统考英语词汇与结构

大学英语B级辅导—词汇与结构 1

重要语法项目：

主谓一致；形容词和副词的比较级和最高级；人称代词；情态动词；冠词和介词；不定式，动名词搭配；固定句型；词义辨析；时态和被动语态；定语从句；倒装；虚拟语气（划线部分为考试频率较高项目）

一、主谓一致

主谓一致是指：

1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。

There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

典型例题

The League（共青团）secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were

答案B. 注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

二、主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。

Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

三、谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

He as well as I wants to go boating.

真题操练：

1. Both China and Japan _______ located in the east of Asia.

A. are

B. be

C. is

D. was

2. Neither Bill nor his parents _________ at home.

A. is

B. has

C. are

D. was

3. Both the kids and their parents ______ English, I think. I know it from their accent. A：is B：been C：are D：was

4. A pair of spectacles ________ what I need at the moment.

A：is B：are C：has D：have

5. I will count three hundred and not one of you _____move a muscle.

A：is to B：are to C：is D：are

6. Mathematics ________ study or science of numbers.

A：is B：are C：was D：were

7. - Do you want to wait?- Five days ________ too long for me to wait.

A：was B：were C：is D：are

8. Two thousand dollars ______ enough for the car.

A：being B：were C：are D：is

9. The young __________ eaten up almost everything on the table.

A：is B：are C：has D：have

10. Modern machinery _________ been installed in this newly-built factory.

A. has

B. have

C. is

D. are

参考答案:

1.A

2.C

3.C

4.A

5.A

6.A

7.C

8.D

9.D 10.A

二、人称代词和冠词

1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词。

例如：my book, his pen, her mother, our teacher

名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。

例如：Mine is here. I want hers. This is yours.

2. 注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。

如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)

⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)

3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属

如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹a friend of mine 我的一个朋友

4. 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。

如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.

5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：

enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快)

by oneself=alone (单独、独自)

help oneself to… (随便吃/喝些...)

learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)

当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。如：something new

6. 不定代词: something, anything, nothing.

例如：There's ____ in today's newspaper.

A.important anything

B.important something

C.anything important

D.something important

7. 另外，代词some, every, all, both, either, another

1).some（一些，某）一般用于肯定句中

注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。

any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句

①Will you give me some water?

② Would you like some meat?

2).every＋单数名词“每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。

each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。

如：Each student was asked to try again.

Each of them has a nice skirt.

Every child likes playing games.

3).all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of

如：We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.

None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）

4). both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。

either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。

如: They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.

There are trees on both sides of the street.= There are trees on either side of the street.

Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.

Neither answer is right.

5). another +单数名词, “另一个”

one … the other “一个……，另一个……”

the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）

others “别人”

8. 疑问代词5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which

这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.

例如：I'm going to take the skirt on the right.（划线部分提问）

________ ________ are you going to take?

冠词的用法

1. 冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the

2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，

如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine

3. 在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun, the moon, the earth

4 定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。

如：the first, the best ,in the south

5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。

如：the first, the best ,in the south

6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。

如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.

7.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：

(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August

请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)

(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast , play football

(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.

8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：

in front of 在…前面in the hospital 在医院里

in the front of 在…范围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院

真题操练：

1. Is this _____ sweater? No. _____ is in my bag.

A. your, Mine

B. yours, My

C. your, My

D. yours, Mine

2. These are _____ bags of apples.

A. a my new

B. new my

C. my new

D. a new my

3. __________ go to the scene of the accident right away.

A) John, I and you B) I, you and John C) You, John and I D) I, John and you

4. This is not a bad idea __________.

A) in itself B) of its own C) by itself D) on itself

5. James Allan Green’s _____ name is Green. And Jim is short _____ James.

A. family, for

B. last, of

C. middle, for

D. family, on

6. Do you know _____ name _____ the man over thee?

A. a, of

B. the, of

C. a, and

D. the, for

7、____ girl dressed _____ black is her sister Rose．

A：A; in B：A; on C：The; on D：The; in

8、He is fond of playing _____ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _____ music.

A：/; the B：/; / C：the; / D：the; the

9. He is fond of playing _____ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _____ music.

A. /;the

B. /;/

C. the;/

D. the;the

10. I earn 10 dollars _______ hour as ______ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a; an

B. the; a

C. an; a

D. an; the

参考答案; 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.C

三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

1、常考形容词和副词（需背诵）

only young smart wrong much good bad little

well popular high excited early late heavy small

light difficult old satisfied interested new big different famous same fast slow beautiful nice

2、常考的形容词短语

be interested in …have difficult in doing …be different from…

the same as…

3、形容词、副词比较级和最高级

(1).构成：(规则情况)

单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er, est

例如：clever-cleverer-cleverest，young-younger-youngest

以字母e结尾加r, st 例如：nice-nicer-nicest

重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er, est 例如：big-bigger-biggest，

以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加er, est 例如：early-earlier-earliest，heavy-heavier-heavist 部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, most例如：slowly-more slowly-most slowly，

difficult-more difficult-most difficult

2).不规则变化，须熟记：

good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest

bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least

(3). 比较级常见的使用情况

1). a s … as … 和...一样（中间用原级）

2).not as (so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）

3)… than …. ..比...（用比较级）

4). 比较级+and+比较级意为“越来越…...” 例如: faster and faster, more and more beautiful

5). The+比较级，the+比较级越…...就越…...例如: The more, the better. 越多越好

真题操练：

1. It is often more difficult to find trained men than for scientific research.

A. getting financial support

B. to getting financial support

C. to get financial support

D. in getting financial support

2. Mary speaks as _______ as her sister.

A. clear

B. clearly

C. more clear

D. more clearly

3. The pictures of the moon taken from the spacecraft are _______ than those taken from the earth.

A. clear

B. much clearer

C. more clearer

D. the clearest

4. Last year Mike earned _______ his brother, who has a lower position.

A. twice as many as

B. twice as much as

C. twice than

D. twice as more as

5、His salary as a driver is much higher than ________.

A：a porter B：is a porter C：that of a porter D：as a porter

6、It was getting ____, he had to stop to have a rest.

A：very darker B：dark and dark C：darker and darker D：darkest and darkest 7、- Did the medicine make you feel better?- No. The more ________, ________ I feel. A：medicine I take; and the worse B：medicine I take; the worse

C：I take medicine; the worse D：I take medicine; worse

8. It’s difficult to find a _________ around here in Beijing for less than 2000 yuan.

A. two-bedroom apartment

B. two-bedrooms apartment

C. two-bedroom apartments

D. two-bedrooms apartments

9、Nancy is _______ girl.

A：a eighteen-year-old B：an eighteen-years-old

C：a eighteen-years-old D：an eighteen-year-old

10、- What will you buy for your boyfriend's birthday?- I want to buy a _________ wallet for him.

A：black leather small B：small black leather

C：small leather black D：black small leather

参考答案：1.C 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.B