句子成份及五种基本句型

句子成份及五种基本句型

湖北黄石三中：李毓missliyu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/e319060843.html,

一. 句子成份:句子的组成部分叫句子成份。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（Subject）、谓语（Predicate）、表语（Predicative）、宾语（Object）、定语（Attribute）、状语（Adverbial）、补语（Complement）和同位语（Appositive）。句子的直接成分是由主语和谓语构成。

主语：是一个句子叙述的主体，说的是“什么人即who”或“什么事物即what”。一般位于句首。

是由名词（词组）、主格代词（词组）、动名词（词组）、不定式（短语）、名词性从句构成。谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。是由动词或动词短语构成。一般放在主语之后。在结构上变化多样。可分为简单谓语（由一个动词或动词短语构成）和复合谓语（1.由情态动词或其它助动词+动词原形或动词的某种形式构成2.由系动词+表语构成）。

动词可分为及物动词vt、不及物动词vi、连系动词link. v、助动词aux.v.（协助主要动词构成时态、语态，是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，必须和其他实义动词一起构成谓语。没有对应的汉译）、情态动词mod.v. (本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，只能和实义动词原形构成谓语。不能单独作谓语)

及物动词：有的vt后必须带宾语（叫单宾及物动词）如：like ,hate等；有的及物动词后带双宾（叫双宾及物动词）如give, lend等；有的及物动词后带复合宾语即宾语和宾补（叫复合宾语及物动词）如find, see, consider等. 当其宾语作主语，可变被动语态

不及物动词：其后不能直接接宾语，可单独作谓语，无被动语态；有的不及物动词后可接相应的介词，其功能相当于vt,后可接宾语，若当其宾语作主语，可变被动语态。

连系动词：后接表语或补语。

※不同谓语结构决定着不同的句型。某些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。有些动词既是单宾动词又是复合宾语动词等。

宾语：表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果。可由名词、代词(必须用宾格)、动名词、不定式、数词、名词性从句和疑问词+to do构成。

宾语可分为单宾、双宾和复合宾语。复合宾语：某些及物动词的宾语后还需要一个补足语，表意才清楚完整。宾语和它的补足语（即宾补）构成复合宾语。宾语常是名词、代词（宾格）、ving、不定式或从句（宾语从句），

双宾：某些动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫双宾动词。其中指人的宾语是动作的间接承受者，叫间接宾语（Indirect Object）；指事物的宾语是动作的直接承受者，叫直接宾语(Direct Object)。

宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足补语,才能使句子的意义完整。宾补对宾语进行补充说明，表示宾语发出的动作、身份、特征、状态等。作宾补的可用名词、形容词、副词、不定式to do、现在分词v-ing、过去分词p.p及介词短语构成。

表语（亦称补语）：用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态。位于系动词（如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等）之后。

表语常由名词、代词（宾格或名词性所有格）、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的Ving、过去分词、词组和从句（及表语从句）充当。

定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

定语可由名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、动名词、现在分词、不定式、过去分词、介词（短语）和从句等构成。

状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。

常由副词（短语）、形容词（短语）、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、名词短语和从句（即

状从）构成。状语可分为：时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语和比较状语。

同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，后一事物/人对前一事物/人进行解释或说明，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。同位语常用名词或代词。

二．五种基本句型

英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

I。基本句型一：S + V (主+谓)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。（这类谓语动词是不及物动词），后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（该结构不能变被动语态）

e.g. Time flies.和Everyone smiled.和He runs fast和The writer died where he was born.

Tom is playing football on the playground.

II。.基本句型二：S+V+O (主+谓+宾)

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。（这类动词必须是单宾及物动词）（这类句型可变被动语态）

e.g. Who knows the answer？和They ate some apples every day.

※一些“不及物动词+介词”后也可带宾语。有的可以变被动语态。

e.g. He often laughed at me. 变被动语态: I was often laughed at by him.

III。基本句型三：S+V+P （主+系+表）

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。（这类动词叫做连系动词）（该结构不能变被动语态）连系动词可分为下列几类：

1.be动词:用于一般现在时时，使用am/is/are,;过去式为was/were; 过去分词been; 现在分

词being .

e.g. He is out/a teacher/tall/16 years old/what you call “the demanding boss”

Mr. Smith has been away for 3 hours.

I’ll be at home this afternoon. 和He had been out when I was there.

2. 表示“状态的改变或证明如何”的系动词：如get、become、get、turn、grow、go、come、

fall、run、prove、turn out等，后接名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语及名词性从句（即表语从句）作表语

e.g. He got angry. 和Mary will become a teacher和He has turned teacher/16 years old.

Milk goes bad easily in hot weather. 和I hope all your dreams can come true.

When he saw this, his blood ran cold.和He proved /turned out quite equal to the task./an FBI.

3. 表示“...起来”的感官动词：如look、sound、smell、taste、feel等，后接形容词作表语

或接“like +名词”作表语。

e.g. The dress looks nice on you. 和The fruit tastes like a banana.

4. “似乎，好像”系列：seem、look及appear.后常接形容词、不定式或从句作表语（即

表语从句）。e.g. It seems as if it is going to rain.和He appears happy.

He seems to have known all about it. = It seems that he has known all about it .

5. “保持（某状态）或（状态的）继续”系列：如：keep、hold、stay、remain、stand、

continue等，后常接形容词作表语。

e.g. Mr. Wang keeps fit although he is over 80.和The law holds good. (这项法律依然有效)

How long has he stayed here? 和He remains a single man和His temper continues bad.

Stand still and I will be for you.

6. “位于、在、有”系列：如：lie、stand、live等. 后常跟介词短语作表语。在该结构中，

当作表语的介词短语或副词位于句首，且主语为名词时，句子必须全倒装,即:表+系+主

e.g. In front of the temple stands a tall tree. 和Long ,long ago, there lived a king.

This is the Huangjing Mountain, at the foot of which lies No. 3 High School.

7. 表示“延伸、伸展”系列: 如：run、spread、stretch等，后常接介词短语或副词作表语。

e.g. The river runs through the city.

IV。基本句型四：S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补亦称为主+谓+复合宾语）

此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。（这类动词称为复合宾语及物动词）这类动词多为感官动词（如see、hear、smell、feel、find、observe、notice、catch、watch 等），使动词（如make、have、get、let、keep、leave、set、drive等），表示心理活动的动词（如think、believe、consider、count、wish、want、like等）及paint、ask、tell、prove、call、name、elect、advise等等(该结构可变被动语态)

e.g. We have made him monitor.（名词monitor作宾补）

We make it a rule to wash our hands before meals.（名词rule作宾补）

I wish you happy. （形容词happy作宾补）

Leave him alone. （副词alone作宾补）

He will make us laugh all the time.（省掉了符号的不定式laugh作宾补）

The doctor advised him not to smoke.（不定式的否定式not to smoke作宾补）

The teacher caught Tom cheating.（分词cheating作宾补）

His wife wants the room painted blue.（过去分词painted作宾补）

Harry found the dog under his bed. (介词短语under his bed 作宾补)

V。基本句型五：S+V+o+O 或S+V+IO+O即S+V+ sb sth (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。间接宾语为表示人或组织机构的名词或代词（宾格）；直接宾语可为名称、代词（宾格）或从句（这类动词叫双宾及物动词）(该结构可变被动语态)

1. 有些结构可换成S+V+ sth to sb. 这类的双宾动词有：award、deny、give、guarantee、

hand、lend、mail、post、offer、owe、pass、pay、play、read、rent、sell、send、serve、show、take、teach 、tell、write、throw等这类结构变被动语态时，若间宾做主语，则变为：sb be P.p. sth;若直宾作主语时，则变为：sth be P.p. to sb;

e.g. He gave me a book.= He gave a book to me

变被动语态：I was given a book或A book was given to me.

2. 有些结构可换成S+V+ sth for sb. 这类的双宾动词有：book、bring、build、buy、cook、

cut、design、fetch、find、fix、get、make、mix、order、paint、pick、play、prepare、reserve（保存/留、储备）、save、set、sing、spare等这类结构变被动语态时，若间宾做主语，则变为：sb be P.p. sth;若直宾作主语时，则变为：sth be P.p. for sb;

e.g. He sang us a song= He sang a song for us.变被动语态：We were sung a song或A song

was sung for us.

3. 有的结构既能换成S+V +sth for sb结构又能换成S+V+ sth to sb,但意义不同.如leave

e.g. His mother left him a message =His mother left a message for him他妈妈给他留了口信

His grandfather has left him a big house=His grandfather has left a big house to him. (死后遗留)

4. 有些动词后的间接宾语不能改为to或for引导. 如：bear(怀有)、envy、ensure、cost(使...

付出...代价)、kiss、keep sb company、mean、forgive、fine（罚...款）、refuse

e.g. She still bore him hatred.和I envy you good luck或Careless driving cost him his life或

Only a dog kept him company when he was old或They fined her ￥200

三.强化练习

㈠. 指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分

1. Whether there is life on other planets is uncertain.

2. People’s living standards are going up steadily though prices are rising all the time.

3. That was how those poor but hard-working children became successful.

4. The old woman took care of those homeless children.

5. The eleven-year-old girl wrote a book about vampires.

6. The boy and the girl has finished doing the homework.

7. The father decided to help his son to realize his dream.

8. Tom always makes his younger sister cry but this time he was made to cry by her.

9. The news is very exciting.

10.He sent us some books and gifts.

11. Lucy the clever girl reads a lot and knows many things.

12. The man downstairs waited for the man upstairs to drop the other shoe for a whole night.

13. The students came in talking and laughing.

14. He could recite 100 Tang poems when he was five.

15. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

㈡. 判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型，然后划出句子的主干。

1. The teacher with 4 of his students is walking on the playground.

2. There is an old man coming .

3. He has finished all his work.

4. The flower is on the teacher’s desk.

5. What he said seemed right.

6. He found his book lost when he got to school.

7. He gave us some good advice.

8. Tom our monitor wishes you good luck.

9. The headmaster sent Bill to look after the cat.

10. He said that if you went he would go too.

㈢.根据五种基本句型知识，选出正确答案。

1．_______ English in class as much as possible every day is very import.

A. Speak

B. Speaking

C. Spoken

D. Speaks

2. My job is _____ you English.

A. teach

B. to teach

C. taught

D. teaches

3. I saw him _____ basketball with Jack 30 minutes ago.

A. plays

B. to play

C. play

D. played

4. He found ____ very difficult to get to sleep.

A. what

B. that

C. /

D. it

5. Liz looks______ at her brother who looks ______..

A. sadly, sad

B. sad, sadly

C. sad, sad

D. sadly, sadly