大学英语形容词和副词

大学英语形容词和副词
大学英语形容词和副词

形容词和副词

I. Classification

常见形容词后缀:

1.-able 以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:

(1)v.+able→adj.reliable(可以依靠的),drinkable(可以饮用的),eatable(可食用的)。

(2)n.+able→adj. 如valuable(有价值的),reasonable(有道理的),comfortable(舒适的)。

2.-ible

terrible,horrible,invisible,possible。

3.-al

actual,general,international,medical,mental,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual。(这类形容词大部分没有比较级和最高级)

4.-ant

带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后缀。

instant(instance),distant(distance),important(importance),brilliant(brilliancy),constant(constancy), pleasant。

5.-ent

absent(absence),different(difference),excellent(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence).

6.-ar

popular,particular,regular。

7.-ary

contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。

8.-ed

connected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,excited,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,unite d,used(习惯的),worried,wounded。

9.-en

(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“材料”或“质地”,如

wooden,golden,earthen。

(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。

例如:spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。

10 -ern,加在表示方位的名词之后,表示“……(方位)的”。

eastern,southern,western,northern等。

11.-ese,加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如:Chinese,Japanese.

12.-ful 这一后缀有两种情况:

(1)加在名词之后,表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”,如

beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。

(2)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”,如forgetful,regretful

13.-ic 常常加在名词或依附于词干后,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“ 与……有关的”等。

Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。

14.-ical,同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”,如physical,political,practical,technical等。

注:(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存,且可以互相替代,但有时也有区别。

一般来说,词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作“与……有关的”解。

an electric light(电灯),electrical engineering(电气工程);

historic意为“历史上有名气的”,historical则意为“关于历史的”。

(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词,其相应副词则往往是pacifically,scientifically。

15.-ing 例如:dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。

16.-ist “-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。该后缀加在名词之后,

communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。

17.-ive 意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。

native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。

18.-less “-less”加在名词、动词后,表示“无”、“缺”,

fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。

19.-ly加在名词之后构成形容词。这一词缀的意义有二:

(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”

friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。

(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”

hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。

20.-(i)ous 意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”,加在名词、动词和形容词之后。curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。

21.-some 加在名词、动词之后,表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”,

handsome,troublesome,tiresome。

22.-ward, 加在名词之后,表示方向,作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。注:这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是“-wards”时,必然是副词。

23.-y, 加在名词之后,表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。

funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,

cloudy,dirty,dusty。

介词形容词

1)above

the above sentence 或the sentence above(上面的)

2)outside

an outside door (外边的) , an outside wrapping (外包装)

3)in

That s the in place to go now . (时髦的)

an in door(朝里面的) , the in party(执政的)

4)inside

For inside circulation only . (内部的)

the inside front( back) (书等)封面(底)的背面(里面的)

5) down

feel down about sth . (沮丧的)

6)off

off hours(业余时间的) , an off season(不佳的) , feel off(不舒服的) , an off chance(极小的)

复合形容词

hand-made 手工的new-born 新生的

deaf-mute 聋哑的absent-minded 漫不经心的

合成形容词

1)名词+ 形容词(形容词+ 名词)

ice-cold snow-white, world-wide, fire-proof, home-sick

2)名词(代词) + 名词+ -ed

chicken-hearted apple-shaped silver-haired

3)名词(代词) + 现在分词

time-consuming labor-saving freedom-loving trouble-making 4)名词(代词) + 过去分词

snow-covered self-taughthand-written air-conditioned

5)形容词(数词) + 名词

second-hand first-class deep-sea part-time

a three-hour flight a three-pound chicken

a two-hundred-metre bridge a five-hundred-word letter

6)形容词(数词) + 名词+ -ed

good-mannered bad-tempered open-minded kind-hearted 7)形容词+ 现在分词

good ( nice)-looking easy-going

8)形容词+ 过去分词(有些也可看作是副词+ 过去分词)

new-built new-born

9)副词+ 形容词

all-roundever-green

10)副词+ 现在分词

ever-lasting out-going hard-working far-seeing

11)副词+ 过去分词

well-known well-behaved badly-wounded much-needed 12)动词(或过去分词) + 副词

II functions

1.作定语

只能用作前置定语

I have the utmost respect for her accomplishments.

以-er 结尾的形容词, 如: elder ( eldest) , inner, other, upper, lower , latter, former , outer , hinder , utter , lesser(也包括daily, weekly 等)。

Her elder brother his former wife his weekly pay

-en 结尾的形容词, 如: wooden, golden, woolen

a wooden table, a golden watch, a woolen sweater

只能用作后置定语

a-形容词afraid, asleep, alone, awake, alive, ashamed

He is the only man awake at that time .

He is the only man alive in the village after the earthquake .

修饰不定代词时

something new nothing interesting

anybody present everything good

形容词短语

Have you found a man suitable for the work ?

-able,-ible结尾的形容词available,imaginable, possible ,visible

There are plenty of jobs available in the area.

Parents encourage every activity imaginable.

前置或后置都可以

a 300-metre high building

a building 300-metre high

a difficult jo

b to do

a jo

b difficult to do

a more complicated problem than the previous one

a problem more complicated than the previous one

so good a chance as not to be missed

a chance so good as not to be missed

2.只作表语的形容词

well, worth, liable, subject, content, bound, ill, sunk, drunk, sure, unable 等词

The film is worth seeing .

H e is well .

H e is a well man . (误)

She is ill( sick) . (正)

She is a sick person . (正)

She is an ill person . (误)

ill 作“ 有害的,不好的”解时, 可用作前置定语, 如ill luck , ill wind , ill news

英语中有些形容词, 既可作定语, 也可作表语, 但表示的意思往往不同。比较: Her late husband is a scientist . (已故的)

She was late for the meeting . (晚的)

She had a particular reason for giving up the plan . (特别的)

She was very particular about dressing . (挑剔的)

The plane is due to arrive at five o clock . ( scheduled)

He handled the matter with due care and attention . ( proper, suitable)

I m glad to go with you . (高兴的)

This is a glad day for us . (令人高兴的)

I m sorry to have said it . (抱歉的)

What a sorry situation ! (可悲的)

Her future looks golden . (光明的)

the golden sunshine (灿烂的)

3 作补语

The news made her very sad .

The bottle was found empty .

III 用法辨析

Considerate, considerable

Economic, economical

Imaginable, imaginative, imaginary

Industrial, industrious

Respective, respectable, respectful, respected

Sensible, sensitive

Sufficient, efficient, proficient

Valuable, valueless, invaluable

Alive, living, live

Continual, continuous, constant

Worth, worthwhile, worthy

The man is rather childish .

The girl has a childlike love for a doll .

Our college is not comparable with yours .

H e is an expert on comparative literature .

The children are healthy though they all have slight colds at the moment .

The air at seaside is healthful to us .

a later edition

the latter part of the book

This is a very practical tool .

Do you think the plan practicable ?

I am regretful for what I have said .

His decision to marry her is most regrettable.

副词

I. 分类

(1) 时间副词:

now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, before, early, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, still, already, just等。

An idea suddenly struck me.

(2) 地点副词:

here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, upstairs, downstairs 等。

I am considering going abroad.

(3) 方式副词(大多以-ly结尾):quietly, heavily, warmly, carefully, happily, politely, angrily 等。

Look at the picture carefully.

(4) 频度副词:always, usually, often, frequently, constantly, occasionally, sometimes, seldom, hardly, rarely, never等。

Sometimes he gets up early.

(5) 程度副词:fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, deeply, partly, perfectly, really等。

The film was quite good.

(6) 顺序副词first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily等。

Tom finally win the game.

(7) 连接副词:therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, furthermore, still, thus, meanwhile等,也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when, why, where, how等。

I don’t want to go out now, and besides, I must work.

(8) 关系副词:就是引导定语从句的when, where, why

This is the factory where his father works.

(9) 疑问副词:就是用于引出特殊疑问句的when, where, why, how等。

When will he be back?

(10) 句子副词:frankly, honestly, clearly, obviously, evidently, generally, briefly, fortunately, luckily, unexpectedly, naturally, hopefully等。

Frankly, I am not satisfied with your work.

副词的构成

大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly 构成, 但注意有变化

1)一般情况

slow → slowly dear → dearly

cool→coolly bad→badly

final → finally exact → exactly

2)-y 结尾的词

happy→happily angry→angrily

3)-le 结尾的词, 省去-e 再加-y

noble→nobly single→singly

idle→idly able→ably

但: sole→solely, pale→palely, whole→wholly

4)-ue 结尾的词, 去掉-e, 再加-ly

true→truly due→duly

5)-ic 结尾的词, 加-ally

economic→economically historic→historically

tragic→tragically automatic→automatically democratic→democratically fantastic→fantastically energetic→energe tically

但: public→publicly, political→politically

7)-ly 结尾的词, 去掉-y, 加-ily

manly→manlily chilly→chillily

8)-ll 结尾的词, 只加-y

full→fully dull→dully

Use of adverbs

3.1. to modify verbs

The football team played badly last Saturday.

3.2. to modify adjectives

It was an extremely bad match.

3.3. to modify adverbs

The football team played extremely badly last Wednesday.

3.4. to modify quantities

There are quite a lot of people here.

3.5. to modify sentences

Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.

易混副词辨析

1) hard 和hardly

It is raining hard . (猛烈地)

H e works very hard . (努力地)

She listened hard . (仔细地)

I can hardly understand you . (几乎不)

2)late 和lately

Very late at night, I got a phone call . (晚, 迟)

I have lately received a number of letters about this . (最近)

3)most 和mostly

The head is the most sensitive part of the body . (最)

The snake hunts mostly at night . (主要地)

The guests are mostly friends of the bride . (大多数地)

4)close 和closely

He stood close to the wall . (靠近)

He was following close behind . (近)

Watch what I do closely . (细心地)

The prisons were closely guarded . (严密地)

5)wide 和widely

He stands with legs wide apart . (宽阔地, 张得很开)

Her mouth is wide open . (完全地)

Canning is the most widely used method of food preservation . (广泛地)

They differed widely in opinion . (很大地, 在很多地方)

H e is widely known . (到处)

6)sure 和surely

“Can I sit here ?” “Sure . ”(当然可以)

It sure was a mystery . (的确)

He will surely succeed . (一定)

You don t want to hurt his feelings surely . (当然)

7)loud 和loudly

Don t speak so loud . (loud 指音量的大小, 常同talk, speak, sing, laugh 等连用)

He is snoring loudly .

Tell the children not to speak so loudly . (loudly 指发音时用力的强度, 具有“ 大叫,

呼号”等含义)

Please read out loud (aloud) . ( “朗读”不可用loudly)

但下面两句均正确:

He spoke loud and clear . (口语)

He spoke loudly and clearly . (书面语)

8)deep 和deeply

(1)表示静止状态的具体深度一般用deep, 修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。例如:

She stood there, her feet deep in the grass .

I enjoy it deeply .

She was deeply grateful to you for your help .

(2)在work deep into the night, go deep into the matter (深入探讨) , drink deep(痛饮) ,

deep-rooted eyes(深陷的眼睛)等词组中, 不用deeply。

有时两者可以换用。例如:

She is deep in love . She is deeply in love .

dig deep dig deeply

9)near 和nearly

The holiday is drawing near . (接近, 指时间和空间)

H e was nearly run over by a car . (几乎, 差不多)

10)short 和shortly

You’d better cut short your talk . It s late . (简短)

He said he would be back shortly . (不久)

11) first 和firstly

You’d better phone her first . (先)

I first met her in a small village . (初次)

the first three days (最初的, 开始的)

Firstly he explained some sentences; secondly he gave a brief comment on the whole essay . (第一、首先, 用于列举)

12) new 和newly

new-fallen snow (新, 新近)

It is a newly built factory . (新近地)

They are a newly married couple . (最近)

It is a newly-painted door . (重新, 再一次)

13) last 和lastly

last-born (最后)

He came last . (最后地)

When did you see her last ? (上一次, 最后一次)

Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for her consideration . (最后一点, 最后。常位于

句首, 表示列举的最后一点)

14) just 和justly

He did it just for fun . (只是, 仅仅)

The moon has just come out . (刚刚)

She was treated justly . (公正地)

He was justly punished for the crimes . (应得地)

15) direct 和directly

He flew direct to New York . (径直地, 表示路程或时间)

They are not directly affected . (直接地)

He answered me very directly . (直截了当地)

The bookstore is directly opposite the shop . (正好地)

He will come directly . (马上, 立刻)

Note: 既可以说Answer me direct . 也可以说Answer me directly.

既可以作形容词也可以作副词

fast train run fast

hard workers work hard

right answer do everything right

enough food large enough

in the late afternoon work late

in the early morning come early

He drew a straight line on the paper.

He went straight to the room.

形容词副词比较级和最高级

big--bigger--biggest,hot--hotter--hottest,thin--thinner--thinnest。

interesting--more interesting--the most interesting

important--more important--the most important

doubtful--more doubtful--the most doubtful

exciting--more excitingl--the most exciting

both ways:friendly, clever, narrow, common, often, stupid, handsome, polite

good/well - better – best bad/ill/badly - worse - worst

many/much - more – most little - less - least

far-farther- farthest or far- further- furthest

old- older- oldest or old- elder- eldest up- upper- uppermost

无比较级和最高级的形容词:

circular,silent,east,empty,false,first,golden,matchless,perfect,right,round, square, true, unique,wrong,absolute,sheer,mere,atomic,solar,daily,monthly,yearly,physical,wooden, dead, complete, woolen…

As句式

1) as…as

I am as old as you.

Tom works as hard as Mary.

Expressions used before this structure: almost, quite, just, just about, nearly, twice, by no means 2) so…as:

John is not as/so clever as Jack.

He doesn't read as/so clearly as she.

She didn't sing as/so well that night as she usually does.

3) as much+un+as,as many+cn+as

Bob has read as many books as Mary.

There is as much water in this bottle as in that bottle.

4)as +adj.+a/an+cn+as

German is as difficult a language as English.

as +adj.+un+as

Bread is as important food as rice.

修饰比较级的副词

She sings far/much better than the others.

Your book is far/much more interesting than his.

Now I read a little faster than before.

He studies harder than any other student/anyone else/all the other students/any of the other students

The moon is closer to us than any star/stars.

China is larger than any country/countries in Africa.

China is larger than any other country in Asia.

Tom's bike is more expensive than Jim’s (=Jim's bike).

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.

His English is better than anyone else's in his class.

The water in the glass is cleaner than that in the river.

I like these pictures better than those/the ones on the wall.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a cat.

Your ruler is longer than that/that one/the one on the desk.

Who is more honest, Tom or Susan?

He is the taller of the two.

superior,inferior,junior,senior +to

He is inferior to you in all respects.

This engine is superior in many respects to that.

1) The higher the temperature (is), the greater is the pressure. (=the greater the pressure is.) The older he gets, the wiser he becomes.

The bigger, the better.

2) Our life is getting better and better.

Our country has become stronger and stronger.

He is running faster and faster.

Shanghai is becoming more and more beautiful.

More and more people give up smoking.

3) This TV set costs twice as much as that one.

The truck is 3.5 times as heavy as that minibus.

The rice output of this region is about four times that of 1957.

4) He is three years older than I.

This river is 100 meters longer than that one.

5)It's as cold as ice in here.

It's as dark as night in this room.

as free as a bird, as hungry as a wolf, as strong as a horse, as clever as a fox, as busy as a bee 6)There are more than three hundred pupils in the school.

They finished the work in less than a year.

7)I have no more than ten dollars.

In our school there are no less than 250 teachers.

8)The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons.

There were not less than one hundred people at the meeting.

As词组

1) I will work as long as I live.

He has been ill as long as five years.

2) I will go with you as far as the next bus stop.

As far as I know, he is a reliable person.

3) The average cost of one day in a hospital in that country can run as high as 400 dollars.

4) I will ring you up as soon as I get there.

5)He has experience as well as knowledge.

2020年高考英语专题12 形容词和副词 解析版

2020年高考英语专题12 形容词和副词 【2020年】 1.(2020·新课标I卷)Landing on the moon’s far side is 62 (extreme) challenging. 【答案】extremely 【解析】考查副词。句意:登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词challenging,应使用extreme的副词形式,故填extremely。 2.(2020·新课标I卷)Data ab out the moon’s composition, such as how69 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether its plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical. 【答案】much 【解析】考查形容词。句意:关于月亮构成的数据,比如它含有多少水和其他财富,可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。ice是不可数名词,应使用much修饰,故填much。 3.(2020·新课标I卷)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself. 【答案】将simply改为simple 【解析】考查形容词。句意:今天我自己尝试做一道简单的菜。根据名词dish可知,此处应用形容词作定语,故将simply改为simple。 4.(2020·新课标II卷)Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office. 66 (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. 【答案】Certainly 【解析】考查副词。句意:当然在假期期间,这种植物是绝对必要的事物。介词短语做时间状语,因此只有改变成副词才能复合句子结构,用副词形式做状语。故填Certainly。 5.(2020·新课标II卷)The 69 (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 【答案】beautiful 【解析】考查形容词。句意:美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾,做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词branches,用形容词形式。故填beautiful。 6.(2020·新课标II卷)I’m surely you’ll have a good time. 【答案】将surely改为sure 【解析】考查形容词。句意:我相信你会玩得很开心的。分析句子,此处be动词am后面需用形容词作表语。故将surely改为sure。

高中英语形容词和副词精讲

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