构词法对比练习题

构词法对比练习题
构词法对比练习题

构词法对比练习题

1.(1)The flower is very beautiful. And it smells __________.

(2)We can guess from her face that the ___ news was really a pleasure to her.

(3)The __________ boss awarded Steven a prize for his excellent work.

A. pleasant

B. pleased

C. please

D. pleasing

2.(1)What’s the language _________ in Germany

(2)Do you often practice speaking _______ English

(3)Do you know how many _______ countries there are in the world

A. spoken

B. speaking

C. speaking-English

D. English-speaking

3.(1)I’m busy now. I’m sorry I can’t help _______ the flowers.

(2)Whenever he comes to our garden, he can’t help _____ the flowers.

A. watering

B. watered

C. waters

D. to water

4.(1)Please turn off the__________ when you leave.

(2)Please pass me the __________ on the table.

(3)Which is___________, you or Mary

(4)The young man________ a cigarette after he got off.

A. lit

B. lighter

C. light

D. lighting

5.(1)The story_____ moved the people present.

(2)The ________ of the pool is 5 meters

(3)Do frogs go_____ under the mud than snakes in winter

A. depth

B. deeply

C. deeper

D. more deeply

6.(1)Is this mosquito(蚊子) on the wall _______or dead

(2)Both plants and animals are________ things.

(3)Carl had a strange way of making his classes________ and interesting.

(4)It will be the largest _______concert the world has ever seen.

A. alive

B. live

C. living

D. lively

7.(1)What do you_______ by saying so

(2)The little boy_________ to reach the apple on the table just now.

(3)What’s the_________ of the word

(4)We think it is a very________ thing.

A. meaning

B. mean

C. meaningful

D. meant

8.(1)When I woke up, I found myself_____ in the hospital.

(2)Few people liked to visit that______ place.

(3) A_______ man lived in a____ house by the hillside.

(4)She was_______, but she didn’t feel_________.

A. alone

B. lonely

C. lone

D. A and B

9.(1)The teacher asked us to read the text________ in the morning.

(2)We could hear the students talking_________ in the classroom.

(3)Facts speak_______ than words.

A. aloud

B. louder

C. loudly

10.(1)What’s the__________ of the tower

(2)The villagers speak_________ of the work.

(3)The villager climbed_____________ up the tree.

(4)The villager is about meters_________.

A. high

B. highly

C. tall

D. height

11.(1)I hear that you haven’t been well_______.

(2)What’s the_________ news

(3)I heard that you went to bed ________ last night.

(4)I shall call him again________.

A. late

B. later

C. lately

D. latest

12.(1)The shirt is______ small for him to wear.

(2)She is a__________ beautiful girl in town.

(3)It is _________ hotter today than it was yesterday.

A. very

B. much

C. too

D. much too

13.(1)Which do you like________, red or blue

(2)This kind of beverage sells very __________.

(3)Which season do you like________, winter, spring, summer or autumn

(4)Which newspaper do you like________ of all

A. good

B. better

C. best

D. well

14.(1)The driver drives very________.

(2)You should take_______ of these flowers.

(3)It was_______ of you to make such mistakes.

(4)Compared with Jack, Mary is very_________ in study.

A. care

B. careless

C. careful

D. carefully

15.(1)It’s no _______ arguing with him about the question.

(2)We still have no idea of the ________of the medicine.

(3)TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or _____.

(4)Your advice might be _______ to other similar situations.

A. useful

B. useless

C. use

D. usage

16. (1) The USA is rich, and it is a__________ country.

(2) Though she’s made much progress, China is still a_______ country.

(3)The Olympic Games in China helps our country________ faster.

A. develop

B. developing

C. developed

D. be developed

17. (1)The question______ now at the meeting is very important.

(2)The question______ at the meeting last week is very important.

(3)The question______ at the meeting next week is very important.

A. to be discussed

B. being discussed

C. to discuss

D. discussed

18.(1)I hear that you’ve been to England _______ on business.

(2)I hear that _______ you go to England on business.

(3)I hear that you will go to England _______ on business.

(4)I hear that you are likely go to England on business _______this week.

A. anytime

B. some time

C. some times

D. sometimes

19. (1)To our_______, they wouldn’t like to cooperate with us.

(2)We found_______ they wouldn’t like to cooperate with us.

(3)We found in_______ they wouldn’t like to cooperate with us.

(4)That they wouldn’t like to cooperate with us is very__________.

(5)We were very_______ to find that they wouldn’t like to cooperate with us.

A. surprising

B. surprised

C. surprise

D. surprisedly

20. (1)She was so excited that she couldn’t fall __________.

(2)She was so tired that she felt __________ while driving.

(3)She didn’t go to __________ until 12:00 last night.

(4)She sat there watching her __________ baby.

A. sleep

B. sleeping

C. asleep

D. sleepy

21. (1)She looked _______ at her old and sick father.

(2)She looked _______ at the news that her old and sick father grew worse.

(3)From her _______ face I knew that her old and sick father grew worse.

(4)Her _______ face made us from bad to worse.

A. worry

B. worried

C. worriedly

D. worrying

22. (1) She was ill and _______ herself down in bed all day long.

(2) She found a wallet _______ on the ground when she passed the corner.

A. lay

B. lied

C. lying

D. laid

23. (1)I used to be a very delightful girl. I guess no human being could have passed _______ childhood.

A. a happy

B. a happier

C. the happier

D. the happiest

(2)Of the two sisters, Betty is _______ one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.

A. a younger

B. a youngest

C. the younger

D. the youngest

(3) Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard _______ before.

A. the better one

B. the best one

C. a better one

D. a good one

(4) --- Did you enjoy yourself at the party

--- Yes. I've never been to ________ one before.

A. a more excited

B. the most excited

C. a more exciting

D. the most exciting

(5) I don’t think this film is by far the most boring. I have seen ________.

A. better

B. worse

C. the best

D. the worst

24. (1)He spent as much time as he could _______ English.

(2)He spare as much time as he could _______ English.

A. to study

B. study

C. studied

D. studying

25. (1)What he enjoys _______ us very surprised.

(2) What he wants to do most is _______ us very surprised.

A. making

B. makes

C. make

D. to make

26. (1) --- Hi, Mike! Will you join us in the running

--- Certainly I’ll come, but I am afraid I shall be _______.

A. a few minutes later

B. a few minutes late

C. later for a few minutes

D. late for a few minutes

(2)She has a _______ grandmother to look after.

(3) Her grandmother was _______.

A. seventy-five-year-old

B. seventy-five-years-old

C. seventy-five-year old

D. seventy-five years old

27. (1) They all think Tom to be a _______ boy.

(2) They all think Tom to be _______ at the sad news.

A. disappointing

B. disappointed

C. to disappoint

D. disappoint

28. (1) Time should be made full use of _______ hard.

A. to study

B. studying

C. study

D. studied

(2) She should be taken good care of _______ out the maths problems.

A. work

B. to work

C. working

D. worked

29. (1) He didn't allow us _______ in the office.

A. smoke

B. smokes

C. to smoke

D. smoked

(2) He didn't allow our _______ in the office.

A. smoke

B. smokes

C. smoking

D. smoked

(3) He didn't allow us _______ in the office.

A. smoke

B. smokes

C. smoking

D. smoked

30. (1) He will fly ____ to New York.

(2) ____ the manager criticized him.

A. direct

B. directly D. directness D. directy

31. (1)He listened to the teacher _______ and carefully.

(2)The new coat my mother bought for fit me _______ and well.

(3) The air today is ______ and clean

A. nice

B. good

C. fine

D. well

32. (1) Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, _______ up in no time.

(2) Tom sat under a tree, saw his friend, _______ up in no time.

A. to stand

B. standing

C. stood

D. and stood

33. (1) Culture refers to a group or community ____ we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world.

which

(2) There are two buildings, ____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.

larger larger of them larger one that larger of which

34. (1) ― Could you do m e a favor ― It depends on ____ it is.

(2) It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.

A. which

B. whichever

C. what

D. whatever

35. 1) The village students brought _______ they could — a bag of rice or a pig to pay the tuition.

A. whenever

B. wherever

C. however

D. whatever

2) All the reference books are here. You may borrow _______ (book) you like.

A. whatever

B. whichever

C. however

D. whenever

36.(1)The top of cave was ________ twenty feet high.

(2)There is _____ nothing interesting in his speech.

A. nearly

B. most

C. mostly

D. almost

371.(1)Who is the greatest poet _______ today

(2)Is his grandfather still _______

A. living

B. alive

C. to live

D. lived

38..(1)The streets are brightly _______ up.

(2)The ________ candle in the room gave poor light.

A. light

B. lighted

C. lit

D. B and C

39..(1)The flower is very beautiful. And it smells _______.

(2)We can guess from her pleased face that the ______ news was really a pleasure to her.

A. pleasant

B. pleased

C. please

D. pleasing

40.(1) I want ___ your bag.

(2)Your eyes want ___.

(3)The boy said, "I don't want ___ . Let me be.

(4)I want my eyes ___ this afternoon.

A. examined

B. to examine

C. to be examined

D. examining

41.(1) Weather ___, we'll go and pay a visit to your school.

(2)If weather ____, we'll go and pay a visit to your school.

A. permits

B. permitted

C. permitting

D. is permitted

42.(1) Which do you find ___ to learn, Japanese or English

(2)I find ___ to learn English than Japanese.

(3)Marked with numbers, the books can be found ___.

A. easy

B. easier

C. more easily

D. it much easier

43.(2) He spent the whole vacation ____ the novel.

(3) You should have made good use of the time you spent together ___ the matter.

A. discuss

B. discussed

C. discussing

D. to discuss

44. (1) She______ that Mike is sick in bed.

(2) It______ that Mike is sick in bed.

(3)_______is believing.

(4) Mike_______ to be sick in bed.

A. saying

B. says

C. is said

D. say

45. (1) I noticed an old lady__________ the street just now.

(2) An old lady was noticed__________ the street just now.

(3) Be careful while_________.

A. crossing

B. cross

C. to cross

D. crossed

46. (1) We are to _______ the machine this afternoon.

(2)The machine is to____________ this afternoon.

(3) The machine needs________.

(4) After_______, the machine can be reused.

A. repaired

B. repairing

C. be repaired

D. repair

47. (1) They__________ the question from 5 to 6 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

(2) The questions__________ from 5 to 6 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

(3) This is the question ________at the meeting yesterday.

(4) They ____________ the questions from 5 to 6 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.

A. were being discussed

B. will be discussing

C. were discussing

D. discussed

48. (1) The boy is ____ asleep.

(2) He is ____ serious about the matter.

(3) They gave the enemy a ____ blow.

A. dead

B. deadly

C. deadness

D. deady

49. (1)We had thought that we did ________ him.

(2)We had thought we did give him a _______ reply.

A. satisfying

B. satisfaction

C. satisfied

D. satisfy

50. (1)Hearing the _________ news they all jumped.

(2)They were singing and dancing when we saw these ______ students.

A. exciting

B. excited

C. excite

D. to excite

51. (1)Soon he has got used to ________ in such a climate.

(2)He used to ________ in such a climate when he was in the army.

A. living

B. lived

C. having lived

D. live

52. (1)He did what he could _____ down the weeping woman.

(2)He said he could _____ down the weeping woman.

A. to calm

B. calm

C. calming

D. calmed

53. (1) I’m sorry I can’t make myself__________.

(2) I’m sorry I can’t make you__________ me.

A. understand

B. understood

C. understanding

D. understand

54. (1)He went to a party without________.

(2) He went to a party alone without_____________ anyone else.

A. inviting

B. invited

C. being invited

D. invite

55. (1) _____ by Hank, we entered the dining room.

(2) ____ Hank, we entered the dining room.

(3) _____________ Hank, and we entered the dining room.

A. Follow

B. Followed

C. Following

D. To follow

56. (1)We had thought what we did ______him.

(2)We had thought that we did_____ him.

A. satisfying

B. satisfaction

C. satisfied

D. satisfy

57. (1)He will ________ the Atlantic Ocean on his own.

(2)I’d like you to buy a round ________ for me.

(3)The Great Canyon is a day’s ________ by car from here.

(4)Mr. Smith has made up his mind to ________ all the countries in Asia in search of novelty.

A. journey

B. trip

C. travel

D. voyage

58. (1)I was in great need of money, so I __________ 200 yuan for my bike.

(2)I was in great need of a bike, so I __________ 200 yuan buying one.

A. paid

B. spent

C. cost

D. took

59. (1)After a day’s hard work, the man came home ________.

(2)After a day’s hard work, the man came home, ________.

A. tired and hungry

B. tiring and hungry

C. tiredly and hungrily

D. being tired and hungry

60.

61.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99. 100.

汉英构词法的异同

汉英构词法的异同

汉英构词法的异同 【摘要】词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位,构词法是在语法学和词汇学之间占有特殊地位的一个语言学部门。英语和汉语作为世界上最重要的两种语言,它们在词的构成方面有许多共同点,也有自己独特的方式。因此,想要学好英语和汉语,汉英构词法的比较就极为重要。 【关键词】汉语构词法;英语构词法;异同;比较 【正文】 英语和汉语作为世界上最重要的两种语言,它们在词的构成方面有许多共同点,也有自己独特的方式。 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。构词法是在语法学和词汇学之间占有特殊地位的一个语言学部门。英汉的构词法有区别,这一点是毋庸置疑的。 在英语中,词素是词的组成部分,是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个单词可以由一个词素组成,也可以由两个或两个以上词素组成。英语的构词方法很多,包括派生法、复合法、转化法、缩略法、逆生法和拟声法。汉语也有一些构词方法。英汉语中共同的构词法主要有:缀合法(affixation)、合成法(composition)、缩略法(shortening)、转化法(conversion),类比法(anal-ogy)。英语中特有的构词法有:逆构词法(back-formation),汉语中特有的构词法是重叠法(overlapping)。下面就英汉派生词、复合词及缩略词进行一些简单的比较。 一、英汉派生词的比较 在英语和汉语中,很多词都是通过给词根加词缀而形成的。词根实际上是带有词汇意义的独立的词素,词缀则要么带有语法作用,要么带有语义作用。 在汉语中,功能词缀能够在语音上帮助平衡词的发音,而且在语法上表明代词的复数形式,例如: ⑴前缀+词根“老-”(语音前缀):老虎(tiger),老师( teacher), 老乡(hometown fellow) “最-”(语法前缀):最好( the best),最大( the big-gest),最少(the least) (2)词根+后缀“-子”(语音后缀):儿子( son),帽子(hat),桃子(peach) “-们”(语法后缀):我们(we),姑娘们(girls),战士们(soldiers) 在英语中,派生法是指派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根构成单词的方法。派生词分为两大类: ⑴一类以自由词根为主 ①前缀+自由词根pre arrange,post script,re write,en large,il legal ②自由词根+后缀dark ness,friend ship,govern ment,hope ful,hope less ③前缀+自由词根+后缀in act ion,im profit able,un friend ly,re mov al ④组合形式+自由词根(这一类型的派生词大多出现在术语中) tele play, Afro-American,techno-society,psy choanalyse ⑵一类以粘着词根为主 ①前缀+无构词能力的粘着词根pre dict,de scend,contra dict,e volve ②无构词能力的粘着词根+后缀 toler ance,liber ate,dict ion,lingu ist ③前缀+无构词能力的粘着词根+后缀

常见构词法归纳

-- - 常见构词法归纳 1.派生法 (1)前缀 ①表示否定意义的前缀: a. 纯否定前缀: un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, unfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的) dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability (残疾、无能), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从) in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、无能力的), inability(无能力,无才能), inplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的) non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话) b. 表示错误的意义: mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding(n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待) c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义: anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的) ②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫) a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边) de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级) en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床) ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩X), export(输出、出口) fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefoot in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midposition(中间位置) out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat(大衣,外套), overdress(外衣), oversea(s)(海外) post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言) pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词) super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower(超强特权,超强大国), superman, supermarket trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通) under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传) auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[??t?ba?'?gr?f?(自传) tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜) ③表示时间,序列关系的前缀: fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge (先知) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)

六大英语构词法详解

一、【派生法】 英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单 词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。 1. 前缀 除少数英语前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;英语后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- 等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如: agree 同意—disagree 不同意 fair 公平的—unfair 不公平的 possible 可能的—impossible 不可能的 understand 理解—misunderstand 误解 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对;抵抗), auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),in ter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下 面的;次;小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如: co-worker 同事,帮手 enlarge 使变大 cooperate 合作 rewrite 重写 subway地铁 2. 后缀

给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。下面仅作简单介绍。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ian (精通.... 的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质; 状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ 不同于—differe nee 区另廿 write 写—writer 作家 China中国—Chinese中国人 act表演—actress 女演员 music音乐—musieian音乐家 ⑵构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使.... 化),-ize (使……成为)。例如: wide—widen 力卩宽 beauty—beautify 美化 pure—purify 提纯 real —realize 意识至U organ —organize 组织 sharp —sharpen 使变锋禾U ⑶构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al , -able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful , -(ic)al , -ish , -ive , -less (表示否定),-like (像...... 的),-ly , -ous , -some, -y (表示天气)等。例如: nature 自然—natural 自然的 reas on道理—reas on able有道理的

英汉构词法对比

英汉构词法对比 摘要:记忆大量的英文词汇对于英语学习者来说是一个巨大的绊脚石,但是从对比语言学的研究角度,比较英汉两种语言在构词法方面的异同,从最小的有意义的语言单位——语素的构成来分析词汇的构成,对于认识语言的内部结构特点、第二语言习得以及跨文化交际都起到举足轻重的作用。 关键词:构词法复合法拼缀法转化法对比语言学二语习得 1引言 对于很多英语学习者来说,其中的一大难题莫过于掌握丰富的英语词汇。掌握英语的构词规律,对于学习者来说具有十分重要的指导作用。如果再将英语的构词法和汉语的构词法进行比较,可以加深对两种语言本质及其异同的理解,从而更好地去掌握这两种语言。词汇是语言重要的物质基础,汉语的词汇较之于英语的词汇要更少,原因是英语的构词方法多样,致使词汇构成较灵活,因此,掌握英语的构词法对英语词汇的掌握及英语的学习都有重要的作用。下面笔者从几方面探讨英汉构词法的异同。 2对比语言学对英语学习的重要性 对比语言学是一门较年轻的语言学学科,其研究成果对第二语言习得、翻译、对外汉语教学、双语词典编纂等方面均起到重要的指导作用。著名语言学家吕淑湘先生在其《中国人学英语》与书中曾写道:“我相信,对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他们认识英语和汉语的差别,在每一个具体问题——词性、词义、词语范畴、句子结构上,都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较,让他们通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会。”英语作为一门外语,要想学好并正确的运用英语,应该从横向了解英语的语言结构,语言环境等。在讲授英语的过程中,适当的对比英语与汉语在基本知识方面的异同,例如语音,词语构成,句子结构,语篇分析,修辞,文化等,有利于学生更深刻的理解英语,以至于更好的掌握和使用。 3英汉构词法对比

汉英词缀对比浅析

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英汉构词法对比研究_百度文库.

学号:127142008112101021 成绩: 西安翻译学院 高职高专毕业论文 题目:英汉构词法对比研究 作者:曹树军 指导教师杨艳敏 专业班级 08级英语教育1班 院系外国语学院 完成日期 2011年3月 英汉构词法对比研究 曹树军 外国语学院08级英语教育1班 (西安翻译学院,陕西西安 710105) A Comparative and Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Word- formation Cao Shu-jun

English Education Class 1,Grade2008,Foreign Language School (Xi’an Fanyi University,Xi’an 710105,China) 摘要: 英语和汉语作为两种高度发达的自然语言,都拥有极其丰富的词汇。尤其是英语现已发展为一种国际性现代语言,多年来既不断地从其他许多语言中吸收了大量的词汇,同时又通过灵活多样的构词方法构造了无数的新词。作为两种完全不同的语言,英语和汉语在构词法方面存在着许多不同,本文从以下四个方面对英汉构词法进行对比:派生构词法、重叠构词法、复合构词法以及缩略构词法。通过这几个方面的对比,使人们对英汉构词法的异同有一个充分的了解,从而在翻译或教学中做到有的放矢,达到事半功倍的效果。 关键词:英语;汉语;构词法;对比 Abstract:As two high-developed languages, both English and Chinese are quite abundant in vocabularies. For English, it has developed into an international one. For ages, English has absorbed many vocabularies from other languages, meanwhile it has also built many new words.As two completely different languages, there are many differences between English and Chinese in word formation. This paper makes a contrast about word formation from the following aspects: the derived word formation, the overlapping word formation, the compound word formation and the abbreviated word formation. By comparing these areas, people can have a full understanding of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese word formation. Thus, people will have a definite purpose to achieve a multiplier effect in translation or teaching. Key Words: English; Chinese; Word-formation; Contrast

六大英语构词法详解

英语构词通常包括六种方法:转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。 一、【派生法】 英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。 1.前缀 除少数英语前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;英语后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如: agree同意→disagree不同意 fair公平的→unfair不公平的 possible可能的→impossible不可能的 understand理解→misunderstand误解 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如: co-worker 同事,帮手 enlarge 使变大 cooperate 合作 rewrite 重写 subway 地铁 2.后缀 给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。下面仅作简单介绍。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家 China中国→Chinese中国人 act表演→actress女演员 music音乐→musician音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如: wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织 sharp→sharpen使变锋利 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的 (4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)

汉英构词对比研究

325 时代报告2013年1月下一、国内英汉语言对比研究概况 传统上,汉语言的研究大多以“字”为中心, 从文字的形、音、义分别衍生出文字、音韵、训诂三大语言研究部门。由于古汉语中字、词不甚区分(英语中只有“词”,没有“字”) ,很少有人从许慎的《说文解字》中体会到汉语构词法的价值或意义。真正在这方面较有影响的当数潘文国、叶步青、韩洋合著的《汉语的构词法研究》,此书的出版无疑是填补了汉语构词法研究方面的一大空白,对汉语与汉文化的研究,以及对进一步促进世界各地的汉语教学和研究都具有重要的理论和实用意义。本文以现代语言学理论为指导,对汉英构词进行了全方位系统的探讨和对比研究, 旨在揭示汉英构词的相同点和不同点,形成系统的理论知识, 为我国的外语教学和对外汉语教学提供系统的理论知识和依据。 二、英汉构词法对比与分析 构词法是指按照一定的语法规则构成新词的方法。根据构词能力的大小和使用频率的高低,英语语言学家习惯上将英语构词法归纳为两大类:主要构词法和次要构词法。本文将对英汉语中共有的合词法、词缀法、缩略法、转类法、类比法五种构词方法进行细致的比较,并将英语中特有的逆成构词法及汉语中特有的重叠法进行阐释,说明英汉两种语言在构词上的差异。 1.合词法(composition)。 合词法是指把两个或者两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词的方法。通过合词法构成的新词叫复合词(compound) 。简单的说,汉语合成词的两语素间有大量的并列关系和结构关系。并且合成词的语素大都按顺序排列,即主语+谓语,支配+被支配,修饰+被修饰,限定+被限定,补充+被补充。大量汉语合成词的意义可以通过其组成成分语素的意义,语素间的关系来理解,合成法是种意合的手段。而在英语的合成词中,两词间的并列关系简单,只有“名词+名词构成合成名词”,或者“形容词+形容词构成合成形容词”,如:watermelon,bittersweet. 2.词缀法(affixation)。 词缀法是指词缀与词根结合构成新词的方法。根据词缀在新词中相对于词根的位置,可以把这些形位分为前缀、中缀、和后缀。有些词法学者认为:汉语没有中缀,但有派生后缀;英语也没有中缀,但同时有派生后缀和屈折后缀。派生后缀可以改变词类和词义。如:mordernize 中的—ize ,careless中的—less“, 老头”中的“头”“, 读者”中的“者”。屈折后缀可以改变词的形式和词在句子中的语法关系。如:warmer 中的—er ,wants 中的—s。事实上,正如赵元任以及另一些语言学家所言,英汉两种语言中还是存在中缀的。如: statesman 中的—s ,“赶得上”中的“得”,均可视为中缀,只是数量极少而已。 3.缩略法(shortening)。 英语中的缩略法分为两种情况。一种是对原来完整的词进行加工,缩略其中一部分字母构成新词,这种词叫做缩短词(clipped word) 。如:flu = influenza ;另一种是将词组中主要词的首字母联成一个词,这种词叫首字母缩略词(acronyms) 。如:NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organiza2tion (北大西洋公约组织) 、British Broadcasting Company→BBC、European Union→EU、International Olympic Committee→ IOC。 汉语的缩略法是按照一定模式把包含若干个音节的词组缩略成易 汉英构词对比研究 王琚 (库车县第二中学,新疆 库车 842000) 中图分类号:G633.41;G633.3 文献标识码:A 文章编码:1003-2738(2013)01-0325-01 摘要:词是语言的单位,是语音、意义及语法特点三者的统一体。词汇的数量由少增多,意义由简单变复杂,这是语言发展的共同规律。构词法是人们按照语言一定规律创造新词的方法。英语和汉语作为世界上最重要的两种语言,它们在词的构成方面有许多共同点,也有自己独特的方式。对比英汉语构词法的异同,有利于对英汉两种语言的学习和研究。 关键词:构词法;英语;汉语 记易写的尽可能少的音节。如:环保=环境保护,参赛=参加比赛,京郊=北京郊区,三好=身体好、学习好、工作好,北京大学→北大,环境保护→环保。 4.转类法(conversion)。 转类法也是一种词类转化或者功能转化,它是通过不改变词的形式而改变其词性, 汉语和英语的构词法中都有这类词,例如: 一则笑话讲述一个好酒者作自我剖析时大致这样讲的:我这个人存在的主要问题就是好喝酒, 根本原因就是酒好喝,整改措施是喝好酒。虽说是笑话而已,但在这则笑话里,“好”字却分别充当了不同的词性, 表示不同的含义,颇具讽刺幽默意味。再看一则短笑话:他这个人是一般不喝酒, 不喝一般的酒, 可喝起酒来可不一般。“一般”这里也充当了不同的词性, 表示不同的意义,但同样具有讽刺幽默意味。 同样地,在英语中,也有类似的名词转换成动词的例子: A. John was orphaned at the age of six. (orphan: to become an orphan). B. Please bottle some water for me. (bottle: to put into bottle). 5.类比法(analogy)。 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应的词或近似词。但类比法不是常规构词法,除少数约定俗成的以外,所构成的词一般不被词典所收录。如:由white - collar (blue -collar)worker (白领或蓝领工人) 类比出grey - collar worker (灰领工人特指服务行业的职工) ,由earthquake (地震) 构成starquake (星球地震) ,由with - it (入时的) 构成without - it (过时的) ;参照“冷门”造出了“热门”,参照“武斗”造出了“文斗”,参照“务虚”造出了“务实”。不过,有的学者把类比法归入词的一种修辞格。 三、英语和汉语中独有的构词法 以上介绍的为几种英汉两种语言相似的构词法,下面再介绍两种它们独具特色的构词法。 1.英语独有的构词法:逆成法。 逆成法与词缀法恰好相反。词缀法借用词缀构成新词,而逆成法则是去掉被误认的后缀构成新词。用逆成法构成的词绝大部分是动词,极少数属其它词类。逆成法是现代英语中构成动词的主要途径之一。如:editor (编辑人) →to edit (编辑),lazy(懒惰) →to laze (偷懒),beggar (乞丐) →to beg(乞讨)。 2.汉语特有的构词方式:重叠法。 重叠法是汉藏语系诸语言中常见的语法手段之一。现代汉语的名词、代词、量词、动词、形容词和副词都可以按一定格式重叠。这种通过重叠部分或全部词素构成的新词的方法叫重叠法。如:爸爸、天天、讨论讨论、大大的、漂漂亮亮、黄澄澄。英语中虽也有少量的重叠词语,但重叠法不作为构词手段使用。 四、小结 通过对这两种语言构词法上的粗略比较,我们可以看到尽管两者属于不同的书写体系,一种是图形文字,一种是字母;一种是词尾变化的(英语) ,而另一种不是。它们仍然在构词法上存在相似之处。在词汇这个具体问题——词形、词义、词的构成上,有他们各自的个性,也享有许多相近或类似的原则。了解了这些原理、原则,可以大大提高我们学习英语词汇的效率,从整体上提高英语学习的效率。 学习研究

汉英构词法对比

最常用的英语构词方法有以下三种 (1)转化法conversion 转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转成另一种词类。例如:black a.(黑)→to blacken v.(使黑),这种转化被称为缀后(affixation)或派生(derivation).可以用改变词根的元音或辅音的方法,例如:hot a.(热)→to heat v.(热)、full a.(满)→to fill v.(装满)、whole a.(健康)→to heal v.(医治)、blood n.(血)→to bleed v.(出血)等,这叫做元级派生(primary derivation).也可以不改变词本身的拼法,转成其它词类,如:gangrene n.(坏疽)→gangrene v.(使生疽)、gargle n.(嗽喉)→gargle v.(嗽喉)、correct a.(正确的)→correct v.(纠正)、second num.(第二) →second vt.(支持)、image n.(影像)→image v.(作图像)sample n.(样品)→sample v.(取样),这些就属于转化(conversion)了。除此之外,还可以有种种的词类转化。(2)合成法(composition)合成法就是把两个以上的词、组合成一个复合词。如:three year-old(三周岁的)、up-to-date(最新式的)、up-to-the-minute(非常时髦的)、peace-keeping(维持和平的)、take-off(飞机的起飞)、film-goers(电影观众)、easy-chair(沙发)、consulting-room(诊室)、over-estimate(估计过高)、outnumber(超过数目)、furrow-keratitis(勾状角膜炎)、esimate-ray (r射线)、gas-forming (产气)、giant- cell(巨细胞)、group-specific(类属特异性的),等等。 (3)缀后法(affixation)缀后法指在词上附加前缀或后缀,构成新词。比方名词兼动词的care的派生词有:careful a.→care n.+-ful (a. suf)、carefully adv.→careful a.+-ly (adv. suf)、carefulness n.→careful a.+-ness (n.suf),又比方:动词connect 的派生词有:disconnect v.→dis-+con-nect n.( 使分开)、connective a.→connect v.+-jve(有连接作用的)和connection n.→connect v.+ -ion(连接)。 除了上面三种最常用的构词法外,还有其它的构词方式,如:反成法(back-formation)缩略法(shortening),拟声法(imitation)和混合法(blend).因它们都不是本书讨论研究的重点,故这里就不再一一举例赘述了。 在开始研究本书的重点内容--缀合构词法之前,为方便起见,有必要先介绍几个有关词结构方面的概念。 (1)词根和词干(root and stem)长期以来,语言学家对词根root有两种不同的理解,其一中把词根严格看 作单章节的原始意义单位,这种词根为数不多,在英语里,大约有460多个(见w.w.skeat,a primet if English etymology §102..)这对于研究词源学( etymology)或许是必要的,但对于普通的英语学习者,词不达意根就 成了难以辩认的了,因此,它的用处不大。例如:narrow,narcissus,nerve,snare等词不达意的词不达意根都是sne.其二是把词不达意根看作同根词不达意共有的可以辩认的部分,不一定是单音节,也不一定是原始形式。 比如:医学方面的词根有:ophthalmo-(眼),esophage-(食道),epithelio(上皮),reticulo-(网状),erythro-(红)等。换名话说,词不达意根指的是有些音节(不是前缀或后缀)在不同的词不达意里出现,而其根本形 式和含义相同,如:error(错误),erratum(印刷错误),aberration(迷误),errkoneous(错的)的词不 达意根都有是err-[to wander](离)。 (2)词干(stem) 指的是未经词形变化的原形词。例如:动词to impede(hinder)的词根是impede,必须注意, 词的词形变化(inflection)不属于构词法研究的对象,这是因为词的这些变化既不能改变词不达意的原意,又 不能改变词类。比如:动词teach有时态的变化,即可以在其后加时态的词尾-ed或-ing,但这并不表明构造出 新的词来了。 (3)前缀和后缀(prefix and suffix)前缀的后缀都是词根或单词,它们原来故地是独立的词或词根,但由于 经常缀在其它词或词根的前后,辅助中心意义,逐渐就失去了独立的形式,读音意义而成为附加部分。前缀有 一定的含义,缀前缀构成的词叫做合成词(compound).如:cohost →co-[together,with]+host.后缀只具有转变

形容词副词的等级练习与答案

^ 形容词的等级 英语里形容词有三个比较等级,即原级、比较级和最高级。一般来说,表示 "……和……一样" 时用原级。 → She is as tall as her sister. 她和她的姐姐一样高。 表示两者 "……比……更……" 时用比较级。如: → She is taller than her sister.她比她的姐姐高。 表示“最……”时用最高级,如: → She is the tallest in her family.她是她家个子最高的。 当形容词由原级变为比较级或者最高级时,词形上会发生变化。这种变化可分成规则变化和不规则变化。 ] 1.形容词比较级的规则变化。 大多数形容词是按照规则来变化的,形容词比较级和最高级的规则变化如构词法原级比较级最高级 1. 单音节词末家-er和-est tall ] short taller shorter tallest shortest 2. 单音节词以-e结尾,只加-r和-st fine late ( finer later finest latest 3. 闭音节单音节词如末big bigger Biggest 尾只有一个辅音字母,必 须先双写这个辅音字母, 再加-er或-est fat】 fatter fattest 4.少数以-y、-er、-ow、 -ble结尾的双音节词,词 尾加-er和 -est (以-y 结尾的词,如-y前是辅音 字母.则变y为i,再加-er 和, -est;以-e结尾的 词仍只加-r和-st) happy clever narrow able | happier clever narrower abler happiest cleverest narrowest 》 ablest 5. 其他多音节和多音节 词在形容词前面加more 和most beautiful more beautiful most ! beautiful *注意: 有些单音节词的比较级和最高级也常在形容词前加more和most,如glad、fond、shy、sly(狡猾的;淘气的;暗中的)。当like作形容词或副词用时,比较级和最高级用more like和 most like。 ;

英汉构词法对比研究

目录 1. 英汉构词法文献回顾 (3) 2. 英汉构词法的对比 (4) 2.1. 派生法 (4) 2.2. 转换法 (6) 2.3. 混乘法 (7) 2.4. 合成法 (7) 2.5. 借代法 (9) 2.6. 音译借入 (9) 2.6.1. 义译借入 (9) 2.6.2. 半音半义 (10) 3. 结语 (10)

摘要由于社会的不断发展,许多新的事物和复杂的概念也不断产生,原来有限的词已经无法满足人们的需要。于是,人们便创造出一些新的词来表达新的事物和概念。构词法便是人们按照语言一定规律创造新词的方法。构词法研究的是词的内部结构,即将词分析为最小的结构单位—词素. 语言学家研究单位的性质、语音、意义,以及如何相互组合而构成新词。英汉语在构词上有许多相同的地方,了解这些相似点可以帮助我们更快更好的记住英语单词。这篇论文在现代语言学的指导下,对英语和汉语的构词法进行了深入的对比研究,特别是在派生、转换、混乘、合成和借代五个方面。这篇论文包含三个部分。 第一部分是文献回顾,分析了英语词汇学与汉语词汇学以及英汉对比语言学的研究现状。第二部分是本论文的主要部分,包含五个方面。第一方面主要关于派生法。通过在派生法方面的比较,我们知道派生法是英语构词法中的一个重要方法,英语主要通过增加前缀或后缀的方法来构词,但是在汉语中词缀却比较少。第二个方面主要讲了转换法。由于汉语是一种孤立语,词的语法功能并不依赖于词尾变化的形式,因而汉语中的许多词是兼类的,谈不上转化不转化。第三方面关于混乘法,混乘法在汉语和英语中是非常不同的。第四方面关于合成法。不管在汉语中还是英语中复合法都是重要的构词方法,因此复合词在两种语言中所占的比例都很大。第五方面关于借代法。英语和汉语中都有很多的外来词,并且相互借用。第三部分是总结。 关键词构词法,对比,英语,汉语,派生法,转换法,混乘法,复合法,借代法 Abstract With the development of society, many new things and complicated concepts came up. The original limited word has been unable to meet the needs of their people, people then create some new words to express something new and concept. Word-formation is a method that people created new words based on language rules. The word formation studied the inner structure of the word,that is to say, analyzed the smallest meaningful units--morpheme. Linguists studied the properties, phonetics. meaning of the morphemes and how to create now words. There are many similarities between English language and Chinese. Knowing similarities can help us understand and remember English words easily and quickly. This paper makes a full and contrastive study on English and Chinese word formation under the guidance of modern linguistic theory, especially on derivation, conversion, blending, compounding and borrowing . In the first section, we talk about literature review, introduce the process of predecessors made in English and Chinese word-formation. The second section is the main part of this paper. It contrasts with English and Chinese word formation in detail. It has five parts.First part is about derivation. According to contrast in derivation, we know that derivation is an important word formation in English. English people were used to create new words according to add a prefix or suffix to the root, but in Chinese, there are little affixes. Second part talks about conversion. According to study, we realize that because of Chinese was a non-inflectional language and its word-class is not decided by its suffix, conversion is not used to create new words in Chinese. Third part is about blending. Blending in Chinese is quite different with in English. Forth part compounding is talked. Compounding is very important both in English and in Chinese, but relatively, as the

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