英语语法三个原则

小学英语语法三个原则

暑假里，我在读卜玉华教授的《新基础教育外语教学改革指导纲要》中，印象比较深刻的是关于外语语法的教育教学，这也是教师教学的难点，学生学习特别是学困生难以越过的一道坎，细细思考后，我查看了一些资料，也借鉴了许多有经验的做法。

在学习一种外语时，如果不了解该语言的内部规则，那将影响学生准确地运用该语言进行交流。许多专家(如Cameron，2001)认为，即使在小学阶段，孩子也需要一些语法知识帮助他们牢固地、正确地掌握语言。新课程标准也要求在小学阶段要进行一些简单的语法教学。作为小学英语教师，如何才能既保持孩子学习英语的热情，又让孩子掌握新课程标准所要求的"枯燥的"语法知识呢?暑假里我阅读了一些关于语法教学的书籍，结合自己的教学实践，我认为，根据孩子的天性，在教学中要做到"以人为本"，让小学语法教学生动起来，应遵循以下三个原则。

1．Implicit(隐性原则)

在语法教学方面，外国教育专家提出了两种方法："Explicit grammar teaching"(显性语法教学)

和"Implicit grammar teaching’’(隐性语法教学)。前者侧重在教学中直接谈论语法规则，语法教学目的直接明显；后者则在教学中避免直接谈论所学的语法规则，主要通过情景让学生体验语言，通过对语言的交际性运用归纳出语法规则。"Explicit grammar teaching"需要运用抽象的思维能力，对智力还在发展的孩子采用"Implicit grammar teaching"的方法更为合适。不少教师的英语课堂枯燥乏味，其中一个重要原因是在巩固所学的语法项目时，采用了过于机械的练习形式(mechanicaldrills)，也可以说是采用了过多的"Explicit grammar teaching"。例如，学习了一般将来时后，让学生做大量类似如下的练习：

依照例句改写句子：

Model：I am swimming now．(tomorrow)

→ I am going to swim tomorrow．

1)Jack is dancing now．(tomorrow)

2)Mary is drawing now．(tomorrow)

此类练习只让孩子重复操练所学的语法项目，并没有提供机会让孩子了解应用这个语言点的情景，容易使所学的语言形式与语言的使用语境、语言的意义脱节，不能很好地达成语法教学的最终目的--帮助提高学生语言的交际能力。

此外，孩子天性喜欢好玩的东西，过于严肃机械的练习不能引起他们的学习热情。因此，我们应尽可能摒弃直接的、机械的练习，多提供机会让孩子在有意义的、生动有趣的情景中练习和运用所学的新项目。例如我们可以利用讲故事、做游戏、TPR(全身反应法)、念儿歌等"间接"的方法来帮助他们巩固所学的语法。例如，我们可以采用以下的游戏来巩固be going to do something这个语法项目：

1)教师拿起粉笔，说：

"I am going to draw something. But what? Can you guess?’’

提示让学生使用句型"You are going to draw．．．"。

2)教师每次画一两笔，让学生继续猜："You are going to draw．．．"，直到他们猜对为止。

这个游戏给孩子们提供了一个较真实的情景去使用语言，让他们在玩乐中无意识地训练了所学的语法。当然，为了巩固孩子的语法知识，提高孩子语言的准确性，教师也要在适当时候使用 Explicit grammar teaching"。

2．Meaninggofirst(意义先行原则)

英国教育专家Jayne Moon(2000)的研究表明，孩子具有"Go for meaning"的天性，即在学习语言时，孩子的注意力通常首先放在语言的意义(meaning)上，他们很少注意到语言形式(form-指vocabulary，pronunciation，grammar structures)或语言规则。而且，孩子在特定的情景中获悉语言意义的能力很强。

由于孩子的关注点在语言的意义上，如果在开始授课时，教师首先谈论语法规则，势必导致他们不感兴趣。在教学中，我们要利用孩子的天性来帮助他们学习语言，才能真正做到"以人为本"。

在语法教学上，英国专家提倡采用这样的教学顺序：首先，让孩子在一个有意义的情景中(meaningful context)理解所教语法项目的意义；然后，提供足够的机会让孩子在较真实的语境中进行交际性活动，运用所学的语法项目；最后，在孩子理解并会运用的基础上，教师把孩子的注意力吸引到语法规则上来，进一步巩固所学的内容。也就是说，在教学的前面两部分----"meaning"与"use"阶段使用"Implicit grammar teaching"，在最后一部分----"form"阶段才采用"Explicit grammar teaching"。

3．Economy(适量原则)

除以上两点外，在解释语法项目时还要注意"economy"原则，即讲解要适时适量，解释清楚就可以了，不要罗嗦，费时费力太多，反而弄巧成拙，导致孩子糊涂及生厌。

有些教师认为只有把语法尽可能详尽地解释，才能保证孩子运用的正确性，而且往往把孩子犯的语言错误归因于语法(语言点)讲解不够。其实，学英语就象学计算机或学驾驶汽车一样，太多的理论解释反而适得其反，最关键的是实践、实践、再实践。而且，正如我们上面所说的，孩子的抽象思维能力还没有完全发展，这方面的能力比不上成人，在涉及语法解释时更应特别注意"economy"原则。新课程标准所倡导的"以人为本"的理念要求教师的教学设计与教学活动都要符合学生的本能与天性。生动有趣、重在实践的语法教学方法有助于营造出一个人性化的教学环境，不仅有利于调动孩子的学习积极性，提高教学效果，还有利于孩子身心、情感的健康发展。

在渗透语法内容时，教师要从学生出发，站在学生的角度思考，怎样介绍知识运用知识是学生能比较容易接受和理解的。根据以上三个原则，我想在备课时，要更加以人为本，多找素材，还要注意培养兴趣，少讲精练，提高课堂效率。

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