初中英语语法专题十一 并列句和复合句

专题十一--并列句和复合句

考点一并列句和并列连词

并列句

一、并列句

用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句组成的句子叫作并列句。其构成为:简单句+并列连词+简单句。

二、常见的并列连词

1.表示顺承、并列、递进关系的连词及并列句

and“和”;both...and.……和……两个都,as well as“也, not only...but also..不但…而且…等。如:

My father bought me a present, and like it very much.

2.表示转折或对比关系的连词及并列句

but“但是”;yet然而”; while“而”。如:

Lucy likes red while Lily likes white.

3.表示选择关系的连词及并列句

either...or..么……要么……,它连接主语时,动词与靠近它的主语在人称、数上保持一致,即“就近原则”。or“或者”,还可以表示“否则”。如:

Study hard, or you'll fail the exam.

4.表示因果关系的连词及并列句

so意为“所以,因此”,表示因果关系。如:

Kate was ill so she didn't go to school.

for意为“因为”,也表示因果关系。如:

I have to stay up late, for I have lots of homework to do.

※注意

and和or用于否定句中的区别

(1)当列举成分是主语,又在否定词之前时,用and连接;当列举成分在否定词之后时,用or构成完全否定。如:

Lucy and Lily can't speak Chinese.

I can't sing or dance.

(2)在否定句中,如果所连接的两部分都有否定词,那么用and,而不用or。如:

There is no water and no air on the moon.

(3)在否定句中, without之后若有列举成分,则用and连接,构成完全否定;在肯定句中, without 之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定。如:

Man can't live without air and water.

=Man will die without air or water.

考点二状语从句

状语从句在符合剧中修饰主句，主句的动词等。状语从句由从属连词引导，与主句连接，位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开，位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。状语从句的分类详见下表：

(1)when的用法

主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。如:

①when意为“当…时”,引导时间状语从句,表示

I feel very happy when you come to see me.

When you are crossing the street, you must be careful.

②when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以用延续性动词,也可以用终止性动词。如:

I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai.

短填考察：

1.So it doesn’t matter if your friends are in bed you send E-mail to them, or you are seeing a film at the cinema when they send E-mail back.

2.they can’t finish their lessons, they copy(抄袭) from their classamtes.

3.Martin was a small boy , he lived in the a little town of Holtham.

(2)while的用法

while引导时间状语从句时常译为“与…同时,在…期间”。While引导的从句常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。如:

They rushed in while we were discussing problems.

短填考察：

1.traveling in Russia. Ed Jackson ran short of (缺少) money.

2.But the Japanese prefer not to work eating.

3.If I make any mistake playing the piano, I would go on playing that part again and again until I could get it right.

(3)as的用法

as引导时间状语从句时可以表达“正当,一边…边,随着”等意思。如:

Helen heard the story as she washed clothes.

We get wiser as we get older.

(4)before与after的用法

before表示“在…….之前, after表示“在…之后

如:

I will always work hard before I enter Peking University

She showed me many beautiful stamps after I got to

(5)until/till的用法

till, until都表示“直到”,常可换用,但till不用于句首。not...until表示“直到……”。如:

You may stay here until the rain stops

He didn't go to bed until he had finished his work

(6)since的用法

since引导的时间状语从句,表示“自…以来”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。如:

I have worked in this company since I graduated from Peking University.

(7)as soon as的用法

as soon as引导的从句表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,意为“一…就…”。该从句经常用一般现在时表示将来。如:

As soon as he arrives, I'll tell him.

2.条件状语从句

(1)if的用法

含if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。如:

I'll visit the Great Wall if it doesn't rain tomorrow.

(2)unless的用法

unless意为“除非,如果不”,相当于if...not...”

Unless it rains, the game will be played.

Unless you go at once, you will be late.

(3)as long as的用法

as long as意为“只要”。如:

As long as we show our love, the world will be full of happiness.

3.原因状语从句

(1) because的用法

表因果关系的语气最强,用来回答hy的同句,所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴的, because引导的原因状语从句往往比主句显得更重要。如

I'm leaving because I am fed up with the boss

My friends admire me because I am handsome and suceessful.

(2) since的用法

引出的原因往往是人们已知的事实,因此经常译成既然…”,通常放在句首。since引导的从句是次要的,重点强调主句的内容。如:

Since Monday is Bob's birthday, let's give him a party.

(3)as的用法

as与sine用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要用because加以强调as引导的从句与主句具有同等的重要性。如:

She didn't hear us come in as she was asleep.

(4)now(that)的用法

now(that)主要用于口语,表示微弱的原因,主、从句因果关系不明显,意为“既然”。如:

Now(that) you have come, you may as well stay.

4.目的状语从句

(1)引导目的状语从句的词或词组有 so that, in order that等,谓语中常含有may, might,can, could,will, would 等情态动词。如:

He must get up early so that he can go to work on time.

(2)当从句主语与主句主语一致时,可用 so as to,in order to。如:

He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.

=He worked day and night in order to succeed.

5.结果状语从句

(1)由so.that,suh.that引导。

so...that与such...that的区别:

so+形容词或副词+that

such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that

such+形容词+复数名词+that

such+形容词+不可数名词+that

so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that

当名词前面有many、much little(少)few修饰时,用so而不用such。如:

She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much.

=She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much.

We have so much time that we can finish-the work very well.

(2)so...that句型的否定形式可用简单句too...to..., not....enough to代替。如:

He is so young that he can't go to school.

=He is too young to go to school

=He is not old enough to go to school.

6让步状语从句

引导让步状语从句的连词有thoughalthough(虽然), even though/if(尽管), whoever/no matter who(无论谁), however/no matter how(无论怎样), whatever/no matter what(无论什么)。

(1)though/although的用法

although和though意义一样,都作“虽然,尽管”解,都表示让步,一般情况下可互换使用,只是although语气较重,大多置于句首。可以与yet连用,但不与but连用。如:

They are generous though they are poor.

Although he was Japanese, he spent most of his life in China.

(2)even though与 even if 的用法

even though与even if都是“尽管,即使”的意思,表示语气更强的让步。如:

Even though he's 24 now, he's still like a little child.

We'll make a trip even if/even though the weather is bad.

(3)wh-ever类引导词的用法

在英语中wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no mattert+相应的wh-词”,在引导名词性包时能用wh-ever

Whenever I'm unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up. (=No matter when I'm unhappy, it is my

friend who cheers me up.)

7地点状语从句

(1)引导地点状语从句的从属连词有 where和wherever,指具体地点时,从句可位于主句之前或之后; 表示抽象的含义时,从句需放在主句之前。如

He lives where the climate is cool.

Where there is will, there is way.有志者,事竟成

(2)注意区分where引导的状语从句与定语从句。如:

你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。

You'd better make a mark where you have questions. (状语从句)

You'd better make a mark at the place where you have questions.(定语从句)

考点三宾语从句

宾语从句属于名词性从句,在句子中起名词的作用。它是初中英语中一种重要的从句。其主句和从句的时态搭配要求严格,在中考题中较常见。主要考查其语序和时态。

（1）连接词that

That 在句中无词义，不充当句子成分，在口语中常可省略。但在以下情况下that不能省略。

1)当宾语从句的主语是that时。如:

He says that that is a useful book.

2)当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如:

I'm afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

3)当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时,除第一个从句中的that可以省略外,其余从句中的that 都不可以省略。如:

He said (that) the film was very interesting and thathe enjoyed seeing it very much.

短填考察：

1.It is said words can not describe the beauty of the colorful corals.

2.The thing is some people don’t want to work

3.It is estimated in one year fifty thousand earthworms carry about 18 tons of fine soil to the surface of an acre of land.

(2)连接词if/whether

if/whether在从句中有词义,意为“是否”,但不充当成分。一般情况下两者可以互换,不同的是whether后可接or not,而if一般or不与not直接连用。如:

don 't' know if/whether you can help me.olH

I don 't' know whether or not they will come

不说:I don't know if or not they will come.

I wonder whether it is true or not.

用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用whether。试比较:

Please let me know if you want to go.

如果你想去,请告诉我。/请告诉我你是否想去。

Please let me know whether you want to go.

请告诉我你是否想去。

短填考察：

1.She asked him he would marry her in church.

2.“Mr.”does not tell us or not a man married, so women are to be equal to men in this case.

(3)连接代词who,whom, whose,what, which, whoever,whatever在句中有词义,并且充当从句中的主语、宾语、表语、定语。

wonder what he's' writing to me.(宾语)

He can't decide which sweater he should buy.

短填考察：

(4)连接副词where,when,how,why在句中有词义, 并且充当从句中的状语。

l'll tell you why asked you to come.(原因状语)

Could you tell me where Tom has gone?(地点状语)

want to know when you can finish the work.(时间状语)

2.宾语从句的时态

(1)如果主句是现在的某种时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如:

I remember he gave me a book yesterday.

He has told me that he'll leave for New York tomorrow.

(2)如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时),那么宾语从句一般要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。如:

He told me that he would take part in the high jump.

(3)如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,即使主句是一般过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。如: He told me that the earth is round.(客观事实)

3.宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时,要特别注意从句的语序,即按照主语、谓语的顺序。如:

What's Kate's e-mail address? Do you know?

=Do you know what Kate's e-mail address is?

4.宾语从句的否定转移

在主从复合句中,当主句的主语为第一人称,谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等时,要将宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如:

I don't think he will come with you.

考点四定语从句

在复合句中,修饰某一名词、代词或某一句子起定语作用的从句叫定语从句。

He said he couldn't understand people who talked fast.

I like the books that I can understand.

上面两句中的people和books是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。

引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when,why。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。

1关系代词的用法

1)当先行词中既有物又有人的时候。

I can't forget the people and the place that I know well.

2)当先行词被the last, the very或the only修饰时。

This is the very pen that am looking for.

The only book that I want to read is missing.)

3)当先行词有序数词或最高级修饰时。

You are the first person that I want to see.

This is the best book that I can find.

4)当先行词被all, every,no等修饰时

I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.

5)当先行词为anything, everything, nothing等时。

Everything that we have seen in China is moving.

I have nothing that is worth reading.

(2)

(3)关系代词的省略

一般情况下,关系代词作宾语时可以省略,但关系代词which、whom在从句中作介词的宾语并且介词位于关系代词前面时,不能省略。如:

I'll never forget the day on which I joined the club.

注意:that、which、who在从句中作主语时,不能省略。如:

Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?

2关系副词的用法

(1)when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:

I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.

(2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有表示原因的reason一词。如: We don't know the reason why he was late for school

(3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如:

That is the school where I studied three years ago.