土木工程中文文献英文翻译
Carbon fiber reinforcement technology as a new type of structural reinforcement technology in the construction engineering, is the use of resin bonded materials to the concrete surface,making concrete and carbon fiber to form a composite whole, and work together.At the same time, the technology has the advantages of convenient construction, high strength, wide application and light weight.Therefore, carbon fiber reinforcement technology in the construction defects reinforcement treatment has been widely used, so as to ensure the building bearing ability and stability, improve the shear resistance and bending capacity of building structural members, improve the quality of the whole construction project, achieve the purpose to the building structure reinforcement, and prolong the service life of the building.
One, carbon fiber reinforced structural component technology principle.
Carbon fiber reinforced structural component technology is the concrete structure of the external paste fiber reinforced composite sheet, both work together in order to achieve the purpose of strengthening.Because the carbon fiber material has good corrosion resistance, high strength, light weight and elastic modulus higher advantages, compared with ordinary steel , the tensile strength of carbon fiber is about ten times that of it, and elastic modulus higher than it.For reinforced concrete structures,the carbon fiber materials we used can be divided into two kinds: carbon fiber material and matching https://www.360docs.net/doc/e012955338.html,pared with the construction steel, the tensile strength of carbon fiber is ten times and elastic modulus is quite equal to it, even some of the elastic modulus of carbon fiber in it more than two times, and has a good durability and construction performance, so carbon fiber is a very good reinforcement and repair materials.In addition, for supporting resin, including resin of the substrate, the leveling resin and bonding resin, the resin of the substrate and leveling resin have an important role on carbon fiber bonding quality, and bonding resin can make concrete and carbon fiber forming a complex whole, work together, in order to improve the bearing capacity of building structural members, to achieve the purpose of building structure member strengthening.
Two,the basic characteristics of carbon fiber materials.
1, carbon fiber sheet.
According to the mechanical properties of the material, the elastic modulus of the carbon
fiber material is not the same.According to the mechanical properties of carbon fiber sheet, the main is the high modulus, high strength and medium modulus.The high modulus carbon fiber cloth is characterized by its low elongation at break but high elastic modulus.The unit weight of carbon fiber cloth is not comparable with that of steel,Carbon fiber sheet is very thin,but because of the chemical structure of carbon fiber, the fiber can be used for any acid salt and all kinds of chemical medium environment, do not be afraid of corrosion and can resist the low temperature or high temperature thermal expansion and contraction.
2, supporting resin bonded materials.
In the construction project, the main material used in the reinforced concrete structure repair technology is bottom coating,putty,bonding resin or impregnated resin,and its functions are different.First of all, for the bottom coating, the concrete surface is more applicable, can speed up the bond, in order to ensure the stability of the interface.Secondly, for the putty, mainly on various parts of the surface are filled, fill up the gap of the entire surface,so that the function of carbon fiber sheet can be fully played.Then, the bonding resin has the function of sticking to the carbon fiber board, and the impregnated resin has the function of sticking to the carbon fiber cloth.The bonding resin and the impregnated resin are used mainly to bond the carbon fiber sheet to each part of the concrete component, which can make the scattered parts form a whole, and the two work together.In addition, the epoxy resin is mainly applied to the highway concrete bridge, the use of carbon fiber sheet reinforcement technology is also more appropriate,when present in a variety of circumstances, with the change of temperature, it has some influence on its curing properties,therefore, to a large extent, the quality of paste is good or bad, which has an important impact on the number of regular traffic disruption time.
Three, strengthening construction technology of carbon fiber reinforced materials.
Strengthening construction technology of carbon fiber reinforced materials:unloading--basal treatment--base rubber--leveling--paste--protection.
1, unloading.
For unloading, it is to remove the non tube components, so that it can make the impact on other components reduce effectively.
2, basal treatment.
（1）If the concrete surface produces the phenomenons of corrosion, hollowing, honeycomb and spalling,you need to cut out of these parts.For a larger area of poor quality, after the cutting operation, the epoxy mortar should be used to repair the work.
（2）For the part that produces the crack,it should be treated in a fully closed manner.
（3）For the float, oil and other impurities on the concrete surface,we should use concrete grinder, sandpaper to remove.In addition,to ensure the surface of the component is smooth,polish the raised part of the surface,the corner should make Chamfering processing, and be polished into a circular arc.
（4）Before the base operation, must keep the concrete surface dry clean, if not in line with the requirements of the construction, we should use the hair dryer to blow it.
3, base rubber.
（1）The main agent and curing agent should be placed in the container,the proportion of the main agent and the curing agent must be measured accurately according to the standard of construction,then the electric mixer is used to mix it evenly,determine the amount of the dosage according to the actual temperature of the construction site,and control the use of time strictly , usually run out within an hour.
（2）Through the use of roller brush brushing the bottom evenly in the concrete surface,and the next process can be carried out only when the glue is solidified.
4, leveling.
（1）For leveling operation in Construction Engineering,it can make the difference in height has been further reduced,we can use FE glue level the part of the surface of the concrete which is sunken,template joints and other parts.
（2）We can also use FE glue to mend the corner to a smooth arc.
5, paste.
（1）The size and number of layers of carbon fiber cloth shall be determined according to the actual requirements of the construction.
（2）To carry out the deployment and mix of FR glue,and apply it evenly to the position where it needs to be pasted.
（3）When the carbon fiber cloth is pasted,no bubbles can be created,if there are bubbles,we can use the special roller along the direction of the fiber to carry out repeated rolling, and make
the FR glue fully soaked carbon fiber cloth.Only when the carbon fiber cloth surface dry ,you can carry on the next layer of paste.
（4）Apply FR glue evenly on the surface of the last layer of carbon fiber cloth.
6, protection.
Plastering and fireproof coating should be adopted to Protect the surface of the reinforced carbon fiber cloth.
Four, the application of carbon fiber materials in building structure reinforcement.
1, the scope of application of carbon fiber reinforced materials.
Applicable to various shapes, any part of the structure, brick masonry reinforcement repair.
2,Specification for reinforced concrete structures strengthened with carbon fiber sheets.
When the concrete is strengthened by carbon fiber sheet, the component and carbon fiber sheet are bonded together seamlessly,at this time, the carbon fiber sheet and concrete integrate into a whole, together to withstand the stress.
3,Carbon fiber sheet can be used in the following ways to strengthen the concrete structural member.
When the carbon fiber sheet is used for bending and strengthening of the beam and plate member in the tension zone,the direction of the fiber should be consistent with the direction of the reinforcement;
When the beams and columns are subjected to shear and reinforcement,it can be closed U paste or side paste,at this time,fiber direction should be perpendicular to the axial direction of the component;
The anti seismic reinforcement of buildings can be pasted fully enclosed,at this time, the fiber direction should be perpendicular to the column axial direction;
When there is sufficient evidence, the carbon fiber sheet can also be reinforced according to the stress state of the concrete structure;
When the carbon fiber sheet is bonded to the concrete structure, we can according to the national standard, use limit state design method based on probability theory,the ultimate bearing capacity and normal carrying capacity of concrete structures are calculated respectively.
Meanwhile,on the one hand, reinforced concrete structure should be based on the national
standard, determine the corresponding material design index, and then through the detection to sure its actual strength whether can achieve the relevant requirements;On the other hand,the carbon fiber sheet should be based on the elastic stress-strain curve when the component reaches the limit state to determine the corresponding stress;In general,the ultimate tensile strength of carbon fiber sheet should not be less than 95% of the guaranteed rate of the manufacturer as a marker of the tensile strength.
When the member is strengthened with carbon fiber sheet,consideration should be given to the effects of strengthening materials on the components and their properties;As before the use of carbon fiber reinforcement, we should try to remove the live load, in order to reduce the impact on other components.The stress of live load bearing should be fully considered if it can not be completely unloaded.
In addition,for members subjected to bending, shear reinforcement,the concrete strength of the strengthened member shall not be less than C15.The strength grade of concrete should not be less than C10 in the whole closed type of reinforcement concrete columns.
In short,due to the carbon fiber material has the advantages of all kinds of concrete,Carbon fiber reinforcement technology apply in the construction more and more widely,and become the main reinforcement treatment method of the current construction project,it will have broad application prospects.
Building is the infrastructure of city construction, and it plays a very important role in the development of urban modernization.Then with the large number of urban population growth,and with the impact of the environment, load, construction and other factors,the carrying capacity of building structure is gradually reduced,It is necessary to take effective reinforce measures to the building structure in order to improve the bearing capacity of the building structure.It is found that the measures of building structure reinforcement mainly include increasing section method, sticking carbon fiber, applying prestressing tendon, sticking steel plate method and so on,but the prestress method can significantly improve the bearing capacity of the structure, improve the stability of the building structure, security.
One, Building structure reinforcement technology
In the use of building structure,we often found that the beam plate structure appear various problems, such as cracks, steel corrosion, torsion spent large and so on.The cracks in the concrete structure of the building is one of the frequently occurring diseases among these,in the process of the long time use of building structure,under the repeated effects of external loading,it is easy to cause the load cracks in the building structure;In addition,in the construction stage,may be due to various reasons, such as unreasonable ratio of concrete mixture, water cement ratio is not reasonable, the construction process of improper placement and so on,these factors can lead to cracks in the beam structure.If the crack width exceeds a certain range, the bearing capacity of the concrete structure will be greatly reduced.Under the action of earthquake, it is very easy to appear the harm of collapse hazard.Steel corrosion,because the building structure is in the outdoor, the structure is subjected to the action of carbon dioxide for a long time, and the carbonation of concrete occurs.If the carbonation depth of concrete exceeds the protective layer of the reinforcing steel bar, the basic protection of the steel bar can be destroyed,resulting in corrosion of steel reinforcement, and reduce the bonding between steel and concrete,the harms it causes to he carrying capacity of the overall structure of the construction can not be ignored.Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce the building structure effectively.
(1)prestressed reinforcement technology
The prestressed reinforcement is arranged on the beam plate of the building structure, and the prestressing force which is applied to the beam plate forms an external prestressing strengthening
force system to reinforce the beam plate structure.Prestressed reinforcement technology, its reinforcement effect is obvious, and it can greatly improve the bearing capacity of the building structure, can improve the bearing capacity of 30% ~40%, and can reduce the cracks and structural deformation in the structure.In addition,prestressed reinforcement construction has less impact on the construction of the use of space.Generally,we complete prestressed reinforcement construction under the condition of no restriction on the use of buildings.
(2)increasing cross section technology
This method is widely used in the seismic strengthening of the compression building structure, also can be used in the tensile members, mainly used to strengthen the rod which the raw material has consistent performance , such as steel structure reinforcement.After increasing the cross section of the rod, the strength of the component can be greatly enhanced, and the stability of the structure can be improved.At the same time, it can also be strengthened with reinforced concrete wrapped wooden pieces.
(3)pasting steel plate technology
In this method, the steel plate is pasted on the surface of the structure by the construction adhesive, thereby making full use of the bonding force of the steel plate to make the steel plate and the building structure to be effectively bonded together, to form the two force component.In the bonding structure, the steel plate plays the use of the tensile reinforcing steel bar, which greatly increases the bearing capacity of the structure.Problems should be paid attention to in strengthening:First of all,To remove the paint layer on the surface of the concrete structure, expose the surface of concrete structure; and clean the dust on the surface of concrete structures which is to be reinforced;Secondly, when pasting steel plate,we should avoid strengthening if the air outside is under humid conditions , and to ensure that the temperature of the strengthening of the environment is not higher than 60 degrees.
(4)anchorage reinforcement method
This method is mainly used in the bending and compression member of reinforced concrete.The main principle is to drill holes and inject glue in the original structure,to ensure that the steel bars in the borehole are solidified and rooted.It has good anchorage performance and tensile properties for the steel bars which drill hole is shallow.This method is a new structural strengthening method, and the reinforcement process is relatively simple, and it has less influence
on the force of structure.Matters needing attention for anchorage reinforcement method:This method is suitable to be used in the condition of the ambient temperature above 5 ℃, and the performance of the cementing agent is not damaged;When the environment of strengthening is lower than 5 ℃,we can take the appropriate method to increase the temperature, so that the quality of reinforcement can be ensured.
Two, Advantages of prestressed reinforcement on architecture
Building prestress strengthening technology mainly has the following advantages:First, the reinforcement effect is obvious,it can effectively reduce cracks of the beam plate structure , and extend the service life of the building;Second, prestressed reinforcement construction technology does not reduce the use of space, and greatly improve the carrying capacity of building structure.Third, the prestressing reinforcement construction period is short, the labor force is less, the economy is higher;Four,Prestressed reinforcement of the construction has a small increase in weight,and the maintenance is convenient.
Three, The strengthening technology of the construction of our country
In the actual construction project,for the prestressed reinforcement beams and trusses, the steel boots can be used to anchor nodes;For the frame beam, type steel casing hoop or Perforated bolt can be used to anchor node.
3.1 transverse prestressed reinforcement technology
In the building structure, if the distance between the two ends of the reinforced concrete beam is small, then the two ends of the beam can not conduct prestressed tension operation, then you can use the method of transverse prestressing reinforcement construction.This loading method is mainly install prestressed tendons which is reinforced in the lower edge of the main girder of the symmetrical center line,and we need to curved prestressed reinforcement in suitable position at the end of the beam,then anchor effectively in the end of the main beam of the anchor plate with the support of the fulcrum,its "U" - shaped anchor plate is sheathed on the lower flange of the main beam.Meanwhile,the prestressing tendon is divided into several sections in the horizontal section of the prestressing tendon,and the end of the stick can be used as a fulcrum,in the middle of the prestressing tendon, the tightening bolt is used to tighten the symmetry,prestress is produced
in the course of the tension of the prestressing tendon.The study found that this method can effectively reduce the positive moment of middle beam, and can not reduce the shear force at the end of the beam.
3.2 longitudinal prestressing reinforcement technology
Longitudinal prestressed reinforcement technology is a reinforcement construction method which apply prestressing tendons portrait along the beam plate.Before the longitudinal prestressing reinforcement,we need to arrange the prestressed tendons along the longitudinal beam,and bend the longitudinal prestressing tendon which is in the position of the end of the beam where sets up guide block,then anchor the longitudinal prestressing tendon on the web plate or top plate of the girder,and stretch prestressing tendon so that the shear force of the end of beam can be reduced effectively.It is found that the longitudinal prestressed reinforcement anchoring structure is mainly longitudinal anchorage structure,which is mainly divided into roof bolting and the web anchor.The advantages of longitudinal prestressed reinforcement is cutting through the amount of concrete in bridge deck,that is the tension construction in the deck operation.In the prestressed reinforcement tensioning operation, we need to pay attention to the tension operation of the symmetrical center line, and the tension operation of the same beam should be synchronized to ensure that the prestressed tendons on both sides of the beam have the same stress state.The prestressed tension program is the same as the prestressed concrete beam.
3.3 vertical prestressed reinforcement technology
The vertical prestressed reinforcement technology is a reinforcement construction method which arranges prestressed tendons symmetrically on both sides of the beam and slab.According to the construction experience,most of the vertical prestressing reinforcement technology do side anchorage in the end of the beam,make vertical tension in the middle of the prestressing tendon,and small cross beams are used to fix the prestressing tendon at the bottom of the beam rib.The vertical prestressed reinforcement method not only has the characteristics of small tension and large tension stroke, but also can effectively overcome the excessive loss of the longitudinal stress,compared with other prestressed reinforcement technology, it has obvious strengthening effect, and can effectively reduce the cracks in the existing building structure.In the construction of vertical prestressed tension, it is needed to carry out piece by piece, and the tension operation needs to be symmetrical to the center line, so as to reduce the loss of elastic compression
effectively.
Four, Concluding remarks
To sum up,with the large number of urban population growth, as well as the environment, load, construction and other factors, the bearing capacity of the construction gradually decreased,so it is necessary to take effective measures to strengthen the building structure to improve the bearing capacity of the building structure.The prestressed reinforcement technology not only can effectively strengthen the building beam and plate, improve the bearing characteristics of the overall structure, but also does not change the shape of the building structure,so that it can improve the stability and safety of the building structure.
01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
英文翻译中文
Accounting ethics Barron's Kathleen Elliott Abstract Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors. Key words：Accounting Ethics Education Contents 1 Importance of ethics 2 History 3 Teaching ethics 4 Accounting scandals 1.Importance of ethics The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting. Most countries have differing focuses on enforcing accounting laws. In Germany, accounting legislation is governed by "tax law"; in Sweden, by "accounting law"; and in the United Kingdom, by the "company law". In addition, countries have their own organizations which regulate accounting. For example, Sweden has the Bokf?ringsn?mden (BFN - Accounting Standards Board), Spain the Instituto de Comtabilidad y Auditoria de Cuentas (ICAC), and the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 2.History Luca Pacioli, the "Father of Accounting", wrote on accounting ethics in his first book Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, et proportionalita, published in 1494. Ethical standards have since then been developed through government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. These various groups have led accountants to follow several codes of ethics to perform their duties in a professional work environment. Accountants must follow the code of ethics set out by the professional body of which they are a member. United States accounting societies such as the Association of Government Accountants, Institute of Internal Auditors, and the National Association of Accountants all have codes of ethics, and
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土木工程专业英语翻译
a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推
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合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
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