patients are being investigated. High TNF alpha, interferon gamma, and low IL4 are found in the rheumatic valve suggesting an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines and probably contributing to the progressive and permanent valve damage. Animal model of ARF in the Lewis rat may further contribute towards understanding the ARF. Keywords: Autoimmunity, rheumatic Heart disease, susceptibility genes How to cite this URL: Guilherme L, K?hler KF, Postol E, Kalil J. Genes, autoimmunity and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Ann Pediatr Card [serial online] 2011 [cited 2012 Nov 2];4:13-21. Available from: https://www.360docs.net/doc/de15683819.html,/text.asp?2011/4/1/13/79617 Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is still a major health problem in several countries due to the heart lesions that follow a rheumatic fever (RF) episode in 30-45% of patients. The incidence of acute RF (ARF) in some developing countries exceeds 50 per 100,000 children. The worldwide prevalence of RHD is at least 15.6 million cases, and this disease is responsible for around 233,000 deaths/year. [1] RHD results from autoimmune reactions triggered by an untreated S. pyogenes throat infection leading to severe valvular damage in genetically susceptible individuals. Recurrences of ARF play an important role in the worsening of valvular