初中英语阅读理解教学

初中英语阅读理解教学
初中英语阅读理解教学

作者:杨晓燕时间:2012-08-29 19:48:20

我在初中英语阅读理解教学过程中的体会,就目前初中英语阅读教学中存在的问题谈谈我个人的几点建议:

一、目前初中英语阅读教学中存在的问题

1.问题直白,缺乏探究。

“一石激起千层浪”。好的提问,能充分调动学生的积极性,使学生的思维始终处于兴奋状态,主动参与课堂的教学活动。但有的课堂上教师常为提问而提问,脱离学生实际,或空洞浮泛,或主次不分,或针对性不强。有的问题过于直白,像“好不好”、“是不是”之类,学生往往无须思考便可回答。教师一个问题接一个问题地“满堂问”,学生疲于应付,难以静心思考,课堂看似热热闹闹,实则肤浅。学生在整堂课都没有能够得到思维的锻炼,长此以往,思想自然缺少创新。

2.问题随意,缺乏梯度。

许多课堂的问题没有精心设计,只有大概教学思路,缺乏对课堂生成问题的意识。于是课堂上往往出现“脚踩西瓜皮,滑到哪儿是哪儿”的现象。老师想到什么,问什么,结果东一榔头,西一锤子,课堂随意性太大。同时这些问题往往因为没有预设,问题之间相关性与连贯性不强,以致出现“问题零乱,关注学生不够,课堂生成不足”诸多问题。

3.缺少引导启发,排斥求异思维。

在阅读教学中,往往出现这样的情况:因为课堂时间紧张,教师一提出问题,没有给学生思考时间,就忙着请学生回答。一旦学生回答不出或回答得不完整,就迫不及待地请另外的学生出马,直到答对为止。在问题的解答过程中,忽略了对学生的激励、引导和启发。没有展示教师在教学中的主导性,这样只有问没有启,是无法开启学生的智慧大门的。另外虽然不断在学习新课程理论,对标准答案还是情有独钟。有时学生的回答跟标准答案稍有不同,老师就一而再、再而三地请学生回答,好象不跟标准答案一致就誓不罢休似的。课堂教学显得太死板。

4.阅读反馈的调控力度不够

一堂英语阅读教学课,既注意了问题设计的梯度,又关注了学生的接受层面,似乎算得上达到了阅读课教学的目的,但如果不加强反馈力度的调控,不加大课后及课外阅读量,阅读理解充其量也就是一知半解。

夸美纽斯说:“教师的根本任务就是培养学生的求知欲。”面对阅读教学存在的诸多问题,要实现英语阅读课堂的高效,首先应提高课堂提问的实效性。阅读课问题设计的新颖、到位,不仅能激发学生的兴趣,激活学生的思维,而且也能激起学生的创新思维与表达欲望,提高学生的课堂参与度,最终能够培养学生的表达能力与交际能力,提高教学效果。其次,合理安排教学步骤,有层次地引导学生阅读。再次,改善学生的学习心理,发展学生的智能和综合素质,让学生能感受到英语学习

的乐趣,体会到英语学习的成功。最后,阅读注意反馈调控。只有通过扎实的信息反馈,才能达到真正理解的目的。

二、优化初中英语阅读课的教学设计

那么,如何优化初中英语阅读课的教学设计?本文试以新标准九年级 Module6 Unite2中的 Reading 部分Six rules for a safe and healthy life?为例,对此作一探讨。

(一)、精心设计问题,设置悬念,激发阅读兴趣

在初中英语阅读教学中,设计问题,回答问题是课堂教学使用率最高的一种教学手段。教师问题设计的得体、精巧,能把学生引入“问题情境”,激发学生探索知识和阅读的欲望,引导他们积极思考,对发展学生的英语表达能力能起到极大作用。在初中英语阅读教学的问题设计中,教师要注意提问的质量,问题要有启发性,且难易适度,要有训练思维能力的价值,对不同性质不同程度的问题要适当地让不同程度的学生回答。据此,教师在设计问题时,要精心组织,甚至对某个问题学生可能有的几种回答怎么引导,怎么分析都要在事先有所估计,有所考虑。另外,设计问题时要注意循序渐进,由易到难。首先提出能让学生通过略读就能快速在语篇中找到明显答案的连贯的问题,帮助他综观全文,获取对语篇的完整印象,训练学生整体理解,快速阅读的技能;然后提出一些推断性问题让学生通过精读领会语篇的细节,根据问题迅速定位,在区域内进行合理的判断、推测,培养他的分析、综合和概括等思维能力;

最后,提出一些延伸性问题来开拓学生的视野,培养创造性思维。

Case 1:在导入新课前,可以设置以下几个与学生的生活实际相关的问题,让学生回答并激起讨论的热情。

Q1: If I go across the road, I will____________.

Q2: If I like watching TV, I will__________.

Q3: If I am ill, I will____________.

Q4: If I have a friend who likes smoking , I

will________.

Q5: If my patents don’t want me to surf the Internet, I will_______.

After the students give their answers, the teacher says:Rich or poor, young or old, We all have problems. And we are often too worried or sad when we have problems. How do we deals with our problems? Let’s read the article and find the ways.

Case2:在通过快速阅读并找到By learning to forget, By regarding problems as challenges, By thinking of something worse 三种解决问题的方法后,提出假设,If we can’t find ways to solve the problems, what will happen? 要求学生进行深一度阅读,并回答下面的问题。

Why should we deal with problems?

They can make us ______________________.

They can affect ________________________.

They can also influence _________________.

Case3:在阅读By regarding problems as challenge一节后,设计下面一个问题:Why do many students often have some accidents?

A: Because they often run across the road .

B: Because it’s comfortable.for them to sit on the couch and watch.

C: Because they eat plenty of sweet or fast food..

D: A, B and C, might all be possible.

针对many students often complain about school. 这一句,可以让学生来谈谈他们自己对目前自己饮食结构和营养搭配,在家及外出的个人安全和良好生活习惯的意见和建议以及如何来解决。

T: What do you think of the safe and healthy rules?

S1:I think when we are out walking ,we should always go with someone ,and tell my parents where we are planning to go.

S2: I think we must take exercise to keep fit,such as walking at least 10,000 steps every day.

S3:In my opinion, it’s important to eat plenty of the right things,above all, fruit,vegetables.

S4: We must be happy no matter how much difficulty we face,smile at everything

S5: We must say no to smoking and drugs!.

(二)、合理安排教学步骤,有层次地引导学生阅读

1.引导学生快速阅读,捕捉大意

要培养学生的英语阅读能力,首先要使学生摆脱母语干扰,直接感知语群句意。引导他们快速阅读,扩大阅读视幅面。培养他们良好的阅读习惯,训练阅读速度,提高概述能力。还要培养他们的猜词悟意能力,推理归纳能力等,在阅读材料提供的纷繁复杂的语言环境中,抓住文章脉络,掠过不必要知道的生词或通过构词法猜一猜某些生词。例如,Six rules for a safe and healthy life?一文中的生词probably, might就无关紧要,阅读时可掠过;提醒学生注意生词happiness, improvement

是由happy,improve变来的;unimportant是由important

加否定前缀un-变来的,easily是easy加后缀-ly变来的,从而引导他们结合构词法和文章内容猜出这些词的意思。这样,通过快速阅读,捕捉文章大意。然后让学生回答一些对表层意义的理解题:

(1)How many rules are there in the article ?

(2)What are they ?

要求学生在回答上述问题时,不要看课文,以培养他们的识记

和判断能力。

2.指导学生精读全文,把握信息

有效指导学生学习语言知识,培养他们理解、掌握和应用语言知识的能力。通过灵活运用语言知识,掌握语言模式,形

成良好的语言思维定势,培养语感。针对有碍阅读理解的内容,采用“疏”导法,教学生抓住重点句、重点词,摆脱不必要的

困扰;针对阅读中的重要知识,采用“点”导法,并且把重要

语言点发挥下去。例如,文章中stay safe意思是keep safe,

由此引出stay happy=keep happy,stay healthy=keep healthy etc.又如It’s important to eat plenty of the right

things,above all, fruit,vegetables .的句子结构中it的作

用。精读完全文,回答这样几个问题:

(1)Who may have no problem in life?

A: Rich people B: Poor people

C: Young people D: Nobody

(2)If we can’t obey the rules, we can’t ______ easily. A: ride our bicycles well

B: learn English well

C: enjoy ourselves

D: finish our homework

(3)What can we learn from the passage?

A: Person health is the most important .

B: Eating diet is the most important

C: Happiness is the most important

D: A, B and C, might all be possible.

3.启发学生深读全文,领悟内涵

了解文章大意和重要语言点后,接下来就是要研究文章的内涵,即中心思想。这种题一般出在各类检测性的阅读理解的最后一题,题型大致是给文章拟个怎样的标题最好;或文章中某个人的话到底是什么意思;甚至猜一猜文章中某个人结果怎样等等。这就要求教师不仅要引导学生读通文章,还要启发他们深读文章,发挥潜能,引起发散性思维,抽象出对文章的全面理解和认识,从而达到进一步培养阅读能力,达到自学英语的目的。Six rules for a safe and healthy life?一文中,通过阅读这篇文章学生首先要了解文中的生活原则是什么。引导同学们关注这些建议,进而在日常生活中给予注意并应用,这也体现了课标中提出的“丰富生活经历和提高人文素养”的要求。在语言知识方面,通过阅读扩大学生的词汇量、学习一些短语和句式、进一步体会学过的多种时态的意义和结构以及了解文章的结构安排特点。学会迎接挑战和处理问题,不轻易抱怨生活带给我们的不幸和麻烦,以一种积极的心态坦然面对生活对我们的考验。

Case4:

T: Stephen Hawking has a badly illness, but he never gives up. Finally, he has become very famous and successful. Now let’s play a game. I want one of you to cover your eyes with a piece of cloth, please walk around the classroom . Who ‘d like to have a try?

S: Let me try. (It’s really hard to walk around the classroom)

T: What do you think of your walking?

S: I couldn’t see anything. I could walk slowly and diffcultly. Now I really understand it’s good to be healthly . There’s no reason for us to complain about our life.

T: That’s right. I’m so glad to see that you’ve got the true meaning of the life. Don’t think the life is unfair to you. You’re so healthy. You’re so lucky. It should be much easier for you to do something. If you try your best, you’ll be also very famous and successful.

(三)、改善学生的学习心理,恰当评价,发展学生的智

能和综合素质

阅读能力与学生的兴趣、志向和意志等非智力因素密切相关。有的学生在阅读时缺乏自信和耐心。一看到长长的一篇文章,里面还搀杂着一些生词,就产生厌烦情绪,这时教师要把

改善学生的语言学习心理环境作为一项重要的工作。要创设条件使学生产生语言学习的成功体验,从而增强学生学习的信心,激发其进一步学习的兴趣和动机,使学生以一种积极向上的精神状态投入学习。Six rules for a safe and healthy life?一文的learning strategy是 using dictionaries,因此,要求学生学会使用英语字典查找像

require,effect,weight,expert,fit,breathe等新单词,教会学生怎样快速地查找单词也是激起学生学习激情的一个好主意,谁都想成为查单词的快手,有查汉语字典的基础,学生的竞争热情高涨,这也给导入新课掀起了一个小小的高潮。

教师要带领学生一道挖掘阅读材料的思想内涵,开展话题讨论,使学生学会客观地分析、评价人物和事件,以培养学生对社会和人生的正确态度。我们的课堂上,常常会出现这样的情况,当老师提出一个问题,个别学生会马上举手回答,并且答得非常正确,而教师也兴奋地及时表扬学生。这样,一大批同学也许还没有想好,结果却出来了,这些学生地思路一下子就被同化了过去,就失去了思考的价值。课堂变成了只是优等生表现的舞台。还会出现这样的情况,学生的回答是错误的,教师会马上予以否认。这种武断的否定会挫伤学生的学习积极性,也不利于形成畅所欲言的教学场面。因此有的时候,教师的评价不宜太早。在教师没有作出评价之前,请更多的学生来回答,这样可以使更多的学生在课堂得到锻炼的机会。在学完

Six rules for a safe and healthy life?后,我通过指导学生体会文章的语气、用词等判断正确答案,在训练过程中划出文章几个问题的答案及支持答案的句子。

Case5:

T: If you stay out late at night, will your parents be angry with you?

S: Of course, they will.

T: Do you know why they will be angry?

S: Because it’s dangerous to stay out late at night.

T: Can you show us what your parents will be like when they are angry?

S: How dare you are so late! Where did you go? What did you do? Whom did you go with? (pointing his finger, open his eyes angrily and widely)

T: How do you feel when your parents are angry with?

S: I’m also angry , and I don’t want to explain anything to them.

T: I don’t think it’s a good way to solve the problem. Your parents care and worry about you, but you only see they are angry. I think you can try to calm down , forget what your parents said to you . It’s not necessary to

quarrel with them. You can find a chance to tell them the truth some day..

(四)、阅读注意反馈调控

做阅读理解,应该首先初步通读文章,获得整体印象。教师再指导学生调动原有的知识和生活经验,分析比较,展开具体读解。教师训练学生的分析与比较的思维能力,最后概括、抽象出对文章的全面理解和认识。仅此还不够,必须要通过最后一关:阅读信息反馈。阅读后应利用对比、图表等手段再现文章的整体结构,设计形式多样的练习对语言知识加以巩固。所以,在阅读教学中,教师在进行读后活动(post-reading activities) 时,应指导学生利用已建立的图式进行各种活动,如复述、改写、讨论、评价等。对于水平高的学生,教师应要求他们不看语篇图式进行相关活动,而对于有困难的学生,教师应允许并帮助他们利用已建立的语篇图式进行复述、改写等活动。因为一个好的语篇图式是语篇内容和语篇结构的有机结合,所以即便是有困难的学生看着它也会有话可说,根据它有话可写。这样根据不同的学情而设置不同的教学标高,使得各层次学生在原有基础上都有所获,故而使因材施教落到了实处。

T: Here’s the main information about the article .

I want you to make your own conversation according to the chart.

S1: How do we prevent our safe?

S2: We can prevent ourselves wheather we are at home or go out Take more exercise and watch our diet

Walk at least 10,000 steps everyday to keep fit Eat plenty of the right things

Rest up !

Be happy!

Say no to smoking and drugs

S1: Why should we prevent our safe?

S2: Because we are more healthy and happier.

阅读还可以结合听、写来加强训练。如阅读材料可以作为听力材料,可以改为完型填空,还可以当作书面表达要求学生进行改写、续写、根据文章做调查报告等。

Case7:

T: What’s happening to your classmate recently? He/she may have many problems, please make a survey in your classmates. Write down their problems and give the ways to solve.

After the survey, ask some of the students to give their reports. Here is a report from one of the students. 谈论过去发生的违背生活规则的事和将来的打算,可以应用几种不同的时态,通过谈论这些事可以引起同学们对安全、健康生活的关注和对过去的反思,也更能理清自己的思路,明确自己的生活原则,为未来做准备。

同时必须扩大课外阅读。目前,阅读教学主要是通过课堂来完成,课外阅读能拓宽学生的创新视野,常言道:“厚积薄发,熟能生巧。”没有大量的阅读输入,就不可能有良好的运用性输出,更谈不上创新运用了,大量的阅读也可以帮助学生扩大词汇量,巩固语言知识,丰富认知图式。阅读是一种技能,虽然可以通过培训学习一些技巧,但要真正获得技能,最终是要通过大量的课外阅读来完成。扩大课外阅读的方式有很多,如可以通过互联网、收音、电视、报刊、杂志等来达到,甚至还可以让学生互相阅读自己的作品。

三、结束语

阅读理解的层次可分为:字面阅读(read the lines),推理阅读(read between the lines),形象阅读(read beyond the lines)。在设计和实际教学时,应层层深入,以帮助学生的阅读理解和训练学生的阅读技能为目标,培养其阅读能力、语言能力和思维能力。在整个教学设计中注意各个教学步骤的侧重点:1.读前活动,引出话题,唤起学生的阅读兴趣;2.阅读活

动,训练学生的阅读技巧;3.读后活动,鼓励学生将通过阅读

获得的内容和词汇与自己的生活实际相联系。

总而言之,教师在阅读课上应该树立以学生为主体的思想,精心设计阅读教学过程,使学生拓宽视野,由被动接受知识转

化为开动脑筋主动探索知识,从而达到培养他们的自学能力,

提高综合运用语言的能力,提高阅读的速度和质量。

《英语课程标准》倡导以学习过程为中心的任务型语言学习途径,通过语言技能、语言知识、情感、策略与文化意识几

方面,培养学生的综合语言运用能力。教材在为学生提供同一

主题的不同呈现或输出方式,通过阅读课文呈现相关主题的语

言结构与词汇,进行基础语言知识和语言技能的训练,同时也

训练学生的阅读能力。所以一切的输出所依托的都是对阅读的

优化处理。

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初中英语阅读理解试题(有答案和解析)含解析

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