胡壮麟语言学教程(第四版)练习册chapter1-2

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

汉字字根的象形特点

汉字字根的象形特点 海南师范大学文学院10对外汉语 伍润 学号：201002040147 摘要：本文首先简要介绍字根的定义，接着区别汉语字根和五笔字根。然后重点要论述汉字的象形特征，简要介绍字根象形特征的形成原因和它的演变。 关键词：字根象形性起因 字根是什么？字根是由若干笔划交叉连接而形成的相对不变的结构。字根是构成汉字最重要、最基本的单位。而字根又分为两大类：一是汉字字根，汉字的字根是指汉字的基础字基本的字；二是五笔字根，五笔字根是五笔输入法的基本单元。五笔的主要字根包括：王 戋五一，土士二干十寸雨，大犬三古石厂镸 丆，木丁西，工戈艹匚七廿 。目上止卜虎皮丨（“虎字上面部分字根”，“皮字上面部分字根”），日早刂虫（竖的上面左边部分字根，师字的左边部分字根，利字的右边部分字根），口川，田甲囗四车力皿罒，山由贝冂。禾竹 丿攵夂，白手 斤爫，月彡乃用豕，人八癶，金勹犭乂夕鱼儿。言讠文方广亠圭丿，立辛六门疒丬，水氵 ，火业灬米，之冖宀礻。已巳己心尸羽，子孑耳了也凵，女刀九，臼彐巛，又巴厶马厶，弓匕

幺。而汉字字根大体有：人体字根两性字根天地字根动物字根植物篇工具字根生活字根抽象字根，汉字字根的数量很庞大，都是人类造字之初的汉字。 可以很容易看出五笔字根与汉字字根的联系与区别，五笔字根中的很多字是汉字起源时字根，如“口心木大一目五土犬上虎日川山手人鱼水火子马”等等都是汉字的字根，而有些五笔字根是笔画或是汉字的形体一部分即意符，是汉字字根衍生出来的其他汉字的一部分如“ 冖宀巛勹”等等。五笔字根从根本来说是汉字字根的一部分，而五笔字根的形成与汉字字根有很大的关系。汉字中许多字根是在字形或字义上是同源的，如：日→白(丿日)；目→自(丿目)；木→禾(丿木)；厂→广(丶厂)；冂→门(丶冂)；王→主(丶王)、木→耒(一一木)、火→灭(一火)等等。 上述的每对中的第二个字根都是在核心形义字根的前面，加上一种简单笔画(修饰笔画或修饰码)衍变而成的。 核心形义字根，代表较为固定的字形或字义，是汉字形义的基本的重要的组成要素，在和码字根表中列出的各多笔画字根都是核心形义字根。 在核心形义字根前加上单笔画而形成的衍生字根有：冂巾→门帀；儿→兀；尸→户；土七→ 壬乇；口→‘一口’；氵→爫水；大→天夭夫 ；廾→开井；勹→万歹；王→主；厂→广；木→未耒禾；日目→白自；火→灭；米→釆，等等。 这些字根的特点是，在和码的核心字根前面，加上一种单笔画组合

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer

文艺学专业硕士学位研究生培养方案(优选.)

语言学及应用语言学专业硕士留学研究生培养方案 （050102） 一、学科简介 语言学及应用语言学是研究人类语言的基础理论及其应用的学科。本专业侧重以语言为研究重点，分析、归纳人类语言的发生学关系和内在规律。该学科可分为理论语言学与应用语言学两大块，理论语言学倾向于理论研究，探讨特定语言的语音、词法、句法、语义、语用的共时结构和历史演变规律；应用语言学泛指语言学理论或方法运用在其他领域及学科而产生的应用性交叉学科，是综合各科知识的一门边缘学科。目前语言学科的研究呈现出内外交融的趋势，体现为立足于汉语实际，运用国外的有关语言学理论多层次、多角度地展开研究，尤其重视基础研究与应用研究相结合。 经过多年的努力，我们已经形成结构合理的学科队伍，并确立了稳定的研究方向，即文化语言学、对比语言学、社会语言学、交际语言学，其研究成果已得到专家、学者及相关领域的充分肯定和高度评价，在学科内具有较大反响。 二、培养方案 （一）培养目标 具有系统的语言学理论和基础知识，掌握语言研究的特殊方法，具备独立从事语言学及应用语言学研究能力，能够胜任专业学术研究与教学工作，成为语言学方面的高级专门人才。学位获得者可在各级院校和科研院所从事教学和科研工作，也可在新闻、出版、文化或党政管理部门从事相关工作。 （二）研究方向 1．文化语言学 2．对比语言学 3．社会语言学 4．交际语言学 （三）主要相关学科 文学、文化学、社会学 （四）学习年限及应修学分 学习年限为3年；学分不少于36，不超过38学分。 （五）课程设置与教学计划表

（六）课程简介、教材和参考书

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英语语言学教程胡壮麟版

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释

语言学：It studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.研究语音的发生、传递和感知 2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出

《汉语修辞学》教学大纲

《汉语修辞学》教学大纲 适用专业：汉语课程性质：专业必修课 学时数：24大纲执笔人：齐红飞 一、课程定位和目标 课程定位：《汉语修辞学》是汉语言文学专业的专业必修课，是在专业基础课“现代汉语”基础上的进一步提高，旨在使学生了解和掌握修辞学的基本理论、基本的修辞技巧和汉语修辞学研究概况。 课程目标：本课程的教学目的是使学生在初步具备现代汉语修辞知识和能力的基础上进一步加深对修辞学基本知识和基础理论的理解，掌握基本的修辞技巧，从而提高实际应用语言的水平，提高学生对修辞的鉴赏能力和言语交际素养。 二、课程教学内容和基本要求 本课程主要介绍修辞概说、修辞手段、修辞方法、修辞规律、修辞学史五个方面的内容。 （一）第一章修辞概说（2学时） 教学重点、难点： 教学重点：修辞的概念、修辞原则。 教学难点：修辞是一种创造性的活动。 教学内容和基本要求： 1、掌握修辞、修辞学的概念。 2、了解对修辞认识的偏颇，修辞的作用。 3、理解修辞是一种创造性的活动。 考核的主要知识技能： 修辞的概念、修辞原则、修辞作用、修辞是一种创造性的活动。 （二）第二章修辞手段第一节语音及其调整（3学时） 教学重点、难点： 教学重点：音节匀称、平仄的安排、韵脚和谐、双声叠韵运用、叠音自然、谐音。 教学难点：音节匀称、平仄的安排、韵脚和谐、双声叠韵运用、叠音自然、谐音。 教学内容和基本要求： 1、了解修辞手段概念及其分类。

2、掌握语音调整应注意问题。 考核的主要知识技能： 修辞手段概念、修辞手段分类、语音调整应注意问题、音节匀称、平仄的安排、韵脚和谐、双声叠韵运用、叠音自然、谐音。 （三）第二章修辞手段第二节词语及其锤炼（3学时） 教学重点、难点： 教学重点：词语锤炼的要求、词语锤炼的内容。 教学难点：词语锤炼与运用的方法。 教学内容和基本要求： 1、掌握词语锤炼的要求。 2、掌握词语锤炼的内容。 3、理解词语锤炼与运用的方法。 考核的主要知识技能： 词语锤炼的要求、词语锤炼与运用的方法、词语锤炼的内容。 （四）第二章修辞手段第三节句子及其选择（3学时） 教学重点、难点： 教学重点：12种句式的概念内涵、特点、修辞效果。 教学难点：正确运用12种句式。 教学内容和基本要求： 1、掌握长句和短句选择。 2、理解整句和散句选择。 3、掌握肯定句和否定句选择。 4、掌握主动句和被动句选择。 5、掌握设问句和否定句选择。 6、掌握常式句和变式句。 考核的主要知识技能： 理解长句和短句选择；理解整句和散句选择；掌握肯定句和否定句选择；掌握主动句和被动句选择；掌握设问句和否定句选择；掌握常式句和变式句。 （五）第三章修辞方法第一节形式化修辞方法（5学时） 教学重点、难点：

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part5

Chapter3 Lexicon Lexical change

3.1 What is word? 3.1.1 Three senses of word 3.1.2 Identification of words 1) stability 2) Relative uninterruptibility 3) A minimum free form 3.1.3 Classification of words 1) Variable and invariable words 2) Grammatical words and lexical words 3) closed-class words and open

3.2 The Formation of Word 3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology Morpheme destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 2) Morphology which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.

3.2.2 Types of morphemes 1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme 2) Root, affix and stem 3) Inflectional affix and derivational affix ?Inflectional affixes often only add a minute or delicate grammat to the stem, therefore serve to produce different forms of a sin derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning. ?Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word th whereas derivational affixes might or might not. ?Inflectional affixes are conditioned by the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence; deriv