机械类文献翻译

机械类文献翻译
机械类文献翻译

文献翻译

Introduction to Mechanical Design

Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or important products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.

People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.

As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.

Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.

Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.

New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designers can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepter will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.

Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essential the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the

design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply. Because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory person, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. There are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is!

The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:

(1) Dose the design really serve a human need?

(2) Will it be competitive with exiting products of rival companies?

(3) Is it economical to produce?

(4) Can it be readily maintained?

(5) Will it sell and make a profit?

Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marker\d only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur\r during the manufacturing cycle. It may be

that a change is required in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.

机械设计简介

机械设计是为了满足人类需要而制定出的新产品或者改进旧产品时对科学与技术的应用。它是工程技术的一个巨大领域,这个领域不仅关注原先这种产品的尺寸,形状以及构造方式,而且考虑涉及这种产品的制造,销售和使用的其它各方面的因素。

进行机械设计的各种各功能的人们被通常叫为设计者或者设计工程师。机械设计基本上是一次创造活动。然而,除富有创新精神之外,一位设计工程师也必须在机械制图,运动学,力学,材料工程,材料强度和制造工艺有一定的背景知识。

精确的说,机械设计的目的就是为了满足人们的需求。发明,创造和科学知识它们自己可能不能让人获益;但是只要他们合并在一起并设计产品,其益处就会被得到。因此,在一种特别的产品被设计之前,人的需求必须被鉴定,这一点应该被认识到。

机械设计应被视为一个机会,利用创新人才的设想设计一个产品,分析系统,然后就如何制造产品作出正确的判断。对工程基础的理解而不是仅仅记住事实和方程式,这一点是很重要的。没有哪个事实或方程式能单独提供要求生产一种好设计的全部的正确的决定。另一方面,任何计算必须得最大限度小心和精密。例如,一个小数点放错,就有可能得不到所要设计得到的结果。

好的设计应该需要尝试新的方法并且愿意承担一定的风险,知道如果新想法不起作用,这种现有的方法可能被重新使用。由于为了成功所付出的时间以及努力是不能保证的,因此一个设计者必须要有耐心。创造一个完全新的设计一般要求很多旧的以及被建立起来的方法来推动。这并不容易因为很多人坚持旧的想法,技术和态度。设计工程师要不断寻找方法,以改善现有的产品,并且决定哪些旧的、已被证明的概念须要采纳,哪些新的、未曾尝试的想法应该被包刮进来。在那些新设计的优势特性可以被享有之前,新设计一般有"缺陷"或者一些未预见的缺点。因此,有机会,提供优异的产品,但只有在较高的风险下。应该强调指出,如果一个设计并不需要激进的新方法,这种方法不应适用而仅仅是为了改变。

在设计的开始阶段,创造性应该被提倡而没有许多限制条件。即使很多不实用的想法可能出现,在稳定的细节生产被要求之前,这些在设计早期通常是容

易消除的。以这种方法,富创新精神的想法不被抑制。经常,不止一种设计被提出,甚至到他们可能对彼此被进行比较的方面。这是完全可能的:最终被接受的设计将可能使用被拒绝的设计之中的一个想法。

心理学家经常谈论努力使他们操作的那些机器适合人。努力使机器适应人基本上是工程师的责任。这不是一项容易的任务,因为真的没有人能够把某一个生产尺寸加工到最优化的程度。

另一个要点是:一位设计工程师必须能把想法传达给其他人,当他们的想法可以被采纳时。把设计思想传达给其它人是最后环节,也是在设计过程里的至关重要的步骤。无疑很多重要的设计,发明和有创造性的作品被人们所不认同,仅仅是因为那些创始人不能或者不愿意对其它人解释他们的成就。赠送是一个出售的工作。当提出一个新的解决方案,管理或者监督的人的方法时,工程师,正试图出售或者向他们证明这个解决办法是更好的。除非这能被成功操作,否则关于获得这个解决办法所花费的时间和努力基本上是浪费的。

基本上,那里只有我们可用的3个通信手段。它们是写,口头,以及图表的形式。因此成功的工程师将精通这3 种交际方式的能力。缺乏其中任何一个交际能力的一个技术人员就相当于严重残疾。如果全部3个交际能力都缺乏的话,没有人知道此人是多么有能力!

有能力的工程师不应该害怕推荐自己不成功的可能性。实际上,偶然的失败应该被期望,因为失败或者批评好像伴随每个真的有创造性的想法。有许多都是从失败中获悉,巨大收获都是从那些冒险获得的。归根到底,真正的失败将在于根本不会做推荐自己。为了有效地交流,下列问题必须被回答:

(1)这设计真的能服务人需要吗?

(2)它将与现有的竞争公司的产品竞争吗?

(3)获益是实惠的吗?

(4)它能被比较容易的保持吗?

(5)它将能被出售并且赢利吗?

只有时间能提供上述问题的正确的答案,但是产品应该被设计,只用最初肯定的答案生产并且销售。设计工程师也必须通过使用细节和装配图多沟通定稿设计到生产。

经常,一个问题将在生产的循环期间产生。这可能是在一个部分的定尺寸或者加工过程中所要求一次交换,以便它能够被更容易生产。这在被设计工程师批准的工程变化的种类方面下降,以便产品功能将不被相反影响。在其他情况里,在设计过程中的一种缺陷可能在装运之前的装配或检测测试期间出现。

工程设计是一个系统的过程,其中的解决方案是为了满足人类需要而得到的。进程是不同的复杂性的问题(需求)的应用。例如,机械工程师,将利用设计过程中,以找到一个有效率的方式转换成往复运动,在一个内部内燃机以圆周运动来驱动列车;电气工程师在使用过程中,以设计电动发电机系统使用,水位下降为能源;材料工程师使用过程中,以设计烧蚀材料,使宇航员平安返回地球的大气层。

在今天的高科技社会,绝大多数的复杂问题赖以解决的方案不仅仅取决于单一的工程学科,而且还取决于团队的工程师,科学家,环境学家,经济学家,社会学家,法律人员。解决方案不仅取决于适当技术的应用而且还取决于公众情绪,政府规章和政治影响力。作为工程师,我们有权与技术专家发展和改进新的产品和系统,但同时我们必须意识到我们行动的影响:对社会和环境的总体工作,认真对待最好的解决办法,鉴于对所有的相关因素。

设计是经过工程教育的过程,这是区别其他工程专业的显著的特点。

它的一个正式的定义是:工程设计是有工程与技术评审委员会( AENT )的指引下建立的。 AENT委派的课程,在工程学校和源于其成员来自各工程专业社团。各派驻课程已有一套完善的设计部分,其中属于ABEN的指引。该AENT

声明,对设计内容如下:

工程设计是,制订一个系统,组件的过程,以应付预期的需求。同时它也是一个决策过程(通常迭代),其中基础科学,数学,科学和工程科学的应用转换成资源,以最大限度地满足目标。其中基本要素的设计过程中,是设立目标和标准,合成,分析,构造,测试和评价。工程设计组成的一个课程必须具有以下大部分特点:发展学生的创造力,利用不限名额问题,开发和利用现代设计理论的方法,配方设计问题,报表和规格,考虑其他的解决办法,可行性的考虑,生产进程,并行工程设计,以及详细的系统说明。此外,它必须包括各种现实的制约因素,如经济因素,安全性,可靠性,美学,伦理学和社会的影响。

关于最近二十世纪下半叶,其最大的特点,那就是:我们处在一个资讯爆炸时代。可发现的数据量大部分的科目是压倒性的。在上级的大多数组织的人们已经帮助凝聚在他们必须读,听,或看的大部分的事情。当你开始寻找资料,准备以浏览你的许多消息来源,并记录其位置,如果有日期就能方便你能够轻松的找到。

一些消息的来源也可以包括以下几个方面:

1、飞离解决方案。在某些情况下,根据具体需要从目前的现状解决办法,如果实际的产品可以研究,购买详细的分析,我们可以从中学到很多东西。一种改进的解决办法或是一个崭新的解决方案均不能被找到,除非现有的解决方案是彻底的了解。

2、你的图书馆。许多大学有课程,教你如何使用你的图书馆。此类课程的目的是很容易当你比较他们与那些在化学和微积分,但其重要性是不可低估的。在图书馆有许多来源,这些来源可以把你带到你想要寻找的资料。你可以找到你所需要的一个指标,如工程索引。还有很多其他的指标,提供专门的信息。你的问题的性质,将直接哪些是可以帮助你。不要再犹豫向馆员请求帮助。你应该使用,以图书馆建立的电脑数据库,而且往往可以通过光盘技术。

3、专业组织。美国机械工程师学会是一个技术性的社会,这将是学生感兴趣的主修机械工程。在你的大学里,每项重大的项目往往都是几个社团一起协助的而不是一个。国家专业工程师协会,是一个大多数工程系学生都想加入的组织,以及技术协会如社会制造工程师,美国土木工程师协会(ASCE ),或任何一个几十项服务技术东道国的利益的组织,专业与专业的做法似乎有最密切联系在一起的。 5月工程师协会成员也是其它几个社团和协会的成员。

4、贸易杂志。公布这些数据是由数百个团体,这些团体通常是专门从事某些类别的产品和服务。金钱和经济学是工程设计与决策的一部分。我们生活在一个基于经济及竞争的社会中。毫无疑问确实有很多好的想法从来没有得到通过,是因为他们被认为在经济上不可行。我们大部分人已经意识到我们日常生活的这种状况。我们开始与我们的父母解释为什么我们不能有我们所希望的一些项目,因为它的成本太高了。同样,我们将不会把一些非常可取的成分融入我们的设计中,因为价值上涨将不会获得足够的利润,相对于其成本。

工业正不断寻求所有种类的新的产品。有些是可取的,因为在市场上目前的

产品不能与之相互竞争。而其它的都试图简单,因为在它看来,人们会购买他们。制造商怎么知道一个新的产品将受欢迎呢?他们很少确定。在市场分析中统计是一项重要的考虑因素。你们中的大部分人会发觉:概率统计是一个不可分割的组成部分,在你所选择的工程课程中。该技术在本领域的数学,使我们作出的推论:对如何大群体的人的反应的基础上的反应数。

先进制造技术的新发展——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文原文: The new advanced manufacturing technology development Abstract : This paper has presented the problems facing today's manufacturing technology, advanced manufacturing discussed in the forefront of science, and a vision for the future development of advanced manufacturing technology. Keyword:Advanced manufacturing technologies; Frontier science; Applications prospects Modern manufacturing is an important pillar of the national economy and overall national strength and its GDP accounted for a general national GDP 20%~55%. In the composition of a country's business productivity, manufacturing technology around 60% of the general role. Experts believe that the various countries in the world economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of the final product market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer needs and the changing market environment, this competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and that Governments attach great importance to the advanced manufacturing technology research. 1 .Current manufacturing science to solve problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems focused on the following aspects : (1) Manufacturing systems is a complex systems, and manufacturing systems to meet both agility, rapid response and rapid reorganization of the capacity to learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, and explore new manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing models and manufacturing systems effective operational mechanism. Manufacturing systems optimized organizational structure and good performance is manufacturing system modelling, simulation and optimization of the main objectives. Manufacturing system architecture not only to create new enterprises both agility and responsiveness to the

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed,belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost.Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so.Nowadays,bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine).The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance.An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth,soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits.For load sharing on multiple drives.torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology,at present many more reliable.Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1.1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters.With a full-voltage starter design,the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive.Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors.With direct fu11-voltage starters.no control is provided for various conveyor loads and.depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements,empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load.The maintenance-free starting system is simple,low-cost and very reliable.However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque;therefore.they are

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

机械类英语论文及翻译翻译

High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

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