英语状语

英语状语
英语状语

英语状语

英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。

状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。

状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。

副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等

概念。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。

3.介词短语

4.从句作状语

5.分词作状语

1状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制.

状语与定语相同的地方是,都是前加附加成分;不同的地方是,它是谓语里的附加

成分,而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分.从句子的层次上看,状语是在第二个层次和

第三个层次里的成分,有时甚至是更低层次的成分.

2状语的构成

状语的构成经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以及方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等.

含有动量词的数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语.

此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语.

3状语的书面标志——"地"

状语的书面标志是结构助词"地".状语后面带或者是不带"地",情况比较复杂.一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带"地";而介词短语,方位短语,能

愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带"地",副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带"地".

4多层状语

如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些. 多层状语的一般语序:

a.表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;

b.副词.

c.表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;

d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语;

e.表对象的介词短语. 其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后.

5一般状语和句首状语

状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称"句首状语".

时间状语从句

要点: 时间状语从句,由以下连词引导:

when ,while,as,after ,before,as soon as,since ,till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。

1.when当******的时候

2.while当。。。时

3.as在。。。的同时;一边。。。一边。。。

4.after在。。。之后

5.before 在。。。之前

6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。

7.since 自。。。以来到现在

表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。

8 till /unti

9. by the time 到。。。为止(所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)

a .when, while和as的区别

when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且w hen有时表示“就在那时”。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。

b, As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:

c, as when while的辨析

as 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时

d when

1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前"或"之后"发生。

2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)

3.常用于常见搭配中

e while 1、用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时

有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。

二.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。

注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:

三.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。

till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:

四.由since引导的时间状语从句。

since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:

五知识扩展

1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词,表示一段时间)

2. It is +before…(。。。才)

3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely 和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:

六.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。

注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。

七由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:

八.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:

地点状语从句

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导.

句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:

句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。

【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。

而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:

条件状语从句

要点:表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导。(让步)

难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.

原因状语从句

要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导

.难点——because , since , as , for,辨析

1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。

2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。

目的、结果状语从句

要点:目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。

结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that

引导。 1.so…that 如此…以至于 2.so that 以至于, 以便于

3. such…that 如此。。。以至

4.in order that=so that:为了

5.比较:so和such :其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

(so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。

难点+形容词或副词+形+a(an)+单数可数名词

so +many 或few+复数可数名词+that +much或little+不可数名词so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句,当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, mi ght, will, would等次。

so +adj或adv.+ that,such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,当可数名词前有many, few;不可数名词前有much, little修饰时,应采用句型:so many (few, much, little )+n. 。such为形容词,

后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such (nice)people.

让步状语从句

要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词though, although引导.

难点:lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)…but 的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(s till)的格式是正确的.

Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.

Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.

虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.

although, though 辨析

although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though.

as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

【注意】

a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

c ever if, even though.即使

d whether…or-不管……都

e "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

比较状语从句

要点:比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级,比较级及最高级的句子之中。原级

1. as…as 和。。。一样

2. not so(as)…as …和不一样

比较级more…than (更)

最高级 1.The most…in/of

2. the + 形容词+est…of/in

知识扩展

no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)

not more than不如。。。;(前者不如后者)

2。one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)

方式状语从句

1)方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:

2)as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:

[说明]as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语

英语语法大全之状语 7

10.条件状语从句 If it rains,I shall(or will,can,may)not go out.(I do not know whether it will rain or not.) If it should rain,I shall(or will,can,may)not go out.(I do not know whether it will rain or not.) If it should rain,I should(or would,could,might)not go out.(I don't think it will rain.) If it rained,I should(or would,could,might)not go out.(I know it will not rain.) If it had rained,I should(or would,could,might)not have gone out.(I know it did not rain.) If it rained,he will(or can,may)not have gone out.(I do not know whether it rained or not.)If he only(or but)works harder,he will succeed.(He doesn't have to do anything else in order to succeed.) If you only care to flatter your boss,you will be promoted. If and when I die,you must take good care of your-self. He may resign if he so desires(or chooses,wills,purposes). I may do anything if I intend(or wish,like,will)it. He is nothing if(he is)not(=absolutely,decidedly)a cheat. Your guess is nothing if(it is)not correct. Ask that gentleman if gentleman(不加冠词)he be.(倒装语序) His conscience forbade him to do so,if conscience he had. I have succeeded in persuading a drunkard,if succeed one can. Let me know your reason,if reason there is. I have told her ten times,if I have done once(=exactly). The mountain is5650feet,if an inch(=exactly). 1

初中英语——条件状语从句

初中英语―条件状语从句 一.条件状语从句的概念 条件状语从句,即在某种条件下,一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless 等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后(状语从句中),一件事情(主句)才能发生,通常译作―假如,只要,如果‖等意思。条件状语从句中,主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即,主句是将来时态时,从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。 二.条件状语从句的引导词 1.If conj . 如果,假如 If you ask him,he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam,you will let him down. 如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 2.unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候(if ...not...) You w ill fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game w ill be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。 3.so/as long as conj.只要 You may borrow my book as long as you keep it c lean. 只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。 三.关于条件句的时态,常见的有以下三种情况: 1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。 When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。 2、如果主句是祈使句,那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 If you want to have a chat ,call me up. 如果你想聊天,打我电话。 3、如果主句是含有情态动词时,根据需要从句多用一般现在时。

伴随状语的用法

伴随状语的用法 WITH作伴随状语,或说明造成某一局面的原因.至于是用现在分词,还是过去分词得看与主句主句的关系是被动或主动. Fg: with time passing by随着时间的流逝He sat on the chair with his eyes closed.他坐在椅子上,眼睛闭着. 总结一下: with的复合结构可以分以下几种: 一. w ith + 名词 + 形容词.表处于一种状态. He often sleeps with windows open.他经常开着窗户睡觉. 二.with +名词 + 副词. There is a temple with no table in. 三.with +名词 + 介词短语. The teacher came into the classroom with a book under his arm. 四.with + 名词 + 现在分词.这种结构表动作的主动和进行态. The old woman left the her house with water running all the time. 五.with + 名词 + 过去分词,这种结构表被动和完成. The thief was taken to the police station with his hands tied to his back. 六.with + 名词 + 不定式,这种结构表动作的将来式. The mamager has been busy these days with a lot of work to do . 伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生,它的特点是:它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 例如: ①He sat in the armchair,reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题。 伴随状语的判断 The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语(现在分词表主动过去表被动)前有逗号的是伴随状语。

高中英语语法_状语从句练习30题及详解

1. Tim is in good shape physically ________ he does n't get much exercise. A. if B. even though C. uni ess D. as long as 2. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school duri ng the day, _____ accompa nied by an adult. A. once B. whe n C. if D. uni ess 3. ___ you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge. A. However a serious problem B. What a serious problem C. However serious a problem D. What serious a problem 4. Because of the heavy traffic , it was already time for lunch break ________ she got to her office . A . si nee B .that C . when D . until - 】Joh n thinks it won 't be long he is ready for his new job. A. whe n B. after C. before D. since 6. Today, we will begin we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. A. whe n B. where C. how D. what 7. She had just finished her homework her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. A. whe n B. while C. after D. since 8. My pare nts don ' t mind what job I do I am happy. A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though 9. You can ' t borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card. A. before B. if C. while D. as 10. All the dishes in this menu, ______ otherwise stated, will serve two to three people. A. as B. if C. though D. unl ess 11. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone __ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. A. if B. whe n C. which D. since 12. ___ u nemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. 13. — Did you return Fred ' s call? 16. __________ in the fields on a March after noon , he could feel the warmth of spri ng. A . To walk B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 17. Na ncy enjoyed herself so much she visited her friends in Sydney last year. A.that B.which C.whe n D.where 18. You ' d better not leave the medici ne kids can get at it. A.eve n if B.which C.where D.so that 19. I won ' t call you , ________________ something unexpected happens. A.u nless B.whether C.because D.while 20. — Where' s that report? A. Before B. Where C. U nless D. Until —I didn ' t need to I ' ll see him tomorrow. A. though B. unl ess 14. _I ' m sorry you ' ve been waiting so long , Brian gets back. A. before B. since C. till C. whe n D. because but it ' ll still be some time _____ D. after 15. We ll have a picnic in the park this Sun day ____ ____ it rains or it ' s very cold. A.si nee B. if C. unl ess D. un til

初中英语——If引导的条件状语从句

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二.各种状语从句的简化方法: 1.以after和before引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,从句等于after/before+doing sth.作状语。 例:After she sang,she left the rich man's house. = After singing,she left the rich man's house. 2.以as soon as引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,从句等于on+doing sth.,作状语,此时的动词为非延续性动词。 例:Mary began to operate on the wounded soldiers as soon as he arrived at the village.= Mary began to operate on the wounded soldiers on arriving at the village.3.时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主语和主句主语一致时,有时可简化为不定式作状语。 例:She stopped when she saw her husband. = She stopped to see her husband. If you want to understand the farmers,you must go to the countryside. = To understand the farmers,you must go to the countryside. 4.结果状语从句和目的状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,可以简化为不定式作状语;若两者主语不一致时,则应简化为不定式的复合结构作状语。 例:He was so tired that he couldn't go any further.= He was too tired to go any further. I came here so that I could ask some questions.= I came here(in order) to ask some questions. 5.以when,while引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,从句等于when/while/if +doing sth.作状语,表示谓语动作发生在该状语动作的进行过程之中。 例:When he turned on the radio,he found it broken.= When turning on the radio,he found

条件状语从句

初中英语――条件状语从句 一.if 引导的条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下,某事很可能发生,条件是可能存在的,主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。如: If you ask him,he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam,you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 If you have finished the homework,you can go home.如果你作业做完了就可以回家了。 另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时,表示对现在或过去的一种假设。如: If I were you,I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.要不是交通堵塞,我本会来得早一些。 另外你还要注意if 条件句的时态搭配 1.if从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时 If he runs, he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的,他就会及时赶到那儿。 The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. 如果你拉猫的尾巴,它就会抓你。 2.if从句用一般现在时,主句用may/might/can If the fog gets thicker, the plane may/might be diverted. 如果雾在大一些,飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。 If it stops snowing, we can go out. 如果雪停了,我们就可以出去。 3.if从句用一般现在时,主句用must/should If you want to lose weight, you must/should eat less bread. 如果你想减肥,你必须少吃面包。4.if从句用一般现在时,主句用一般现在时 If you heat ice, it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热,它就会化成水。 5.if从句用现在进行时,主句用一般将来时 If you are looking for Peter, you’ll find him upstairs. 如果你是在找彼得,上楼就会找到他。6.if从句用现在完成时,主句用一般将来时 If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill. 如果你吃完了,我就叫服务生来算账注意: 学习" if " 引导的条件状语从句的用法,现在总结一下: if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间; 条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。 条件句表可能,主句多用将来时; 条件句表事实,主句常用现在时。 在if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果,主句用一般将来时态,从句用一般现在时态。如: We can walk there if we can't find a bus. If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo. What will you do if you find a panda in danger? 如果if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件,则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如: If bears are in danger, they attack people. 在if 引导的条件状语从句中,if 和条件句位置灵活,可直接放在主句后面,若if 条件句放句首,从句后面要加逗号,和主句隔开。还要注意前后时态一致原则

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