002-名词性从句中的主语从句和宾语从句的用法(2018-08-02)
名词性从句中的主语从句和宾语从句的用法，今天接着跟大家分享表语从句的用法。
一、何谓“表语”？
说到表语从句，就不得不先说说什么是“表语”。
表语是英语区别于汉语所特有的一种词类，是起表述作用的句子成分：
从形式上讲，它是位于系动词之后的成分；
从含义上讲，它是用来描述主语“是什么或是怎么样”的成分。
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语必须和系动词一起构成系表结构，作为句子的复合谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、形容词化的现在分词或过去分词以及从句来充当。
二、何谓“表语从句”？
当句子的表语由从句来充当时，这个从句就叫做表语从句。
表语从句一般都是位于系动词之后的。
三、表语从句的连接词
常用来引导表语从句的连接词主要有：
That whether what/who/whom/whose/which when/where/why/how及其短语
（一）that:
当that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不在表语从句中充当任何句子成分。如：
His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.
Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.
【注意】当名词主语是表示建议、命令、要求等含义（如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等）时，其表语从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+do”的形式，should可以省略。如：
The officer's order was that all the soldiers (should) never surrender to the enemy. （二）whether
当表语从句要表达“是否”的含义时，连接词要用whether。如：
His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.
需要注意的是，尽管if也可以表示“是否”的含义，但在表语从句中只能用whether，不能用if。
这些疑问代词如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。如：
My concern is what he really expects to get from us.
Her question is who has broken the glass.
Our dilemma is which side we should take.
Their worry is whom she can rely on.
His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.
（四）when/where/why/how及其短语
这些疑问副词如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，一般作状语。如：
The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.
He remains where I was last night.
That's why he was late for school this morning.
Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.
【注意】当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that连接，而不是because。如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.四、表语从句的特殊连接词
除了以上常见的连接词外，还有一些特殊的连接词可以用来连接表语从句。
（一）(just) as
表示“正如”，经常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如：
She looks just as she was ten years ago.
（二）as if/though
表示“好像”，也常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如：
It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.
【注意】
这种情况下，as if/though后面的表语从句中的谓语动词一般采用虚拟语气形式，其用法是：该谓语动词的时态要采用相应的过去时态。如：
She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.
They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.
（三）because
前面讲到why可以用来连接表语从句，其实because也可以用来连接表语从句。如：
She is very familiar with the film. This is because she has already seen the film. 【注意】
在这种情况下，尽管since/for/as都可以表示原因，但这三个词不能用来连接表语从句。
一、何谓“同位语”？
当一个名词（或其它形式）用来限定或说明另一个名词或代词时，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。
同位语与被它修饰的词在格式上要保持一致，而且同位语一般都是紧跟所修饰的词语的。
同位语与所修饰的词语关系紧密时，不用逗号隔开；同位语对其所修饰的词语只作补充解释时，可用逗号隔开。如：
1) My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.
2) Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.
第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位语，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend 的同位语，指的都是同一个人。
二、同位语的分类
（一）名词或名词短语作同位语
Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.
句中的the mayor作Jack的同位语。
Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.
句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位语。
（二）直接引语作同位语
Now let's get down to the girl's question, "Who will take over the job?"
句中引号的直接引语就作为question的同位语。
（三）句子作同位语
I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.
句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位语。三、何谓“同位语从句”？
当一个句子用来充当某个名词或代词的同位语时，这个句子就是该名词或代词的同位语从句。同位语从句主要用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。如：
The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.
句中的同位语从句we will visit Paris next week与the idea之间就是主表关系，即同位语从句和它所修饰的成分之间其实可以用系动词连接起来。如：
The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.四、同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that、whether、连接代词和连接副词等。
（一）that引导的同位语从句
They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.
The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.
【注意】1、当同位语从句所修饰的名词为表建议、命令、要求等的时，同位语从句的谓语动词呀采用“should+do”的虚拟语气形式。其中，should可以省略。如
They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.
They expressed the wish that he (should) leave the country as soon as possible.
2、引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如：
He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train. 句中的impression后面就省略了that。
（二）whether引导的同位语从句
当whether用来引导同位语从句时，其所修饰的名词往往是表问题或疑惑的名词。如：There is some doubt whether he will come.
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
注意：if不能引导同位语从句。
（三）连接代词引导的同位语从句
常用来引导同位语从句的连接代词有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如：
I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.
He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.
（四）连接副词引导的同位语从句
常用来引导同位语从句的连接副词有when、where、why、how及其-ever结构。如：
She has no idea when the plane will arrive.
It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.
He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.五、同位语从句的分隔
有时同位语从句会与其所修饰的名词分开。如：
The story goes that she has won the race many times.
The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.
Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.
The order soon came that all soldiers (should) retreat under no circumstances. 由以上例句可以看出，当同位语从句与其所修饰的名词分开时，往往是因为这个名词是主句的主语，其后紧跟的是主句的谓语动词。
三、定语从句
定语从句根据从句与先行词之间的关系，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，具体内容请点击下面蓝色的标题链接浏览：
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（一）
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（二）
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（三）
一、定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句，就叫做定语从句。其实，就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如：
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中，都有book一词，所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即：
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句，用来修饰the book。
二、两个概念
要想学好定语从句，得先弄清楚两个基本概念，即：先行词和关系词。
（一）先行词
所谓先行词，就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的，为什么？因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面，总是先走一步的，呵呵！
（二）关系词
所谓关系词，就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是，关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的，所以是不可或缺的，尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，经常可以省略（本文会继续讲到这个情况）。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子：
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行词，被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词，用来连接I bought yesterday，同时又在从句作bought 的宾语，而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习，其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
（一）限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如：
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候，就只能采用非限定性定语从句，否则就会产生歧义或误解。如：
限定性定语从句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定语从句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子，也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用，没有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句，具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason，所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如：
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间，不能插入逗号。四、关系代词
英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有：
that：表人或物
which：表物
who：表人（主格或宾格）
whom：表人（宾格）
whose：表人或物（所有格）
（一）that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时，其先行词既可能是人，也可能是物。如：
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时，可以用which来替换。此外，当that在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。如：
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语，所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1）当定语从句以介词开头时，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如：
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。
2）当先行词是that时，往往用which来替换。如：
We have that which we need.
此时，that which往往可以用what来替换，因此我们可以把上面的句子改为：
We have what we need.
3）在非限定性定语从句中。如：
错误：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正确：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情况
1）当先行词为everything、all，little、much等不定代词时。如：
All that glitters is not gold.
2）当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如：
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3）当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如：
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5）当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如：
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6）当先行词有人又有物时。如：
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7）当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情况
1）当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如：He is the one who will teach us English. 2）当先行词为those、he和people时。如：
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
继续分享其他关系代词的用法，即which、who、whom和whose的用法。
四、关系代词
（二）which的用法
which用来引导定语从句时，其先行词都是表物的。如：
非限定性定语从句：He sent me five books, which helped me a lot in my English exam. 限定性定语从句：This is the ship which I travelled on two months ago.
第一句中的which helped me a lot in my Englsh exam作为five books的非限定性定语从句，补充说明了这五本书对我英语考试的帮助。
第二句中的which I travelled on two months ago作为the ship的限定性定语从句，特指这艘轮船是我两个月前乘坐的那艘。
【注意】
1、当which在从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。比如上面的限定性定语从句中的which就可以省略，即：
This is the ship I travelled on two months ago.
但是，当which前面有介词时，就不能省略。比如上面这句话就可以改为：
This is the ship on which I travelled two months ago.
2、as与which的区别
as和which都可以用来引导定语从句，而且可以指代整个主句。但是，两者在用法上存在一定差别。
1）两者都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：
They love each other, as/which is natural.
He doesn't like it, as/which we can see.
2）as有“正如或正像”的意思，其引导的非限制性定语从句，位置可在句首、句末或句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：
As is known to all, man cannot live without air. / Man cannot live without air, as is known to all. / Man, as is known to all, cannot live without air.
It is said that he can type 200 words within one minute, which I don't believe. 3）当主从句是因果关系时，一般都用which。如：
He is always complaining about everyting, which annoys everyone around him.
4）如果先行词中含有such或the same时，则用as。如：
He is not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same book as she lost yesterday.
需要注意的是：当先行词含有the same时，偶尔也用that来引导定语从句，这时与as引导的定语从句意思是不一样的。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. （她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。）
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. （她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。）
（三）who
who主要用在当先行词表人的情况下，一般在从句中充当主语，但有时也可以作宾语，相当于whom。如：
He's the man who bought these books just now.
The man who I served was wearing a hat.
第一句中的who在从句中作bought的主语，而第二句中的who则作served的宾语。
需要注意的是，当介词位于定语从句的句首时，就不能用who，而要用whom。如：
She is the girl about whom the man talked at the meeting an hour ago.
who也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
The manager, who comes from Japan, told me to help you with your project.（四）whom
whom主要用在当先行词表人的情况下，在从句中充当动词或介词的宾语。如：
The boy whom you met on the street just now is one of cousins.
He is the man from whom you ought to ask for help.
whom也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
The soldiers, some of whom come from Alaska, will be sent to Iraq next week. （五）whose
whose是所有格形式，所以在引导定语从句时，后面会紧跟一个名词。其先行词既可能是人，也可能是物。如：
The boy whose father is a professor studies very hard.
Are there any rooms whose windows face the sea?
whose也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
I decided to write about Chaplin, whose films are still very popular among a large audience.
五、关系副词
英语里常见的关系副词有when、where、why。
（一）when
when用作关系副词时，先行词都是表时间的，此时when在定语从句中作时间状语。如
I will never forget the days when we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.
此时的when相当于“介词+which”的用法。如上句可以改为：
I will never forget the days during which we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.
【注意】
1、尽管先行词是表时间的，但有的时候也会使用关系代词来引导定语从句，此时关系代词往往在从句中充当宾语。如：
I will never forget the days that/which we spent together in the mountainous village. 关系代词that/which，用作从句中的谓语动词spent的宾语。
2、when有时也会用来引导非限定性定语从句，但有时也会使用“介词+which”的结构。如：He was born in 1976, when some of China's great leaders passed away.
I just can't forget my childhood days, some of which have already had their longlasting influence upon my present life.
（二）where
where用作关系副词时，先行词都是表地点的，此时where在定语从句中作地点状语。如：This is the house where the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.
与when的用法相似的是，此时的where相当于“介词+which”的用法。如上句可以改为：This is the house in which the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies. 【注意】
1、与when的用法相似的是，尽管先行词是表地点的，但有的时候也会使用关系代词来引导定语从句，此时关系代词往往在从句中充当宾语。如：
This is the house that/which we visited last year.
关系代词that/which，用作从句中的谓语动词visited的宾语。
2、同样与when的用法相似的是，where有时也会用来引导非限定性定语从句。此时的where 也常可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换。如：
My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, where he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.
句中的where就可以替换为from which，即：
My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, from which he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.
（三）why
与when和where不同的是，why用作关系副词引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是reason，而且只能用在限定性定语从句中，即中间不能用逗号隔开。如
That is the reason why he has left for Shanghai.
【注意】在现代英语中，why也经常可以省略。如：
This is the reason I opened the window at this time of the day.六、定语从句转换为短语
有时出于结构简洁的需要，定语从句可以转化为短语结构。
不过，不是所有的定语从句都可以转化为短语结构的，一般只有当关系代词在从句中充当主语的时候才可以转化为短语。如：
定语从句1：The woman who is standing behind the counter served me just now.
短语结构1：The woman standing behind the counter served me just now.
定语从句2：The woman who served me just now is standing behind the counter.
短语结构2：The woman serving me just now is standing behind the counter.
定语从句3：The woman who has already left served me just now.
短语结构3：The woman having already left served me just now.
【注意】当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，也有的情况下是不能转化为短语的，一般是当从句的谓语动词中含有情态动词或will或would等助动词时。如以下两句话中的定语从句就不能转化为短语结构：
The woman who can dance is Jack's mother.
The woman who will visit her is her aunt.
四、状语从句
英语里总共有三大类从句，即名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
我们之前已经分享过名词性从句和定语从句的内容：
名词性从句
主要包括四类（请戳下面的标题回顾相关的具体内容）：
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，具体可参看（请戳下面的标题回顾相关的具体内容）：
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（一）
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（二）
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法（三）
状语从句主要包括时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、比较、方式、条件和让步九种，具体内容：
一、定义:顾名思义，状语从句就是指句子中的状语原本是由单词或短语来充当的，但当状语是由句子来充当时，这个充当状语的句子就叫状语从句。如：
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.
第一句中的at eight是时间状语，是由短语来充当的。
第二句中的when it was eight也是时间状语，但是由句子来充当的，这个句子就叫（时间）状语从句。
二、分类:英语里的状语总共有九种，即：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步。而英语里的状语从句也因此包括这九种，接下去我们就一一来梳理这九种从句的用法。需要注意的是，状语从句的学习其实就是有关连接这些状语从句的连接副词的学习。
三、时间状语从句:
常连接时间状语从句的连接词有：
when, while, as;before, after;as soon as, hardly...when...,
no sooner...than...;till, until;since;by, by the time,
by the end of。
（一）when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“当...时候”，需要注意的是：
1、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是现在时间时
1）when要采用“主将从现”的原则，即：主句谓语动词采用一般将来时，从句谓语动词采用一般现在时。如：
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.
需要注意的是，此时的从句谓语动词虽然采用的是一般现在时，但其实是表将来的。如上句中的he comes，他其实还没来。
此外，主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情态动词的句子。如：
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.
2）as的用法跟when差不多，但其主句谓语动词也可以使用一般现在时。如：
A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand. （当她感觉到滴到她双手上的唾液时，恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。）
3）while所在的句子主从句的谓语动词一般都采用现在进行时。如：
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is wo rking in the garden.
2、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是过去时间时
1）when所在的从句谓语动词一般采用一般过去时，主句谓语动词采用过去进行时或是一般过去时。如：
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是，when也有可能表示“正在这时”。如：
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me. （我正在公园里散步，这时一个小孩撞到了我怀里。）
2）as与while的用法差不多，即：as和while所在的句子的谓语动词一般用过去进行时，而另外一个句子的谓语动词则采用过去进行时或一般过去时。如：
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV
in the living room.
（二）before和after的用法
before表示“在...之前”，after表示“在...之后”。使用时要注意要描述的动作或状态时基于现在时间还是过去时间。
1、基于现在时间
这时，其用法基本遵循时间状语从句的“主将从现原则”，即before或after
所在的从句谓语动词采用一般现在时，其主句谓语动词采用一般将来时。如：
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house. After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.
2、基于过去时间
这时，before所在的从句谓语动词要采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词要采用
过去完成时，而after所在的从句谓语动词要采用过去完成时，其主句谓语动词要采用一般过去时。如：
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.（三）“一...就...”的表达
英语里常用来表“一...就...”的结构主要有：
as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、
1、as soon as
as soon as既可以用在现在时间中，也可以用在过去时间中。当用在现在时
间中时，遵循“主将从现”的原则；当用在过去时间中时，as soon as所在
的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用一般过去时或过去完成时（如果要强调主从句谓语动作的连续性很强，则采用一般过去时）。如：
现在时间：
As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a bi
g surprise.
过去时间：
As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.
2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...
这两个句型都表示“一...就...”，而且用法都差不多，即when和than所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用过去完成时。如：
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.
需要注意的是，hardly有时可以换成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表达
英语中用来表达“一...就...”的结构还有：
the moment/instant/minute/second...；
immediately/instantly/directly...；at/on等。如：
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
（四）till和until
都表示“直到...时候”，两者一般可以相互替换，但till多用于肯定句，until 多用于否定句。如：
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.
需要注意的是，until常与not搭配使用，而且会用在强调句中。如：
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrive d.
（五）since
当since用来引导时间状语从句时，意思是“自从...以来”，其往往被当作是主句谓语动词要采用完成时的标志性时间状语。如：
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years. Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more tha n ten years.（六）by、by the time和by the end of
这组结构都表示“到...时候为止”，其主句谓语动词一般都要采用完成时。需要注意的是，这些结构后面所接的时间不同，主句谓语动词就要采用不同的完成时态。
1、后接将来时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。如：
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the e nd of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.
2、后接过去时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用过去完成时。如：
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she ar rived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.
(完整)高中英语主语从句练习题
主语从句练习题 一．翻译 1．(谁将去接他)_______________________________________________ is not decided. 2．(哪个班极会赢得这场足球赛)__________________________________ is not clear . 3．(他能否买到飞机票)______________________________________ doesn’t matter much. 4．(我们如何去那里)__________________________________________ is a question. 5．(你刚才告诉我的)_______________________________________ was really a surprise. 6．(他什么时候出国)_______________________________________ is being discussed 7．(他为什么哭)___________________________________________ is not clear. 8．It is clear______________________________________________(他是一个乞丐). 9．(你要请谁)______________________________________________ is not important. 10．(我们将在哪里举行篮球赛)____________________________________ is not clear. 二．找出下列句子中的主语从句及其引导词，并且指出引导词是否充当成分，充当什么成分。 1. That we shall be late is certain. 2. That the driver could not control his car was obvious. 3. It is certain that we shall be late. 4. It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. 5. Is it possible that they will come tomorrow？ 6. It is clear that he was telling the truth. 7. It’s probable that we’ll be a little late. 8. What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 9. It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. 10. It shocked me that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was. 11. Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear. 12. It’s a pity that you can’t go with us. 13. What he did is not yet known. 14. It is said that he has been there many times. 15. It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident. 16. When they will have the sports meet is still a question. 17. It seems that he has lost something. 18. What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone. 19. What caused the accident was a broken bottle. 20. It remains a problem whether it is true. 21. Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished. 22. What she looks like doesn’t matter.
名词性从句之主语从句讲解
名词性从句---主语从句 1. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation. 2. Her wish is that she can lose weight soon. 3. I think that woman can reach every high achievements in many fields of science. 4. We were very excited at the news that our team had won. 引导名词性从句的关联词可分为三类： 一．从属连词：that（无任何词意） whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分二．连接代词：what, who, whom, which，whose, whatever, whoever, whichever(作主宾表定) 三．连接副词：when, where, how, why(作状语) I.主语从句 1.定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 2.位置：主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 3.引导主语从句的关联词： (1)从属连词that,whether,if (在从句中不充当成分，仅起连接作用) That Jack won the match yesterday surprised us. Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. (此处不能用if) (2)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever(充当主宾表定) What she did is not known. Whoever comes is welcome. (3)连接副词where,when,how,why(在从句中充当状语) How this happened is not clear to anyone. When the meeting will be held is decided by our manager. 4.有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把真正主语放在句子末尾。 How the book will sell depends on its author. = It depends on its author how the book will sell. That he is the best student in the class is obvious. = It is obvious that he is the best student in the class. 用it作形式主语的几种常见结构： (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… 很自然It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It ap pears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句
名词性从句用法详解
名词性从句用法详解 一、概说名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。 二、名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如： I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。（宾语从句可省） That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。（That引导主语从句不能省） 2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。 He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用 if 代替 whether) 3.连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如： That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4.连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 三、名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“…所…的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。 如： I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任可人或物”等。如： Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子： 任何人来都欢迎。 误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome. 正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome. 另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论…”、“不管…”，其意相当于no matter who [what, which]。如： Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)
宾语从句用法讲解
宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 时态：1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 1.宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I don’t know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? N one of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 2.动词的宾语从句
高考英语主语从句讲解
高考英语主语从句 定义：用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句之一。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。引导主语从句的连接词有： 从属连词: that, whether； 连接代词: who (whoever), whom, whose, what (whatever)和which (whichever)； 连接副词: when, where, how和why。 连接词： 1. 从属连词：that，whether 1）that引导主语从句只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，that本身无实际意义，但不能省略。2）whether意为“是否”，放在句首句末皆可。由whether引导的名词从句做主语，表语，介词宾语，同位语时！不可用if代替。 a.That price will go up is certain. b. Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 2. 连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever (Who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序，既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。 Which side will win is not clear. Whoever breaks the law will be punished. Whatever he did is right. Who killed the scientist remains a question. 1）What和that引导的主语从句的区别：that 只起引导作用，不充当任何成分，没有意思。What 不仅起引导作用，还要充当一定成分(主语、宾语或表语)，意思是：“什么”。 What we need is money. That he will come is certain. 2）whatever / whoever的用法（~ever=no matter ~---让步状语从句中） whatever / whoever可以引导主语从句,并在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,不含疑问意义。whatever相当于anything that; whoever 相当于anyone who。例如: Whoever(Anyone who) wants to enter into this school must take the exam. Whatever(Anything that) she did was right. 3. 连接副词when，where，how，why等。既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。How this happened is not clear to anyone. When he will be back depends on the weather. When we’ll start tomorrow will be told soon. Where the test will be given is not yet decided. 4. 主语从句后置：为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it 作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 例: That we shall be late is certain. -- It’s certain that we shall be late. 1）用it 作形式主语的结构 A. It + be + 形容词+ that 从句 (obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) 如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. B. It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句(an honour, a fact, a pity, etc）如： It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是…… It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是… It is a fact that… …是事实It is common knowledge that… …是常识 It’s a pity that we can’t go. C. It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, etc。）如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. D. It + 不及物动词或短语+ that 从句( seem，happen, doesn’t matter ,turn out）。如： It happened that I was out that day. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从
考研英语主语从句翻译方法
考研英语主语从句翻译方法 一、关联词或从属连词位于句首的从句+主句谓语+其他成分 它们一般是译在句首，作为主从复合句的主语。这样的词有关联词what, which, how, why, where, who, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever及从属连词that, whether, if.如：What we now will describe is how the magnetic nature of iron oxide can uniquely be exploited as a separation process utilizing a magnetic filtration system. 参考译文：现在我们所要介绍的是如何奇特地利用氧化铁的磁性而提出一种使用磁力过滤系统的分离法。 分析：其中关联词可译为：...所。 二、it+谓语+that(whether)引导的从句 如果先译主句，可以顺译为无人称句。有时也可先译从句，再译主句。如果先译从句，便可以在主句前加译"这"。如： It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to levels anywhere near the standards. 参考译文：可以看出，这四种煤的总含硫量仅靠预先洗选将不能降低到完全接近标准规定的水平。 It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. 分析：有时为了使译文成分完整，可以补充上泛指的主语（如人们...、大家...）。 参考译文：物体在水中比在空气中轻，这是一种大家共有的经验。类似的结构还有：it is (universally) known that...大家都知道...it is believed that...人们都相信...
名词性从句主语从句
主语从句 导入：观察并指出句子成分 A treehas fallenacrossthe road. Youarea student. To find your waycan bea problem. Smokingisbadfor you. 一．概念： 主语：主语是指句子谈论的主题，说明的人或事物。也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体，一般位于句首 主语从句：在句中充当主语的从句 二·基本结构 关系词简单句谓语动词宾语同位语 Thathe finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprisedusall. 他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶 三关系词(引导词) 1．从属连词：that whether that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。 That she left him cut him to the heart. That he will come is certain. 注意：有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免“头重脚轻”, 常用it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。E.g That she has made such a mistake is a pity. It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 这样就构成了下面一些常用句型: 1) It is + adj. +从句 It is necessary that… 有必要… It is important tha t …. 重要的是… It is obvious that…… 很明显…… 2) It +不及物动词+从句 It seems/appears that... 似乎…… It happened that... 碰巧…… It occurred to me that…… 我突然想起…… 3) It + be +过去分词+从句 It is said that... 据说……
宾语从句的用法基础讲解
宾语从句的用法 【真题再现】 1. — Jack, could you tell me ___________ for traveling this summer?(2016 连云港) — We plan to go and see the beautiful sea in Hainan. A. where your family will go B. how will your family go C. how your family will go D. where will your family go 2. —Could you tell me ________?(2016 扬州) —In August, 2016. A. where will the Youth Olympic Games take place B. when will the Youth Olympic Games take place C. where the Youth Olympic Games will take place D. when the Youth Olympic Games will take place 3. — Could you please tell me ________?(2016 十堰) — Of course. Many people in Shiyan know it. A. where is Mount Wudang B. how can I get to Wulong River C. what is Shenlongjia famous for D. if there will be a new airport in Shiyan 4. —Do you know _________?(2016 重庆) —This afternoon. A. when will the policeman give us a talk B. where will the policeman give us a talk C. when the policeman will give us a talk D. where the policeman will give us a talk 5. I have some tickets for the basketball match. I wonder ______.(2016 河北) A. where you buy the tickets B. why you like to go there C. if you'd like to come along D. when you watch the match 6．She got a nice skirt as a present on her birthday．Do you know _______?(2016 呼和浩特) A．what was it made of B．how much did it cost C．who buys it for her D．where she bought it 7. — Do you know _________ the meeting?(2016 北京) — Tomorrow morning. A. when they had B. when they are going to have C. when did they have D. when are they going to have 8. I didn't know ______.(2016 武汉) A. when would the train arrive B. where could I get the book C. what has been done D. who left the message 9. —Could you tell me_______ yuanxiao in China?(2016 天津) —Usually at Lantern Festival. A. when do people eat B. how do people eat C. when people eat D. how people eat 10. I don't understand ______ such a silly question in class yesterday.(2016 广州) A. why did John ask B. why John asked
名词性从句
名词性从句 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，它们在复合句中的功用相当于名词，因此称为名词性从句，在句中分别作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。 1．When he will come is still unknown. 2．I don’t know who has watered the fields. 3．The problem is that we need more money. 4．Have you heard the news that our team won the game? 1．主语从句：在复合句中作句子主语的从句。 引导词：连词that、whether;疑问代词who, what, which; 疑问副词when, where, how, why (1)连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用; whether能引导主语从句，而if不能。 That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me. Whether John will do this experiment remains a question. （2）疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced. What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well. Which school will win the prize is not known. Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown. Whichever you take will be yours. Whoever wants this book may take it. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. (3)疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因 状语 When they will start hasn’t been de cided yet. Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story. How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery. Why he often comes here is known to us all.
宾语从句用法详解
宾语从句用法详解 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 一、宾语从句用法 宾语从句的时态： 1．主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不现” 2．主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从句过” 3．主句用过去时，从句是科学真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时。 4．情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句不受主句的约束。 宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句， if和whether，whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone
英语宾语从句用法详细讲解
英语宾语从句用法详解初中英语分类练习——宾语从句 复习目标：1、掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词 2、掌握宾语从句的语序——主句+连接词+主语+谓语 3、掌握宾语从句，主句与从句在时态上的呼应。重点：语序和时态呼应难点：语序和时态呼应；疑问词+不定式的转化；状语从句的辨析 一、宾语从句的连接词： 1、连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew (that) he should work hard. 2、连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. He asked me whether or not I was coming. 一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：①在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. ②在介词前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain. ③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not. 3、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how，它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in. I wonder where he got so much money. 【注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with the presents. 2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型. 二、宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳) Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √) The teacher asked the students what they
主语从句例句
主语从句 一、翻译下列句子 1.That he is still alive is a wonder. 2.That we shall be late is certain. 3.That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 4.That you are coming to London is the best news 5.Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 6.Whether they would support us was a problem. 7.Whether they would support us was a problem. 8.When we arrive doesn't matter. 9.When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 10.How it was done was a secret 11.How this happened is not clear to anyone. 12.How many people we are to invite is still a question. 13.Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 14.What we need is money. 15.What I want to know is this. 16.What he says is not important. 17.What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 18.What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 19.It's a pity that he didn't come. 20.It is important that he should know about this. 21.It's unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 22.It's amazing that she should have said nothing about it. 23.It's unthinkable that they should deny my request. 24.It seems that you are right. 25.It was clear his words pleased her. 26.It doesn’t matter much where we live. 27.It was a problem whether they would support us. 28.It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 29.It is said that he’s got married. 30.It is believed that he will win the match. 31.It is reported that Chinese team got 102 golden medals. 32.Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished. 33.Whatever he did was right.
(完整版)主语从句详解
主语从句详解 一、概述 在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句.根据它们在句中的语法作用, 这类从句又可分为主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句和宾语从句. 二、主语从句主要有四类 （1）由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/在句中不做成分/不可以省. 例如：That you will win the medal seems unlikely. That you are so indifferent bothers me. That she survived the accident is a miracle. （2）用连词whether 引导的主语从句: whether有含义(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省. 注意：引导主语从句, 不能用if, 只能用whether. 例如：Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matt er too much. （3）用连接代词引导的主语从句 在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中, 其连接代词在句中起名词性作用, 担当一定成分. 例如：What you need is more practice. What I want to know is this. Whatever we do is to serve the people. 注：whatever / whoever的功用 whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义.它引导主语从句, 并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等. whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who.要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别. Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语从句） （＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ） Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句） （＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ） （4）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语.) 例如:Where we should leave it is a problem. When they will come hasn’t been made pubic. 三、注意点: it构成的主语从句 （1）由连词that引导的主语从句, 在多数情况下放到句子的后面, 而用代词it作形式主语. 例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all. =It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.