地球上的水科普知识介绍阅读

地球上的水科普知识介绍阅读
地球上的水科普知识介绍阅读

地球上的水科普知识介绍阅读

地球上的水介绍

美国作家查尔斯·费什曼所著的一本书《大水荒:水资源大战与动荡未来》中告诉我们:水只会在人们习惯找到它的地方慢慢消失,仍然会有大量的水存在于地幔中,比如存在于岩石中的水。而地球上的水几乎都来自于外太空。

1猎户座星云是个“造水工厂”

迄今为止,地球上发现的最古老的岩石在加拿大魁北克省北部,有42.8亿年历史。这些年代久远的岩石,几乎与太阳系的年龄相近(据估计,太阳系已经存在46亿年)。可是你也许不知道,我们卫生间的水龙头里流出的水,极有可能比加拿大的岩石更为古老——它可能已存在了43亿、44亿或者45亿年。

尽管这个说法仍存在争议,但应该说我们现在所拥有的水,的确早已存在,并会永远存在下去。因为地球上的水的分子式一直都是H2O。这些水不仅来自太空,甚至也形成于太空。实际上,水本身就是宇宙的“体液”,比太阳系的形成还早数亿年,甚至数十亿年。

加里·梅尔尼克是美国哈佛大学天体物理学中心的资深天体物理学家,他也是1997年时通过欧洲航天局设计的红外线太空天文台,发现一个相当规模的“星际水源”的团队成员之一。多年来,他一直用轨道望远镜研究星体的形成和太空水。他发现猎户座的星体属于银河系,其旁边有一个亮闪闪的点,即猎户座“宝剑”上的一个小圆点,实际上它不是星体,而是一个巨大、明亮、由气体和尘雾形成的云团,

即“猎户座分子云团”。氢气就在这种云团里凝结,正在形成新的星体。梅尔尼克说:“猎户座离地球最近,是大星体形成的区域。”这个氢气云团看起来像猎户座旁的一个小圆点,其实它规模庞大,可以产生成千上万个星体。

梅尔尼克在和同事们用望远镜观察猎户座分子云团时发现,那里“每24分钟产生的水,足以填满地球上的所有海洋”。这些星体结合或分解时会发出冲击波,冲击波穿过含有游离态的氢和氧的气体云,当冲击波冲击氢原子和氧原子使它们结合时,通常就会形成水。

在此需要强调的是,氢是宇宙中最普遍的元素,而氧元素位列第三。因此,悬挂在猎户座腰部的“宝剑”其实就像一个造水厂,一直在源源不断地造水,每天制造的水量甚至是地球所需的60倍,其规模之大,令人难以置信。而这一片正在造水的区域,不过是银河系中一片不起眼的“沼泽”而已。

梅尔尼克说,宇宙之大,我们难以想象。“那些星云所造之水虽然很多,且密度很大,但我们仍不会说,若飘在太空,可能会被一大堆水打到。”所以尽管这块星云产水量如此巨大,但它是在相当于420个太阳系范围大小的空间内造水,它周围的温度相对于我们来说,也仍不算“潮湿”。即使在这块星云中微尘最多的地方,即粒子最集中的地方,也比人类在地球上能创造出来的任何真空都“空寂”。

梅尔尼克称自他们发现这块星云以来的14年里,它已经创造出了如地球一样湿润多水的30万颗星体上所有的水的总量。

2地球水的“第四种存在形态”

让我们回到地球上——地球上的水更大多数其实并不是以我们所熟知的冰、水、气三种形式存在。水还有另外一种存在形式,这种形式异乎寻常——那就是封存在岩石中的水。

可以说,这些岩石像一个巨大的水库,它的含水量至少与地球上所有河流、海洋和冰川中的水量加起来一样多,或许还是海洋水量的4倍、6倍或10倍。但它们一直被深埋在我们脚下410千米(约255英里)处。

这种奇特的“第四种形态”的水,还可能隐匿在你家的厨房中。如果你家厨房的绿石灶台是用蛇纹石做成的,假设一块蛇纹石的锅台面板重约90公斤,在这块石头中,就有约10公斤会是水,即石头中可能融入了10升水。但是,这种融合并不像把鸡蛋搅在稀面糊中那样,而是水融进矿石的每个分子中,即裹在构成蛇纹石的镁、硅和氧原子的点阵结构中。几乎地下410千米深处的矿石大都以这样的方式融进了水,当然这些水的存在形态并不是我们所熟知的那种——410千米厚的岩石叠加在一起所产生的重力,以及2000华氏度(约1093.33℃)高温加热的共同作用下,一个氢原子会离开水分子,留下一个羟基,而这个氢原子会融入矿石分子。科学家把这种融入水的矿石称为“水合矿物质”(即“水岩”)。

有一点难以理解之处:一旦把羟基和单独的氢原子注入岩石的晶体点阵,埋在地下近500千米的深处,这些原子若依然结合成水分子,将以何种方式存在?

美国西北大学的地球物理学家史蒂芬·雅各布森专门研究地球内部

的热量、压力,以及人类几乎不能到达的漆黑世界。他用巨大的压力(用来锻造人造钻石的压力)模拟在地下约500千米深处的压力和温度,将水挤进岩石。他说:“如果去除压力和温度,氢原子和羟基会合成水分子。如果它不在岩石中,它就是水。如果它被融入岩石,它看起来就还是岩石。所以矿石是地球上大部分水的存在之处——水就在矿石中。”

可以这样形象地解释:在适当的温度和压力下,某种矿石的确将水吸入其分子结构中,就像海绵吸水一样。而水分子进入矿石就会分解,分解为一个氢原子和一个羟基。所以矿石中绝对有水。

而且科学家至少从三方面得出了结论:水岩确实比没有水合状态时更柔韧,更易变形;科学家能用红外线分光镜测量出矿石分子结构中的水分子;最重要的是,当矿石承受的压力和温度以适当的方式被去除时,氢原子和羟基就会从矿石中脱离,以水的形式从矿石中流出。

科学家认为,他们已经弄清楚,这种水岩遍布地下400-650千米的深处,厚达240千米,比地球表面的水层还要厚。

雅各布森说,即使这种矿石的含水量只有1%,其水量也很大,实际上已相当于地球海洋水量的几倍。如今全球有成百上千名科学家正在研究地球深层水的物理特性和巨大作用。

我们也许看不见这种隐身在地球深处的水,而且这种水或许比美国国家航空航天局2009年在月球上发现的水的存在形式更难研究、更难理解,但地球的深层水与美国圣莫尼卡码头、英国多佛白崖的汹涌波涛,以及南非约翰内斯堡或上海的地平线涌起的风暴云其实都有关联。

科普类阅读练习 本文从网络收集而来,上传到平台为了帮到更多的人,如果您需要使用本文档,请点击下载按钮下载本文档(有偿下载),另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意! 阅读下面的文字,完成14题。 只要回顾一下哲学在其古希腊的起源便可以看出,哲学最初就是一种力图摆脱自然观点、习常意见的做法。无论是巴曼尼德斯和苏格拉底还是柏拉图和亚里士多德都带有这种意图,而且哲学家也从一开始就被非哲学的公众视为不同寻常的人,无论是在好的还是在坏的意义上。就此而论,哲学和哲学制作者的本意也就在于原创,即不断地超越现有的、给定的视域,并拓展出异常的、非凡的维度。哲学思维也就意味着寻找并发现新的思路、探求并指明新的可能。它的这个特征在近代的大思想家如笛卡儿、休谟、康德、马克思等人那里得到保留和展开,以至于哲学越来越被看作是标新立异的活动。而在二十世纪由胡塞尔和海德格尔等人所倡导的现象学中,这个精神得到了再一次的弘扬。所谓现象学原则,归根到底就是一种对思想原创性的要求,它的”面对事实本身”的口号无非就意味着一种撇开一切已有的传统、习俗和教义,彻底地从头开始的尝试和意图。正是在这个意义上,有

人主张现象学就是哲学的基本思想。 当然哲学史上也曾有人声言,哲学与原创无缘,例如席勒或狄尔泰便把哲学看作单纯□的,而非□的,这也可能在哲学的古希腊源头上找到依据,甚至整个希腊哲学都可以看作是对”给出根据”的要求。以后它也与”健全理智”的预设联系在一起。但这归根结底只是一个对原创性概念的术语使用问题。事实上没有人否认在哲学分析和哲学论证上也有原创的和非原创的之分。由此说开去,不仅哲学家可以具有原创性,甚至历史学家也可以是如此。 我据此而想说的是:哲学强调原创,这原则上不成为问题。而且思想的原创性是每一个致思者多多少少迟迟早早都会面对的问题。除非--这是我们所要考虑的另一类情况--我们从一开始就像卡斯悌尔那样,以一种根本不想当将军的士兵心态,坚信”与其去创造藐小的东西,不如去理解伟大的东西”。 1.框内填入词语最恰当的一项是 A.模仿和因循征服和冒险 B.保守和规范新奇和反叛 C.分析和论证创造和建构 D.发展和深化革命和反叛 2.关于哲学的原创性,不符合原文内容的一项

高中英语阅读理解(科普环保类) Passage 1 Canadian smart phone maker Research In Motion (RIM), which makes the BlackBerry, says it’s back. The company is 1 to reclaim a market it once dominated by 2 two new devices. The last few years have been a painful time for the company as customers deserted its platform in 3 of newer and more 4 devices. This may be the company’s last chance to 5 a vital player in an increasingly crowded marketplace. Two brand new devices are perhaps a fresh 6 for a company that has seen its global market share 7 from 20 percent three years ago to just over 3 percent today. For BlackBerry CEO Thorsten Heins, it’s another chance to remake a faded8 . “We have 9 been on a journey of transformation, not only a journey to transform our business and our brand, 10 one that I truly 11 transforms mobile communications into true mobile computing,” he said. The company promises the same 12 level of network security the BlackBerry is known for, 13a fast new browser and a more intuitive operating system. The Z10 14 much like the touch-screen phones popularized by its competitors, but the Q10 maintains the “qwerty” keyboard that has becom e BlackBerry’s trademark. Besides the technical and cosmetic (外观上的) updates, Heins says the company will no longer be called RIM or Research In Motion. “Our customers use a BlackBerry, our 15 work for BlackBerry and our shareholders are owners of BlackBerry. From today on, we are BlackBerry 16 in the world,” he said. Shareholders will be watching if customers 17 the new devices. The company’s stock has dropped as much as 90 percent in the last four years as it lost 18 to competitors. But company shares have doubled in the last four months as anticipation (预期) 19 for the new models. Analysts say the new devices could make or 20 a company, which many people praise for starting the technological revolution in smart-phones. 1.. A. refusing B. trying C. urging D. pretending 2.. A. introducing B. reviewing C. rejecting D. discovering 3.. A. favor B. charge C. honor D. defense 4.. A. popular B. expensive C. complicated D. familiar 5.. A. replace B. react C. remain D. reset 6.. A. record B. dilemma C. end D. start 7.. A. lose B. increase C. rise D. fall 8.. A. brand B. trade C. technique D. phone 9.. A. specially B. definitely C. doubtfully D. essentially 10.. A. and B. or C. but D. so 11.. A. agree B. believe C. suspect D. deny 12.. A. high B. average C. backward D. normal 13.. A. except for B. regardless of C. apart from D. along with 14.. A. sounds B. smells C. looks D. finds 15.. A. employees B. consumers C. relatives D. competitors 16.. A. however B. whenever C. nowhere D. everywhere

1. 【解析】 试题分析:这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙:在太空睡觉时,对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势;宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛;宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。 63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own chal lenges.”可知在太空睡觉时,对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。 64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。 65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。 66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。 【考点定位】说明文阅读 【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点,文章逻辑性强,条理清楚,主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意:1.平时多读科普知识类文章,学习科普知识,积累常见的科普词汇,从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(高考题中一般不给出标题)、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述,这部分是命题的重点,考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并与导语相呼应,命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时,考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据,同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。 2. 【解析】 试题分析:文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点,透明原理,以及形成机制。 63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行:Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。得知B选项:透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。 64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了:你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射;而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了,那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了,因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。 65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。可知,想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线,因此其中的一个方法是C选项,避免光线的吸收。故选C。 66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。 【考点定位】科技类说明文 【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时,考生应能:理解语篇主旨要义,理解文中具体信息,根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义,根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇,但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大,属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。

科教科普类 1、You can remember the face, but can‘t put a name to it. Many of us have been caught in this embarrassing situation. But researchers say it is often easier to remember someone's name than what they look like. Twenty-four volunteers were shown 40 pictures of strangers, paired with random(随机的) names. They were given time to memorize the faces and names before being tested on which they thought they had seen before. The participants could remember up to 85 per cent of the names but only 73 per cent of the faces. When they were shown a different picture of the same person, the participants could recall only 64 per cent of faces, according to the study, led by the University of York. That may be because faces are only recognized visually, while names can be both spoken and written down so appear in our visual and audio memory. When people were shown famous people, they also remembered their names more accurately than their photographs. Co-author Dr Rob Jenkins, from the university's psychology department, said, "Our study suggests that, while many people may be bad at remembering names, they are likely to be even worse at remembering faces. This will surprise many people as it is against our initial understanding. Our life experiences with names and faces have misled us about how our minds work." Remembering names gets harder with age, leading to many uncomfortable moments for middle-aged people when they run into acquaintances. But to study whether names are harder to recall than faces, the researchers, whose findings are published in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, used a “fair test” where the participants were presented with strangers’ names and faces. 1.What can we know according to the research in Paragraph 3? A.It is certain that names are harder to recall than faces. B.Remembering names is more easily than remembering faces.

英语阅读理解(科普环保)提高训练含解析 一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类 1.犇犇阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 Why does time seem to fly by faster as we get old? You've got your aging brain to blame. This is likely due largely to the physical changes of our nerves and neurons (神经元). New research suggests 'rapid fire' abilities of the young brain allow us to process more information during youth, causing the days to seem longer earlier in life. However, as we get old, researchers say the older brain takes more time to process information. The new finding put forward by a Duke University researcher was published in a paper in the journal European Review this week According to Adrian Bejan, the J. A Jones Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Duke, the physical changes of our nerves and neurons play, a major role in our perception (知觉) of time as we get old. Over the years these structures become more complex and eventually begin to degrade. "Little babies, for example, move their eyes much more often than adults because they're processing images at a faster rate," Beian says, For older people, this means fewer images are being processed in the same amount of time, causing experiences to seem as though they're happening more quickly. (1)What causes time to fly faster as we get old? A. Changes of our nerves and neurons. B. Information in our brain. C. The electrical signals. D. Rapid fire abilities. (2)What is unavoidable in the process of getting old? A. Longer days. B. Aging brains. C. More images. D. Less experience.(3)Why do the days seem longer earlier in life? A. Young people are more energetic in their life. B. The younger brain takes less time to process information. C. Old people have fewer things to do than young people. D. Little babies move their eyes much more often. (4)What is the best title of the text? A. Nerves and Neurons B. Time Flies Fast C. The Older, the Faster D. The Function of the Brain 【答案】(1)A (2)B (3)B (4)C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了为什么老年人会觉得时间过得较快,主要原因是随着年龄的增长,大脑中神经元的变化让老年人的大脑需要更多的时间来处理接收到

科普类文章阅读训练题(一) 一、阅读下面的文字,完成后面题目。(9分) 通常人们认为,人类的骨头对自身的保护全靠包裹在它外面的肌肉和皮肤,骨头对自身的保护则无能为力。而研究人员的最新发现证实,已往人们对骨头的认识还比较粗浅,导致人们完全低估了骨头的自我保护能力。他们发现,在外来的冲击面前,人类的骨头也会施展自己的惊人秘技。骨头不但防卫有法,而且疗伤有术。 研究人员的这个发现得益于此前其他科学家的一个新奇发现。6年前,科学家研究鲍鱼壳的时候发现了隐藏在里面的“分子减震器”,这是一种能够将生物矿化结构紧密粘合的胶,由于它的存在,使得鲍鱼壳具有一定的弹性,相应地也增强了它的抗冲击能力。当时,科学家猜测,人类的骨头里可能也有这种“分子减震器”,遗憾的是一直没有发现它的踪影。 最近,美国的研究人员在人体骨骼中还真的发现了人类骨头里的“分子减震器”。研究发现,人的骨头里的胶原纤维和其表面覆盖的仅有一层几个原子厚度的骨盐结晶,能起一定的抗震作用,而把骨盐结晶与胶原纤维连接在一起的是一种胶,这种胶的作用原理与科学家以往在鲍鱼壳中发现的物质相同。这种胶含有能够隐藏自身长度的结合键,这使得这种特殊生物胶拥有了粘连性和一定的弹性。在骨骼受到应力的时候,它们可以舒展开来,以帮助骨骼减少震动的冲击;而当应力解除时,它们又会像弹簧那样,重新盘绕成原来的结构。这种特殊的生物胶分子在骨头里面确实能发挥出色的减震作用,所以它是名副其实的“分子减震器”。通过高清晰度的摄像仪,研究人员还拍摄到了这种性能奇特的胶和其自身的缠绕结构图像。 研究人员还发现,这种胶的作用并不仅仅提供给健康的骨骼较大的弹性和抗骨折能力,实际上在因骨骼受伤形成细小的裂纹之后,它还能很快帮助其修复裂纹。胶的修复方法主要是发挥自己的粘连特性,把裂纹重新聚合在一起,就像是人们给断裂的骨头打上石膏那样帮助裂纹康复。 也就是说,人体骨头里的这种特殊的生物胶就是骨头的防身“密器”,骨头的惊人秘技全是靠它施展出来的。 接下来,研究人员把研究的重点放在了随着人们年龄的增长,或在患某些特定疾病时,或在骨头受伤的情况下,这种分子胶是如何发生改变或被耗尽的。如果找到答案,人们就可以找到保护骨骼不发生破坏性改变的方法,甚至能逆转骨骼的破坏性生成改变,生物胶将是未来治疗骨骼疾病的重要武器,对于骨折、骨头老化的防治,对促进骨头健康发育,都会提供一系列全新的方法。 1.下列对“分子减震器”的相关叙述,不正确的一项是()(3分)A.“分子减震器”是一种能够将生物矿化结构紧密粘合起来的生物胶,它是科学家在研究鲍鱼壳的时候发现的。 B.人类骨头里的“分子减震器”能将胶原纤维和骨盐结晶连接在一起,从而使 其具有一定的抗震作用。 C.“分子减震器”不但能给所有的骨骼提供较大的弹性和抗骨折能力,而且能在骨骼受伤形成细小的裂纹后,帮助修复裂纹。 D.“分子减震器”这种特殊的生物胶之所以拥有粘连性和一定的弹性,是因为它含有能够隐藏自身长度的结合键。 2.下列叙述中,符合原文意思的一项是()(3分) A.以前人们认为骨头对自身的保护没有有效的办法,但研究人员的最新发现将改变这一观点。 B.在鲍鱼壳上发现生物胶的时候,科学家就推测人类的骨头里也肯定有这种生物胶。 C.生物胶的结构呈缠绕状,当受到外力冲击时,它会像弹簧那样盘绕起来从而保护自己。 D.生物胶修复受伤骨骼的主要办法是利用自己的粘连性,把裂纹聚合起来并使之长出新的骨骼。 3.以下对文章的分析与判断不正确的一项是()(3分) A.科学家研究鲍鱼壳时获得的结论为后来研究人员的新发现奠定了一定的基础。 B.如果没有生物胶,鲍鱼壳就没有一定的弹性,其抗冲击能力也将减弱。 C.骨头的惊人秘技全是靠骨头的防身“密器”即一种特殊的生物胶施展出来的。 D.一旦找到生物胶发生改变或被耗尽的答案,就会给医学界带来治疗方法的全面革新。 二、阅读下面的文字,完成后面的题目。(18分) 为什么称单克隆抗体为生物导弹 1984年10月15日,瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院宣布,米尔斯坦、科勒两人因从事免疫系统的研究和“发现生产单克隆抗体的原理”而获得诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。 什么是单克隆抗体呢? 在生物工程中,有一类似导弹的东西也具有精确的导航系统,具有高度的专一性、准确性。它只与人体中某些特殊物质结合,以改变其特性,使它们失去活性。它这独特的性格,引起世界生物学者的高度重视。它就是生物导弹——单克隆抗体。抗体是在抵抗外来者侵入生物体时,生物体自身的B淋巴细胞产生的能与入侵者结合的自卫系统。生物体中有100万种B淋巴细胞,而每种B淋巴细胞可产生一种抗体时,它们恰似100万枚导弹,保护着生物体。当某种细菌侵入人体时,人体就能产生相对应的抗体与细菌的特定物质结合,这个物质被称为抗原。一旦抗原与抗体

科教科普类 1、Australia leads the world in its number of resident poisonous spiders as well as the strength of their toxicity(毒性). However,of almost 9,800 species most are perfectly harmless and interesting. Spider diversity is broad and many fascinating species occur here that range from the large to the tiny and hardly noticed, and from the dullest black to the strangely shaped. Spiders can be roughly classified according to the strategies(策略) they use for feeding. Spiders which appeared earlier in the evolutionary scale feed by waiting in a cave for food to come along before grabbing it. Following them were spiders which actively wandered looking for food and which caught it by chasing it down. The evolution of flying insects makes spiders evolve ne w ways of catching food which couldn’t be chased and so the earliest air web weavers arose. Most spiders feed on insects and other arthropods but the Whistling Spider feeds on frogs and small birds. The Golden Orb Spider also feeds on small birds. A spider periodically sheds(蜕皮;脱落) its skin so that it can grow. Immature stages are called moults. Each species has a particular number of moults that it will go through before reaching its final adult stage. Usually, once male spiders have mated, they die shortly after. But, even in death, Redback males often serve a purpose. The already pregnant Redback females always kill their lover and, in most cases, also eat them. This provides them with a small reproductive advantage. Allowing spiders to take up places around houses can be beneficial in that they catch other annoying insects such as mosquitoes and flies. Rest assured that while you might see some large spiders, and perhaps even some poisonous ones, a good rule is to look and admire but don't touch any spider you find. Even those without poison could still have a nasty bite. 1.Different families of spiders are identified themselves by ______. A.their physical character B.their ways of getting food C.the strength of their toxicity D.their effect on the environment 2.What are the latest spiders in their evolution process?

2013高考英语二轮复习讲义(阅读理解)及训练07:科普知识(答案)小试牛刀---------阅读理解 It happened to me recently that I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of the current US President. The person I was ta lking to agreed with me that it was, in his words,“a wonderfully written book .”However, he then proceeded to talk about Mr Obama in a way that suggested he had no idea of his background at all. I sensed that I was talking to a book liar. And it seems that he is not the only one. Clearly two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t . In The World Book Day survey, Dreams From My Father is at number 9. The survey lists top ten books, and various authors, which people have lied about reading.As I’m not one to lie too often, I’ll admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire ten books. But I am pleased to say that I have read the book at number one, George Orwell’s 1984.I think it’s absolutely outstanding. Asked why they lied, the most common reason was to impress someone they were speaking to . This could be difficult if the conversation became more in-depth ! The World Book Day survey also has some other interesting information in it. It shows that many people lie about having read classical works by Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, Charles Dickens and so on. But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, they named JK Rowling, Jilly Cooper, and Stephen King (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Forty-one percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story. So which books have you lied about reading—if any—and which is your favourite? 56.The main reason why people lie about reading is to A.make fun of the listener B.impress the listener C.please the listener D.interest the listener 57.The underlined word“proceeded”in the passage probably means“” A.wanted B.happened C.continued D.stopped

阅读理解特训专题3科普类 (一) 阅读短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 Now satellites are helping to forecast(预报)the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere(大气), because this is where the weather forms(形成). They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists(气象学家)can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change. Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare(比较)them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this. So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead(提前). 1. Satellites travel _____________. A. in space B. in the atmosphere C. above the ground D. above space 2. Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________. A. the weather satellites can do it easily B. clouds form there C. the weather forms there D. the pictures can forecast the weather 3. Meteorologists forecast the weather __________. A. when they have received satellite pictures B. after they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones C. before they received satellite pictures D. during they study satellite pictures 4. Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecast the weather for ________. A. one day B. two days C. five days D. seven days or even longer 5. The main(主要的)idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________. A. taking pictures of the atmosphere B. receiving pictures of the atmosphere

(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类 1.犇犇阅读短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。 A shark moving around the coastline is normally a worrying sight,but this waterborne drone (无人机) threatens floating rubbish instead of people. Developed by Dutch company RanMarine, the WasteShark takes nature as its inspiration with its whale shark-like mouth. Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast. According to RanMarine, the WasteShark is available in both autonomous and remote-controlled models. Measuring just over five feet by three-and-a-half feet (1.5 meters by 1.1 meter), it can carry up to 352 pounds of rubbish (159.6 kg) and has an operational battery life of 16 hours. By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the world's oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat. "WasteShark also has the abilities to gather air and water quality data, remove chemicals out of the water such as oil, and heavy metals, and scan the seabed to read its depth and outlines," said Oliver Cunningham, one of the co-founders of RanMarine. "Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches." "Our drones are designed to move through a water system, whether it's around the perimeter (周边) or through the city itself. The drones are that last line of defense between the city and the open ocean," added Cunningham. "WasteSharks are operating in Dubai, South Africa and the Netherlands and cost $ 17, 000 for the remote-controlled model and just under $ 23, 000 for the autonomous model." Dubai-based operator Ecocoast has two WasteShark drones. Co-founder Dana Liparts says they will clean waterfronts for clients including hotels and environmental authorities and that Ecocoast' intention is to have the collected rubbish recycled or upcycled. However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn't have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing people's attitudes towards littering. (1)What do we know about the WasteShark? A. It can frighten sharks away. B. It is an ocean explorer. C. It is a rubbish collector. D. It can catch fish instead of people. (2)What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A. The causes of ocean pollution. B. The dangers of using plastics. C. The severity of ocean garbage pollution. D. The importance of ocean protection.

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