英语语法专项复习

语法专项复习四:动词的时态和语态

动词的时态

时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。

（一）一般现在时

1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作We always care for each other and help each other.

2. 表示现在的特征或状态He is very happy.

3. 表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。

（二）一般过去时

1. 表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

2. 表示过去习惯性动作。

例如：I used to do my homework in the library.

（三）一般将来时

1. 表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。

例如：I will/shall graduate next year.

2. 一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：Crops will die without water.

You won’t succeed without their support.

3. 几种替代形式：

(1) be going to＋动词原形结构的用法

这种结构表示主体现在的意图，即打算在最近或将来要做某事。例如：

What are you going to do next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什幺？

此外, 这种结构也可表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很可能即将发生某事。这时主语既可指人也可指物，此结构往往表示客观事态的发展，而不是表示主观的意图。例如：Look at these black clouds. —It’s going to rain. 看这些乌云。天快要下雨了。

I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。

注：be going to与will用法上的异同及比较说明：

① be going to与will都可用来表示即将发生的事情。前者多用于口语，后者常用于书面语和正式文告中。例如：There’ll (＝is going to) be a football match in our school next week.

下周我校将举行（有）一场足球赛。

② be going to 与will都可用来表示意图。例如：

I will (＝am going to) climb the hill tomorrow. 我将于明天去登山。

注：一般来说，“意图”是事先经过考虑的，用be going to 表示；反之则用will。will还多用于对话中，即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。例如：

They’re going to meet at the school gate. 他们打算在学校大门见面。

—- Please bring me a cup of tea. 请给我端杯茶来。

—I’ll do it in a minute. 我马上就去（端）。

③ be going to常含有“即将”之意；而will即可表示“即将”又可表示“较长时间后的未来”，或不表示任何特定的将来时间概念。例如：

We’re going to visit the factory. 我们即将去参观那家工厂。

He’ll write a book one day. 他有朝一日要写书。

The house will break down. 那屋子（迟早）要倒塌。

④表示预测：be going to表示有发生某事的迹象；will则表示说话者认为要发生某事。如：

It’s very dark and cold. It’s going to snow. 天很暗而且非常冷，要下雪了。

I’m sure he’ll be back in an hour. 我确信他一小时后会回来。

⑤在表示“询问对方是否愿意”以及表示“客气的邀请”时，常用will。例如：

Will you lend me the book? 你能把那本书借给我吗？

⑥ be going to可用于条件句，表示将来的时间，will一般不能。例如：

If you are going to watch TV this evening, you’d better finish your homework now.

你若想今晚看电视，最好现在就完成作业。

⑦如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态，主句中常用will，而条件从句中则用一般现在时表示。例如：If you go to England, you will like the food there. 如果你去英国，你会喜欢那儿的食物的。

(2) be＋动词不定式结构的用法

这种结构着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事。常表示“职责、意图、约定、可能性”等。如：

You are to be back by 11 o’clock. 你必须11点回来。

We are to meet at the zoo. 我们约定在动物园见面。

The football match is not to be played today. 今天不能举行足球比赛了。

(3) be about＋动词不定式结构的用法

这种结构表示“最近或马上要发生的动作”, 不与具体时间状语连用。例如：

I was about to leave when Mary came. 我正要走时, 玛丽来了。

(4) be＋v.-ing结构的用法

这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作，用进行时形式表示将来的时间，但只适用于表示位置移动的动词。例如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, move, return, fly (乘飞机)等，并常伴有表示将来时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。例如：Where are you going this Saturday? 这个星期六你准备去哪儿？

Mr. Li is flying to Shanghai tomorrow morning. 李先生明天早晨乘飞机去上海。

(5) 用一般现在时表示将来的时间的用法

这种用法除了动词be外，一般适用于表示位置转移的动词，例如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, move, return, fly等，或表示根据规定或时间表上预计要发生的动作或事态。此外，在由if, when, as soon as, until, till, after, before等引导的条件或时间状语从句中，若主句为将来时，

从句通常用一般现在时表示将来的时间。例如：

I’m free this afternoon. 我今天下午有空。

School starts on September 1. 学校9月1日开学。I’ll give the book to him as soon as he returns. 他一回来，我就把书给他。

（四）现在进行时

1. 表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。

He is writing a letter now.

2. 有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）。

He is always thinking of his work. (表示赞许)

The boy is always talking in class. （表示不满）

3. 有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来的时间状语）。

How many of you are coming to the party?

（五）现在完成时

1. 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：

I have just finished my homework.

Mary has been ill for three days.

2. 完成时态可用在下列结构中：

(1) This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定语从句；

(2) This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；

(3) This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

（六）过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：

We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

（七）过去完成时

1. 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

2. 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.

另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是：

(1) was / were + to have done sth. 例如：

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't. (2)

intended/expected/hope/meant/planned/supposed/wi shed/wanted/desired+ to have done sth. 如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

3. 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

①hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when +过去

时。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

② no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

③ by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.

(八) 一般过去将来时

1. 一般过去将来时的形式

should / would+ 动词原形或was / were + 动词-ing形式

2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，如：He said that he would speak at the meeting.

He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy. （九）现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远时候。现在完成进行时所用动词均为延续性动词。例如：

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.

注意：运用动词时态要注意的几个问题

1. 在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如：We’ll give him the book if he wants it.

He decided to fight back if he was hit again.

I’ll call you as soon as I’ve finished my work.

2. 时态的一致（时态的呼应），如

We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.

I didn’t know if she would come.

He admitted that he had been on the march.

*不进行时态调整的情况：

(1) 从句说的是一种普遍真理，如：

Long ago, people didn’t know the earth moves round the sun.

(2) 当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会，如

Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?

3. 瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用，如：

误：I have received her letter for three months.

正：I received her letter three months ago.

正：It is three months since I received her letter.

4. 注意某些要求一定时态的句型

* was/ were doing sth. when …did sth.

I was reading a book when the bell rang.

* was/were about to do sth. when … did sth.

She was about to go out when it started to rain

* 表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成时态，如：

It’s the first time I’ve seen her.

We have been there three times.

* It is / has been… since…

It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.

* hardly…when…

We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.

* no sooner…than…

No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed.

给你找的，高考应该能用吧。

一、一般现在时

1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动

词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

6.例句：. It seldom snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words..

二、一般过去时

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词的过去式

4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

三、现在进行时

1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

6.例句：How are you feeling today?

He is doing well in his lessons.

四、过去进行时

1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构：was/were+doing

4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

五、现在完成时

1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构：have/has + done

4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.

5.一般疑问句：have或has。

6.例句：I've written an article.

The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.

六、过去完成时

1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

3.基本结构：had + done.

4.否定形式：had + not + done.

5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。

6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.

By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

[编辑本段]七、一般将来时

1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或

准备做某事。

2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are+going to + do；will/shall + do.

4.否定形式：am/is/are not going to do ；will/shall not do。

5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。

6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

It is going to rain.

八、过去将来时

1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following m onth(week…),etc.

3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.

4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。

6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.

I asked who was going there .

九、将来完成时

1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态

2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来）

3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done

4例句:By the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area.

十、现在完成进行时

1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止

2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing

几种常见时态的相互转换