英语专业语言学知识
语言学知识
语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(语音学）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
3. Consonants(辅音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）
4. V owels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.
IV. Morphology（词法）
1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.
6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上）indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序）which is semantically（语义上）and often syntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）：the habitual(习惯的）co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序）arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）：the overall process of internal (内部）organization of
a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）：the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）, etc.
4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的）"associative" bond.（相关联系）
2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象）
3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定）that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景）in which the speaker utters（说话）it and the response（反应）it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主义）：functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格
学派）linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩）that meaning could only be interpreted（解释）from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词）
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分）analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language variation (语言变化）
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.
3. Compounding合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰）headword.
7. metanalysis再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation逆构词）It refers to an abnormal(非正常）type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉）an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明）the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合）of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音）addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法）and syntax（句法）are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大）narrowing,（语义缩小）meaning shift,（意义转化）class shift（词性转换）and folk etymology.（词源变化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
一、语言和语言学
1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language
任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系
二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成
创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造
移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点
2、语言的功能（不是很重要）
信息功能informative
人际功能interpersonal
施为功能 performative
感情功能emotive function
寒暄功能phatic communication
娱乐功能recreational function
元语言功能metalingual function
3、语言学主要分支
语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音
音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列
形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则
句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则
语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义
语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义
4、宏观语言学macrolingustics
心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics
5 语言学中的重要区别
规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的
描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的
共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言
历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律
语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体
言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言
语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)
能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备
运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用
二、语音学
1、语音学分支
发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生
声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性
听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知
2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的
三、音位学
1、最小对立体minimal pairs
2、音位phoneme
3 音位变体allophones
4 互补分布 complementary distribution
5 自由变体free variation
6 区别特征distinctive features
7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature
音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation
四形态学
1 词的构成
语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morpheme
Root 词根词缀affix 词干stem
屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix
2 特有的词汇变化lexical change proper
新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation
首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit
类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed
外来词borrowing
五句法学
1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect
一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment
2 结构主义学派the structure approach
组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起
聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起
结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)
3 直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis
指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分
4 向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions
向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man
离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。例：on the shelf
5 生成学派the generative approach
深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level
表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage
6 功能学派the functional approach
主位与述位 theme and rheme
主位：谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known，
述位：与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about
7 交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD
指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度
六、语义学
1 利奇的意义七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning
概念意义conceptual meaning 字面意义
内涵意义connotative meaning 实际交往过程中所指的事物
社会意义
情感意义 affective meaning
反射意义 reflective meaning 由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义
搭配意义 collocative meaning
主位意义 thematic meaning 通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义
2 指称论 referential theory
指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论
3 语义三角semantic triangle 奥格登和理查兹提出
Symbol或form指语言要素（如词和语素），the linguistic elements
能指thought指概念concept
所指reference指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience
涵义sense语言形式的意义
4 主要涵义关系
○同义关系synonymy
地域同义词dialectal synonymy
风格同义词 stylistic synonyms
感情同义词 synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同，但内涵不同，有褒有贬
○反义关系antonymy
等级反义关系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm ;hot-cold
互补反义关系 complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定 B 就肯定A，例dead-alive
反向反义关系converse antonymy .reversal of a relationship between 2 entities.
例 husband-wife; teacher-student
○上下义关系hyponymy 意义包含关系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合
补充：同音同形异义关系homonymy
一词多义 polysemy
七、语用学
1 言语行为理论speech act theory奥斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin
认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作
○施为句和叙事句performative and constative
施为句：实施某种行为。
叙事句：描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。
○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act
言内行为：locutionnary act表述字面意思
言外行为：illoutionary act 因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为
言后行为：perlocutionnary act 话语在听者身上产生的效果
2 会话含义理论 the theory of conversational implicature
格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice
○合作原则:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的，都有一种默契，一种都遵循的原则○四个准则four categories of maxims
数量、质量、关系、方式(manner)准则
3 后格赖斯时期的发展
○关联理论：relevance theory:交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every act of ostensive(直接表明的) communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance
○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles
由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出
八现代语言学理论和流派
1 索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家，“现代语言学之父”或者“使语言学科走向现代的大师”
2 布拉格学派Prague School
贡献:共时语言学研究，从“功能”角度看待语言，强调语言的系统性，把语言看做一种功能
突出贡献：语音学说，及其划分语音学和音位学
突出：Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依：提出语音学属于言语，音位学属于语言，提出音位概念4 伦敦学派 the Lundon School:系统语言学和功能语言学
创始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性
韩礼德和系统功能语法：由系统语法和功能语法构成。把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象
5 美国结构主义American Structuralism
共时语言学分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.
○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
语言相对论-语言决定论
○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》－20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。描述语言学的代表人物
6 转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar
乔姆斯基提出Chomsky.
认为语言是某种天赋，语言习得机制Language Acquisition device
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
英语专业语言学课件
Linguistics is a systematic study of language. ?Language is a system of verbal, arbitrary symbols for human communications. 3. Design features of language Design features: the features that define human languages. ▲arbitrariness ▲duality ▲creativity ▲displacement 4. Do animals have languages? 5. Perspectives of language studies Language involves three activities: a. Human brain b. muscular activity of the body c. social activity ?5.1 Language as innate天生的human knowledge Noam Chomsky (1928-) ?Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG) language acquisition is innately(biologically ) determined, that we‘re born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. (innateness hypotheses) ?Cook(1985) defines UG as being made up of ―the language properties inherent in the human mind.‖ ?There are 2 components which contribute to language acquisition: ※the innate knowledge of the learner (UG: principles) ※the environment (parameter) ?5.2 Language as a fixed code Language is a code, namely, it is the sets of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that, together with the lexicon, can be used to construct any or all sentences of a language; ?when these sentences are combined into larger units, we get texts. ?5.3 Language as a system ?5.4 Language as interaction ?― Language and communication are the two sides of the sa me coin‖. Implications for classroom teaching ?（1）to provide opportunities for communication. ? ?（2）To provide opportunities for group work. 6. Functions of language ?6.1 Referential function Informational信息的, or referential指示的, or ideational概念的function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described. ?6.2 Interpersonal function It is concerned with interaction betw. the addresser and addressee in a discourse 交谈situation and the addresser‘s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. ?6.3 Performative function ?6.4. Emotive function (in the hearer) ?6.5 Phatic communion ?Different cultures have different topics of phatic交流感情的communion: 6.6 Recreational function 7. Important distinctions in linguistics
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
北京外国语大学英语学院语言学专业高分经验
北外英语学院语言学专业414高分经验 曾经得到许多人的帮助，首先要感谢他们无私的支持.我的梦想终于实现了，初试成绩414，复试成绩86。除了高兴以外，更多的是对给与我力量和鼓励的所有人的感谢！我在前人栽的树下乘过凉，现在希望自己也能种上一棵小树，为后来的人带来一片荫凉. 我考的是英语学院的语言学 初试： 前辈们写过很多有关初试的帖子，如何复习各门功课，每个人都有各自不同的学习方法，最主要的是找到一个适合自己的方法，还有就是要脚踏实地，不能浮躁。在此。我写的也仅仅是我自己的看法，仅供借鉴。 基础英语的复习，以前我听人家说经济学家很好，于是我就买来一大堆，天天啃，但是说实话，还真是相当痛苦，而且效果不明显，因为我对经济方面的东西一点都不感兴趣，而且经济学家的经济类词汇量很大，几乎每次阅读的时候都是在锻炼我文曲星上的键盘，那是锻炼我自己啊？！后来我看了几天就放弃了，转而看些别的英文杂志，本人觉得《英语文摘》比较不错，我有订去年一年的《英语文摘》，当然这个月刊肯定是不够摄入量的，另外还会看些《中国日报》，《英语学习》，《21世纪》什么的。《21世纪》比较简单，纯当娱乐了。除了阅读以外，翻译的练习也很重要，我买了张培基的散文，还有八级的翻译题，每天都做一段，然后拿自己的译文跟他们的译文相比较，自己的译文不一定必须跟参考答案的一样，有时候你甚至会发现自己的译文比参考译文更好，当然，自己不如参考译文的地方便是应该学习、提高的地方。另外，我自己还经常温习备考专业八级时候用的八级词汇册，不知道有没有用，就是当个心理安慰，背单词最多还是在阅读的时候，碰到了不认识的就尽量背下来。 语言学的复习，我觉得仅仅看参考书目是不够的，不管是谁写的书，如果有时间的话，最好都买来看看，虽然讲的都是入门的知识，但是每本书都会从不同的角度来解释同一个理论或是知识，这样就加深了理解，所以说，不用背的，如果踏踏实实看完5、6本语言学方面的书的话，不记住都难了。当然，有的书跟别的书写的是一模一样的，也搞不清是谁抄了谁的，所以在买书的时候要先好好过滤。 日语的复习，基本上是把握住了标准日本语的前三本就够了，我也曾经老老实实地把初级和中级那四本书学完了，但是到复习的时候，我的第四本日语书都不知道被我扔到哪个爪哇国去了。所以学的都是前三本的知识，觉得是够用了的。我用的是旧版的标准日本语，其实新版和旧版的都一样，新版的单词量比较大一点，但是知识点基本上跟旧版的是一样的。另外，我觉得做日语题也是比较重要的，不然学到的知识很容易忘掉。刚开始学的时候，做的是跟标日配套的练习册，到了后期做的是日语二级题。北外历年的日语试题的难度跟国际日语考试的二级水平差不多，这是分析 真题得出的结论。 所以说真题的利用非常重要，要尽量熟悉真题，在复习的过程中才能有个大致的方向，有时候，学着学着，可能会觉得很茫然，这时候就应该看看真题了。到后期的时候，真题显得更重要了，不管之前是不是已经做过，每年的卷子都要掐时
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
语言学专业英语词汇
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英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
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