新概念2笔记

1, Private：

private school 私塾private teacher私人教师

私用飞机Private planes开飞机的人。pilot飞机驾驶员

private company/ State-owned Company 私企、国企

私生活private life

2, 隐私privacy

孩子在自己的卧室内享有隐私权a child can enjoy privacy in his or her own bedroom

父母必须尊重孩子的隐私，parents must res pect children’s privacy.

3,反义词public公共的

public transport公共交通。public transport means公共交通工具

The town has its own public library and public gardens那城市有自己的公用图书馆和公园

public house小酒馆

the public 公众，群众。做作主语，谓语动词用单数、

The public is not fool群众不是傻瓜Fool：名词，动词。Foolish:形容词

The public took me to their heart公众热情地接受了我。（take me to your heart中文歌吻别，但是英文意思是接受我）

In public在公共场所。。

Many people will be nervous when they speak in public.很多人当众讲话他们就会十分紧张.

In private私下的。

I wish to talk with you in private我希望能私下里同你谈话

4, Conversation: 常用于写作中

Boys are the usual theme/topic in girls' conversations. ;男孩总是女孩闲聊的主题.

补充几个谈话：six-party talks 这里我们用的是talks，六方会谈. talk复数talks时用于正式的。和平谈判Peace talks.

Dialogue：对话的意思，电影对白。

Chat：闲聊（吹牛），摆龙门阵

因为我们有qq，我们知道，网上的那种聊天就叫做Chat，很常用。

gossip：嚼舌头，抱怨的谈话。绯闻。

现在很火的一个美剧，就叫做GG，就是这个单词，绯闻女孩。

总结用法：以上这些单词，统统都能Have +这个单词。比如说，我们在用qq聊天，就是Have a chat。对号入座。

5, Seat: 座位

seat belts安全带rubber coin（俚语）condom安全套

I have a bad seat. 我坐的位置不好。

sit down了，我们要说Take a seat：坐下来be seated，更礼貌

还有动词的意思，V. sit/seat

同样是动词，seat和sit作动词的区别？

1，发音Seat中间的ea事发的长音的I, 我们读的时候嘴是往两边扁的，sit发的是短音的i，嘴张的程度都没有seat大

2，Seat是及物动词，后面可以加人，而sit不及物。

比如我们可以说，Seat yourself You seat him. 意思是让某人就坐。

用sit就只能说，He is sitting there.

例题：When all those present(到场者)__ he began his lecture. A.sit B.set C.seated D.were seated

讲解：选哪个？有同学说A，不对，如果你要用sit这个单词，也不可以是动词原形，这句话要用过去式才行，sat，所以B也不对，C和D我们毫不犹豫就选出了D。

6，Play戏剧在哪儿看：theater

Jennifer will take part in a new play soon.18

The play may begin at any moment19

7，Loudly: the child was crying loudly. 他大声哭泣

The dog were barking loudly, 狗叫的很大声。

形容词：loud

He has a loud voice.

他的嗓门很大

The television is too loud

he said in a loud voice他用大的声音说，（他大声说）

they were talking in a loud voice,

电视声音太响了，把音量调低点儿

loud: 指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。

loudly: 与loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含“喧闹”的意味8，I got very angry.

Get;到达。今天的get:变得强调的是过程。

天边暗了it gets dark这里的天不能用sky.

天变得冷了it gets cold.

天变得暖和了it gets warm

I get nervous我变得紧张。

She is getting better. 正在变好。

Your English is getting better.

,10，Angry:生气，

angry with sb,

The customer was angry with the salesgirl for her impolite answer那位顾客对女店员不客气的回答感到忿怒

Angry at/about+某物

上面的句子可以改成：

He was angry at his weakness. 他恨自己意志薄弱

The customer was angry at her impolite answer那位顾客对女店员不客

Angry的同意词。

Cross:穿，跨过。Crossing十字路口、叉。

Annoyed

Be blue in the face

11，Attention,

Pay attention （to）对…注意思想上，notice=see

You should pay attention to our street signs

Please pay attention to this word in the sentence 请注意这句话的这个单词，

pay a little/some/much/close attention.稍加注意，注意，多加注意，密切关注

口语中常说Attention, please!(引起别人注意)立正也是这个词，

catch/attract/draw one’s attention, 吸引别人注意

Shall we write something to cause the attention of the public我们该不该写点东西给媒体以引起公众的注意呢

focus/fix one’s attention on集中注意在什么上

distract attention from.分散注意

12 Bear:

"I've always been able to bear children我总能忍受孩子

Bear doing sth

I can't bear having a cat in the house家中养猫我受不了

I cant bear repeating the joke.我不能忍受他重复那个笑话、

众多容忍的区别：Bear/stand/endure忍受的极限在扩大Put up with=bear

Endurance耐力

give sb a bear hug，给一个热情的拥抱。

13 区别：thing指代的比较多，他可以当事情讲，也可以当东西讲比如issue，今天主要就讲business）

it is my business.这是我的事情，言外之意就是，你不要管。thing就没有这层意思。

文章中，it is none of your business. 不关你的事。

14，Rudely符合形容词变副词的第一条。形容词rude

Be rude to do sth

Be rude to sb

he was shouting rude words/remarks 他正在讲粗话。Remarks言谈，谈论

Don't be so rude to your parents别对你的父母这么没礼貌！

he is rude to the customer. 他对顾客很粗鲁

The rude boy got a slap in the face那个粗鲁的男孩挨了一个耳光

You needn't be so rude about it

he can be very rude in private, but in public he's usually polite. 他虽然在公共场合彬彬有礼，但私底下却很粗野

二、句子的类型（Types of Sentences）

1、简单句的句子的类型：一个主语+一个谓语，例：

The girl plays the piano every day. 那女孩每天弹钢琴。

两个主语+一个谓语，例：Tom and I are good friends. 汤姆和我是好朋友。

一个主语+两个谓语，例：He opened the door and left. 他打开门出去了。

两个主语或两个谓语或更多，例：Mr and Mrs Smith went to the market, bought some fruit and visited their friends. 史密斯夫妇去市场，买了些水果，并看望了朋友。

结构特殊：只含有一个词或一个词组，例：

Hello! 喂！

Help! Help! 救命啊！救命！

Many thanks. 万分感谢。

2、简单句的基本句型（The Basic Sentence Patterns）

句型结构：

（1）主语+不及物动词：S + Vi.，例：

Birds fly. 鸟飞They disappeared. 他们消失了。

（2）主+ 连系动词+ 表语：S + V + P，例：

She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。

He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。

（3）主+ 及物动词+ 宾语：S + Vt + O，例：

He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。

We help each other. 我们互相帮助。

（4）主+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语：S + Vt + O + O，例：

I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。

They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。

（5）主+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 补语：S + Vt + O + C，例：

They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。

I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。

注：S = Subject（主语）Vi=Intransitive Verbs（不及物动词）Vt=Transitive Verb（及物动词）P=Predicative（表语）O=Object（宾语）C=Complement补语

Lesson 2

stay in bed 睡懒觉

stay up熬夜。

Until 11，介词

The heat did not relax until midnight直到半夜，炎热才缓解

连词：连接句子

His grandfather didn't die until he came back。

His grandfather was alive until he came back.

Not…until表示知道什么为止

until作为一个时间线，你在until这个时间从句之前，做了就是肯定，没做就是否定

，he____(waited) until the rain stopped. waited。

he____(leave) until the rain stopped didn’t leave I didn't wake up until I heard the alarm clock直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来

He lived in California until he was twenty他在加里弗尼亚一直住到20岁

You can't leave until your work is finished在你的工作完成之前,你不能离开

He never spoke a word until he was three他三岁以前一个字也没说过,

2, I looked out of the window.

Look out of 像外看

Look out of the window, I see a lot of children play and yell我从窗口往外张望时，看到许多小孩玩耍

She looked out of the window and saw the postman她往窗外看去，见到了一个邮递员The little mermaid looked out of the water for the first time小美人鱼第一次看到水面外的世界

3, 'What a day!' I thought.

感叹句的结构就是what +a/an＋可数名词

she is a beautiful girl. what a beautiful girl

what +形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语

what a beautiful girl she is!

1，he is a clever boy, 怎样变，按上面的结构是what a clever boy he is.

what a surprise it is!

What a mess好乱呀54

What a pity

how +形容词+主谓

做18页练习

what + n.：What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊！

What a fine day it is! 多好的天呀！

how + adj.：How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀！

how + adv. ：How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！

How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀！

How + adj. + a (an) + n.How nice a boy (he is)！=What a nice boy he is! 多么好的孩子啊！说明：表示说话时惊异，喜悦，气忿等情绪。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或句子。

24课练习

4, 'It's raining again.'

春天是绵绵细雨，这时怎么说，it is drilling. 夏天就不一样了，来得快去的夜快，我们叫，it is raining cats and dogs. 不要把他翻译成语下得跟猫呀狗似的，这肯定不通嘛。cats and dogs”来形容雨下得大，而不是“hippopotami”（河马）, “elephants”（大象）, “buckets”（篮子）之类的东西。，这个短语起源于北欧：“在挪威的神话中，猫被认为可以影响天气。驾着风暴而来的女巫据说就是化身为猫的。” 而狗和狼则是风暴神欧丁的随从，其中狗是“风的象征”这就是cats and dogs 的来历了

5, ring rang rung,

The telephone is ringing

The door bell is ringing

jingle bell.

ring是很刺耳的jingle是指铃铛风的响声，很悦耳的声音。

ring sb. I will ring you

ring back：打回来call back.

名词：wedding ring

6,aunt uncle brother and sister Cousin。

侄女统称，niece。侄儿nephew。

7，be动词+动词的ing是现在进行时表示将来

He is dying

I am arriving

how is going问候的时候

'but I'm going to the dentist

go leave arrive, return

8，'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said.

break+fast,, break 打破，fast 我们知道是快的意思，但是他还有一个意思是绝食。打破绝食，吃的第一顿饭我们就把他叫做breakfast。,

,9，dear me,

god, 就翻译成my god. my gosh, or oh, my!

10 always总是，这课出现了很多表示出现的频率的副词，比如never, sometimes, 我们还会学到另外的一些词比如，often usually, 那这些词分别是是什么意思呢，

Always总是。90%

Usually，经常80%

Often，常常60-70%

Sometimes，有时候50%

Never从来不0

Lesson 3

1，spoil: 把东西的质量变得不好; 生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱

1、宠坏His parents spoiled the boy.

2、毁了某人心情.

This spoiled my day.

What you said spoiled me.

His arrival spoiled my hoilday.

Spoil是把好的变坏，调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭,糟蹋Postcards always spoil my holidays

the cook spoilt the soup. 这厨师把一锅汤都弄砸了

the child is spoiled.宠坏好孩子被损坏了

the rain spoilt our plan

A quarrel during the dinner will spoil everyone's appetite. ;吃饭时争吵会破坏每个人的胃口

Ice can be used to keep food from spoiling. ;冰可用来保持食物不致变坏.

（one drop of poison infects the whole tun of wine）The rotten apple injures its neighbors

一颗老鼠屎搞坏一锅汤=black sheep在西方国家，人们认为黑绵羊的毛不如白绵羊毛珍贵。同时，黑羊混杂在白羊之间容易使白羊害怕。还有一个原因，人们认为黑色代表邪恶，这不仅在西方国家，在中国也是如此，比如人们常用"洁白晶莹"，"一片冰心在玉壶"形容纯

洁。而用"黑心肠"这样的说法比喻罪恶

2，★decision n. 决定v. decide

make a big/great dicision (重大/伟大, 更重大)

"To be or not to be " was difficult decision for Hamlet. ;对于哈姆雷特来说," 是活

下去,还是选择死亡"是一个重大的决定

Marriage is an important decision. ;婚姻是由个人作决定的大事.

I don't think his decision is wise in reality实际上,我觉得他的决定并不明智

The judge will give his decision tomorrow法官将于明天做出判决

3，★single adj. 唯一的, 单一的

remained single all her life. ;夏奈尔一生忙于时装设计,终生独身.

single cells

There was not a single person in the house屋子里一个人都没有

single parent family 单亲家single parent 单亲

I want a single ticket.我要一张单程票

singles bar 单身男女约会的酒吧

Lesson 5

1，garage ['g?rɑ:?]英式读音/'g?rɑ:(d)?/美式读音：车库,

2，he has just bought twelve pigeons.（这个第四行）他刚刚买了12只鸽子。Pigeon：Pigeons are easy to tame. ;鸽子很容易驯养

homing pigeon家鸽carrier pigeon,信鸽

Pigeon跟dove的区别

dove更温柔呀，dove比pigeon更文雅，诗词里面常用这个词。

和平鸽，dove of peace

美国有两派：

爱好和平的人鸽派，这个鸽我们不用，pigeon，用dove.

像bush一样喜欢战争的人被称为鹰派，the hawks.

放鸽子stand sb up.

You stood me up. I got stood up.

It’s none of my business.= it's not my pigeon.不关我的事。

3，,英寸inch英寸=2.5厘米,，英尺foot, feet（复数）3分米

Mile1 英里= 1 609.344 米

A 离B有多远a is +距离+(away) from+b

我家离学校有50里，My home is 50 miles from school.

the station is 2 minutes’ walk from here.车站离这里是2分钟的路程。

The bookstore is 2 blocks away from the bank.

a is +距离+(away) +from+b

from+b 这部分也是可以省掉的

the beach is 200 miles (away).

把距离变成far 强调远。

my home is far (away) from school.

问距离how far？how far away.

4，,message. 信息是可数名词，

information 也是表示信息但是是不可数名词information age,

leave a message留言voicemail语音信箱

6，cover，越过。代替走，爬，过，飞

the long march covers a distance of 25000 kilometers.

children can cover the whole length of the pool孩子们能游过整个池子的距离。she covered a distance of eight miles.

cover+距离

he covers 200 meters in two hours 他在两小时之内完成了200米的距离。

The postman covered 6000miles in three days. 三天之内邮递员走完了6000英里。2, 覆盖。

great trees had covered the countryside绿树覆盖了整个乡村。

She covered the boy with all the clothes他用所有的衣服盖着孩子。

Books covered every inch of floor space书盖住了地板的每一寸空间

cover 可以做名词，封面，

from cover to cover 从头到尾。

I read the novel from cover to cover.

we can’t judge a book by its cover.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

7，Distance距离

keep distance.保持距离

a long distance call长途电话

Distance brings beauty距离产生美感

there will be a great distance between girls after a quarrel. ;女孩子争吵以后就会疏远了.

There will not be a great distance between boys after a fist.男孩子打架之后不会疏远。t变成ce.

Different --- difference

patient---patience

important-importance

Distant遥远的

a distant village遥远的山村

distant stars 遥远的星星

,8，Request for对。。。有需求

I have a request for the cake

I have a request for money.

Request sb to do sth. 要求某人做某事= ask sb to do sth,

Workers request to raise their wage.（11课的区别）

,I requested him to come before ten.

我要求他十点以前来。

常常用被动，说话人逃避责任

Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

参观者被要求不要触摸展示品

I have been requested to inform you。。兹通知阁下

9，Spare part零件

Spare形容词。空余的。

The company makes spare parts for aeroplanes.

there is a spare room in the house

spare time业余时间

You can read here in your spare time

Spare

,挤出时间。

I have no time to spare。我挤不出时间

can you spare some time to talk with me?

绕命

He spared the slave’s life. 他绕了这个奴隶一命

此树是我栽，要想从此过，留下买路财.take all my money, but spare my life. 把钱拿走吧，绕我一命

10Urgent紧急的

something urgent.

They've made an urgent request for international aid他们紧急请求国际援助

This work is not urgent; we can do it tomorrow这件工作不急，我们可以明天再做11，Other 是一个形容词，名词

other people，other books，

two other actors carried two large food baskets

Crystal Palace was different from other buildi ngs in the world,

You need other medicine to cure your disease. ;要治好病,还需要其他药物.

the other

One… the other

I have two brothers, one is police, the other is thief

One of Mr. Scott’s garage is in Pinhurst, the other is in Silbury.

we noticed a shop at the other side of the square

She was dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella

in the other

others是不定代词，别人

You can't ignore the feelings of others你忽略他人的感情,

the others …"其余的"，表示在一个范围内的其他全部

some… the others一些怎样另一些怎样

some apples are good, the others are bad.

Some are listening to the radio,others are watching TV.

一些人在听广播，一些人在看电视

Another=an+other Other是其他，an是一个another就是其他中的一个，剩余部分中的一个

Another后加可数名词单数也可以接复数

Please give me another chance, I will be successful.

12，service 既可以做可数，也可以是不可数。,

at your service听后某人差遣

日本现在著名的女仆咖啡馆，女仆们常用的。

I am glad to be at your service=glad to be at your service

serve sb,为某人服务

We must serve the people heart and soul我们必须全心全意地为人民服务

She has served the family faithfully for thirty years她为这个家忠心耿耿地操劳了30年

She served me a cup of coffee.

她给我端上一杯咖啡。

服役

my brother has severed in the army for 10 years.我哥哥当了10年的兵了

He served eight years in prison.

他坐过八年牢

13，in this way,用这种方法this可以换成that , those, these

In this way, I passed through the exam. 用这种方法，我通过了考试

in the way用某种方法

我用你告诉我的方法学习的。I study in the way you have told me.

我用我示范你的方法炒菜，I cooked In the way you have shown me.

挡路you are in the way

In one’s way挡着某人的路

on the way

on the way to the station.一般都要加the

school前面不能加the,

on the way to school,

on the way home

by the way, 顺便问一下

by the way, what time is it?

In a way, 在某种意义上

在某种意思上，他是一个好人。In a way, he is a good person.

In a way, you're right从某一点上看你是对的

get one’s own way. 为所欲为，一意孤行。

他总是一意孤行，he always get his way.

,现在完成时：

1，过去开始到现在为止。He has worked in the company for 8 years

2，过去实施的动作对现在的影响,the man has died.

3,过去所为，对现在是一种经历。My brother has never been abroad before,

现在完成时：与过去，现在有关。动作发生在过去对现在造成影响或者产生结果。常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...表示一段时间的状语连用

I have ever seen her

He has been there for six months.

He has never borrowed money from me.

It has sailed across the Atlantic many times.

he has already visited a great number of different places

Twenty people have already left.

The play may have begun already

We've been friends ever since we met at school自从我们在学校认识之后，我们就一直是好朋友

She has been living a hard life since her husband died.

她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。

延续性动词，learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay

跟短时间连用。

非延续性动词。open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy

跟点时间连用。同样可以用于现在完成时中。

Lesson 6

knock : knock at:敲,

敲窗子：knock the window

I knocked at the door several times, but there was no answer我敲了几下门, 但没人答应

Someone is knocking at the door有人在敲门

knock off,knock over,knock out

knock off:下班, =finish one’s work.

例：he always knocks off at six他总是6点下班。

例2：He knocked off earlier.他下班的早了一点。

：今天我有很多工作要做，所以下班晚了。

答案：Today I have too much work to do, so I knock off late.

knock sth off+地点,

例knock the vase off the table把花瓶打到地上

例2：谁把这本书从书架上碰下来的，

who knocked the book off the shelf?

例：我把男孩从自行车上撞了下来。

I knocked the boy off the bicycle.

knock off:打折,

例：the shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.电源从账单上打了九折

例2：knock 10% off the price.从原价打了九折

理解：从原价上打掉了百分之多少，翻译成打了几几折

Because I am vip, the shop keeper knock off60 dollar

knock over,撞下来，而且程度严重，=knock down

例：一辆轿车撞到了一个男孩。

→A car knocked the boy over(down).

The man is knocked down by the bicycle这个男人被自行车撞倒了

Knock out打晕

the blow knock her out.

例：这一拳把他打得不省人事，

2，stood on his head : 倒立

stand on one's hands:站在手上倒立

(hand 单数就是一只手, 双手复数)把hand 换成knee：

补充：

→跪着, 膝盖: knees : stand on one's knees

→躺着, 躺: lie : lie in bed

→lie on one's back:仰面躺着

→lie on one's side:侧躺

→lie on one's stomach（胃）: 趴着

Lesson 7

1，detectives是指侦探这类人不可能加a/an，也不能加the.

Detective, 侦探。侦探小说，detective story。Private detective

动词时detect侦探侦查发

The test is designed to detect the disease.

I detected some anger in his voice. 在他的话里，我侦查到了一些生气

Detector探测器。

2，Expect期待。except，这两个长得像except, 除了。。。

现在都是One child family，parents expect much of you.

expect sb to do sth.

What did you expecte to be in the future? 你期望以后从事什么职业呀

my parents expect me to be a teacher, and now their expectation come true.

，I expect my parents to come back

名词expectation期待，期盼，展望

great expectation远大前程狄更斯有本小说

the woman is expecting. 这个女人怀孕了=pregnant、pregnancy

,3，Valuable。贵重的。Value去e加able，value是valuable的名词，高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。(东西本身)

This old table is a valuable piece of furniture这张旧桌子是一件很珍贵的家具

,Precious珍贵的

价值方面，valuable=precious

diamond=precious stone=valuable stone.

precious重感情。带有感情色彩指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱（人们觉得）

家的老照片，你爷爷奶奶的宝贝，precious photos

My time is precious我的时间很宝贵

valueless, 没有价值的，不值钱的

worthless没有价值

priceless呢？没有价的，就是无价之宝了

自由是无价之宝。Freedom is priceless.

4，Main,主要的。主要的建筑，main building, 主要的街道，main street, 中心思想，main

idea. main points主要观点。

main强调"主要", 至高的, 中心的,

major强调"重要", 影响大的, 要集中精力的a major error

Mainly 大部分的、,

5，when 跟while

while 能被when代替，而when却不一定能被while

When可以表示点时间，也可以表示的是断时间。借的两个句子可以是同时发生也可以是先后发生。

When后面的从句谓语动词可以是延续的，也可以是短暂的动词。

I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry came in

I felt very nervous when. I went into his office

When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.

Ted was most surprised when he heard the news.

while只能表示短时间，主句动作发生在从句说描述的这段时间之内。而且while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动作或者是表状态的词，强调的是主句和从句的动作相伴发生，又是还有对比的味道。

They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children当他正在吃饭的时候，他们冲向她，

While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly当我们等待着陆的时候，一个空姐告诉我们保持安静，轻轻的下飞机。While he was eating, I asked him to lend me some money.当他正在吃饭的时候，我请他接我点钱。

While John was in hospital, he asked his doctor about his operation 当john在医院的时候，他问医生关于他的手术。

I feel safe while I am with you

Be with you 就是表示的一种状态时吧

简单的说

when+从句（延续、瞬间动词），而while+从句（延续动词，表状态词）。

什么时候while能代替when?只有当动词时延续动词时，而且表示的是同时发生的时候，while 才能代替when.

As, 边、、、、边、、、或者是与。。。同时（两个动作的同时性，或者是在发展变化的中的情况。As I looked, the tiger came near. 当我看的时候，老虎走进了。（同时发生）

he little girls sang as they went．小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。

As I get older, I get happier. 随着年龄增长，我变得越快乐了、（变化情况）

6，to one’s+ 表示人情绪的词，这个结构很好用。

另我高兴的是，to my joy, 令我失望的是，to my disappointment, 令我悲哀的是，to my sadness.

Lesson 8

Competition. 比赛，竞赛Keen competition激烈的竞争

The competition between Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola has been on for a long time.可口可乐与百事可乐的竞争由来已久.

No competition, no progress. ;没有竞争就没有进步.

You need to work hard to survive in a society full of competition. ;要在充满竞争的社会中生存就要有努力工作

竞争对手叫，competitor.

动词时compete,

The tortoise lagged behind the rabbit when they re-competed in the race. ;龟兔重新赛跑时, 乌龟远远地落在兔子后面.

The two TV broadcasting companies TVB and ATV in Hong Kong have always been competing with each other for higher audience rating. ; ;香港的两家电视广播公司(无线电视和亚洲电视)长期以来为争取更高的收视率而互相竞争.

与。。。竞争我们用compete with/against,

小公司很那跟大公司抗衡。It is nor easy for a small company to compete with a big one.

competitive, 有实力的，有竞争力的

Our offer is competitive and we can't lower the price any more. ;我方的报价是有竞争力的我方不能再降价了.

You are in a competitive soxiety, so you have to push yourself hard. Push 推，hard, 我们有work hard对吧，里面的hard 是什么意思，努力的是吧，努力把自己推，就是加倍努力了。

competent

people began to think that their Yugoslavian coach was a competent one. ;人们开始认为这个南斯拉夫教练是能胜任的.

The competent secretary ;这个能干的秘书

Competition可以指任何的形式的比赛

游戏，游戏运动。game，Game is over。

Match就是指球类竞赛。football match, basketball match

race, 比赛的速度，car race，100 meter race

contest，contest用的很广指的是有评委的的比赛，beauty contest, baby contest. Competition可以指暗地里的竞争

Lesson 9

1，Refer to, underline this word, 参考，意思是。。。参考书教什么，reference book。The English vocabulary is a pocket reference book ;这本英语词汇是一本使用简易方便的参考书.

You can’t refer to any reference books during the exam. ;考试时不许查阅任何参考书.

what does this pronoun refers to according to the context. ; ;在阅读测试中, 读者经常被问及某个代词在上下文中指的是什么,

2，Crowd 动词

A crowd of housewives crowded into the store when the goods were on sale. ;大减价时大批家庭主妇涌进商店抢购.

streets are crowded with people ;街上挤满来了人

Gather，聚集

上课铃一响，你们是不是就该聚集子教室了。While the bell rings,the crowd soon gathered

2，Strike 后面加了次数，敲多少下。

撞击，攻击过去式：struck 过去分词：struckstricken

Men of letters like to strike at each other. ;文人喜欢互相攻击.

Experts think an asteroid might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. ; 有专家认为小行星可能每50万年才与地球相撞一次.

the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea

the bed struck the ground

The speed-boat had struck a buoy,

罢工

Busmen have decided to go on strike next week.

The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.

the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions.,3，Refuse：坚决，断然拒绝别人的忠告，要求，援助。不太礼貌

The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused（58课）

He asked his doctor to tell him about his operation but the doctor refused to do so.（39课）

Jumbo refused to move.65课

Decline：礼貌的委婉的拒绝别人的忠告，要求，援助

Cinderella had to decline the prince and returned home before 12 o'clock at night. ;灰姑娘不得不谢绝王子, 在晚上12点之前赶回家.

Babylon was an empire that had declined. ;巴比伦是业已衰落的帝国.

Exclude：拒绝他人，物进入某地，后者拒绝某人称为团体后者组织的一员。

Some place of entertainment exclude people under 18. ;一些娱乐场所禁止18岁以下的人进入.

The court excludes evidence that was improperly obtained. ;法院不接受非正常渠道获得的证据.

Reject：语气比refuse更坚决。

Some people who have strong self-respect(they) often reject other's offers for help. ;有些自尊心强的人经常拒绝别人提供的帮助.

When your love is rejected, you can’t threat him/her with death. ;当爱被拒绝的时候,;千万不要以死相威胁.

Not every organ transplant operation can be successful, because the new organ may be rejected by the surrounding tissues. ;因为移植的器官可能会受周围组织的排斥;并不是每一个器官移植手术都能成功,

1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by 短语)。

例My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3. 为了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）

三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that 从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）

1，Order;秩序

In order, 井然有序的

I am trying to get my new room in order.

Everything is in order.

Out of order, 没有顺序的

Everything is out of order.

These books are out of order

这些书都乱

Order命令名词跟动词。

Byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food

The man was ordered to pay &345 for the cost of the trip

Napoleon required every soldier to obey his orders. ;拿破仑要求每个士兵都服从他的命令.

In order to

Many fashion models have to cut out sweets in order to lose weight ;不少时装模特为了减肥, 她们不得不戒糖

Some people try every way in order to find a good job. ;有些人为了找份好工作会用个中办发，

Lesson 14

表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”（相对的时态，自然不能离开过去某时/ 动作而“独闯天下”，只能早于过去某时/ 动作，already / yet / still / just / before / never / by（the end of）last year 等时间状语常来“配合作战”；也常活跃在after / before / when，by the time + until等连词的复合句中，

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

When I arrived, they had had lunch.

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

I had not understood the problem until he explained it.

We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work.

When has finished lunch, he asked a glass of beer.

after：从句的动作发生在前，主

句的动作发生在后

after +（had done）, 从句（一般过去时）

before（一般过去式）从句（过去完成时）

After he had arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could

The children ran away after they had broken the window

before Marx arrived in England, he had worked hard to improve his English. Before he came, they had walked away,

（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

2,except, except for, apart from

apart from习惯上喜欢放句首，apart from=except=besides

如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了，是加号

如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做，是减号

.except：从整体之中减掉（不用于句首），besides 如果放在句首，统一用apart from 或者except for

.except for含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意强调整体当中某一方面除外，剩下的整体都不错

Lesson 16

☆area n.地段；场地（一块地方）

district：区/ 特区

changning district长宁区

shenzhen district 深圳特区

region：地区，地带

a forest region

tropical region 热带区域

if 真实条件句

Lesson 20

本课的重点是-ing形式

动名词具有名词的性质，本课重点。主语宾语

Speeding is dangerous. 超速是很危险的

?1、作主语

?Reading is an art.

?Climbing mountains is really fun.

?Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.

?1）动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：

?It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.

?It is no point arguing with him about this.

?在“There be”结构中，只能用动名词做主语，而不能用不定式。

?There is no joking about such matters.

?There is no saying when he'll come.

?3）动名词的复合结构作主语

?当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：

?Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

2、作宾语

（1）作动词的宾语

?某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, can’t stand等。如：?Would you mind opening the windows？

?He enjoys reading novels.

I enjoy playing games.

?(2）做介词宾语

?Look forward to, lead to, stick to, add to, be used to, feel like, pay attention to, get down to, spend…in doing…

?stop/prevent…(from) doing,

?There is some trouble/difficulty (in) doing…

?There is no need/harm/u se (in) doing…

?We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.

?Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?

?（3）作形容词的宾语

?The music is well worth listening to more than once.

常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。

⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！

⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！

⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！

⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。

⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。（二）情态动词表推测

1.

（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.

5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。

（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.

她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。

2.对现在或一般情况的推测，

（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.

他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。

（2）He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at hom e at this time.

这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。

（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?

布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？

3.

1.must have done 表示对已经发生的事情的推测，意为“一定，想必”, 句子中表示的是一种

肯定的推测。这种结构一般只用于肯定句，其否定形式是

表示“不可能，肯定不会”。例如：

He didn’t hear the phone . He must have been asleep.

他没有听到电话响，他肯定是已经睡着了。

He must have been to Shanghai.

他一定去过上海。

They can’t have gone out , because the light is on .

他们不可能出去，因为灯亮着。

2. can（could）have done表示对过去的时间内可能发生的事情的猜测，can have done 一般只用于否定句和疑问句。could have done 还可以用于肯定句，常用来表示本来可能完成而实际未完成的动作。例如：

He can’t have finished the work so soon.

这项工作他不可能完成得这样快。

We could have walked to the station , it was so near .

我们本来是可以走到车站去的，路很近。

3. may（might）have done

（1）表示对已经发生的事情的不太肯定的推测，意为“可能已经，或许已经”。