张奎武《英美概况》笔记和课后习题详解(美国历史)【圣才出品】
第二部分美国历史
Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.
1. The war in which America lost more soldiers than any other war in American history is _____.
A. the Civil War
B. the War of Independence
C. the World War Ⅰ
D. the World War Ⅱ
【答案】A
【解析】南北战争是美国历史上最具创伤性的事件，直到今天，战争的伤口还没有完全愈合。美国南方在战争中沦为废墟，敌对双方共损失63.5万士兵，这个数字是空前绝后的。这也是为什么美国后来再也没有在本土发动过战争的原因。
2. In American history, the Pilgrim fathers are those who came to Plymouth on board of _____.
A. a French ship
B. a British ship
C. Mayflower
D. an Italian ship
【答案】C
【解析】1620年，第一批英国殖民者乘坐五月花号船（Mayflower）登陆现在的弗吉尼亚州的海岸，成为美国人的祖先。1/5的现代美国人的祖先都来自这条船上。
3. The American foreign policy up to WWⅡcan be described as _____.[北二外2008研]
A. swinging between containment and interventionism
B. containment
C. swinging between isolationism and internationalism
D. Unilateralism
【答案】C
【解析】第二次世界大战（1939年～1945年）。isolationism孤立主义政策使美国在二战中成为了欧洲的兵工厂和生产基地。internationalism 国际主义政策最初体现在威尔逊提出的国际联盟的构想之中。二战后期，罗斯福进一步发展了这项政策。containment 遏制主义由美国人乔治·凯南在1946～1947年间提出，目的是遏制社会主义阵营的发展。
4. _____, signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the United States.
A. The Treaty of Paris
B. Westminster Statute
C. British North America Act
D. The Act of Union
【答案】A
【解析】战争的形势起初对大陆军是非常不利的，由于装备和兵力不足，1776年连失纽约
和费城；1777年，在加拿大被英军打败的法军转而援助美军，战争形式出现了转折，萨拉托加战役英军失利，美法联军乘胜追击，取得了节节胜利；1781年，George Cornwallis 带领的英国军队弃械投降，正式宣布美国独立战争取得胜利；1783年，英国签订了《巴黎和约》，承认美国独立。
5. Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution?
A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.
B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indians.
C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.
D. The American had the blood of the English and their descendants only.
【答案】A
【解析】美国独立战争时间为1775至1783年，在此之前大批欧洲移民移居美国。因此此题选A。
6. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe?
A. The growth of capitalism.
B. The Renaissance.
C. The Religious Reformation.
D. The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
【答案】D
【解析】16世纪宗教改革运动兴起后，罗马天主教就成为现代欧洲发展的阻碍力量，而非促进力量。因此此题选D。
7. The following were the main Reformation leaders except _____.
A. Martin Luther
B. Martin Luther King
C. John Calvin
D. The English King Henry Ⅷ
【答案】B
【解析】马丁路德金是美国著名民权运动领袖，而非宗教改革的领袖。因此选B。
8. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism except _____.
A. challenging the authority of the Pope
B. salvation through faith
C. salvation through the church
D. establishing a direct contact with God
【答案】C
【解析】新教认为既然只凭信心即可得救，那么信徒人人均可为祭司，无须神职人员作为神人之间的中介，所以不需要去教堂才可以获得救赎。因此选C。
9. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?
A. separation of state and church.
B. respect of education.
C. intolerant moralism.
D. a sense of mission.
【答案】A
【解析】清教主要赞许现世财富的积累，提倡节俭、勤奋的进取精神。而且重视教育，同时具有很强的使命感。因此选A。
10. Lord Baltimore’s feudal plan failed not because _____.
A. there were more Protestant than Catholics in Maryland
B. the wilderness of the continent made the plan impossible
C. there was plenty of land while labor was scarce
D. the English king did not like the plan
【答案】D
【解析】巴尔的摩勋爵的封建计划失败的原因在于：新教徒具有资本主义思想并占民众中的多数；土地广阔而劳动力稀少。因此D项错误。
11. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except _____.
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. William Penn
D. Benjamin Franklin
【答案】C
【解析】英国斯图亚特王朝时期的一对同名父子，父亲是海军上将，在两次英荷战争中立有战功，儿子是宾夕法尼亚殖民地的开创者，崇尚自由和民主。因此此题选C。
12. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from _____.
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. John Adams
D. John Locke
【答案】D
【解析】在美国革命开始之前，洛克这些早期思想家的作品成为了像孟德斯鸠这些人的分析研究对象，而一些美国开创者的自然神论以及他们认为合适的政府体系，则都是来自于启蒙运动中政教分离与关于自由的观点。因此选D。
13. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism?
A. Catholics.
B. Puritans.
C. Quakers.
D. Church of England.
【答案】A
【解析】天主教是基督宗教的三大宗派之一，其正式名称为“罗马天主教会”或“罗马公教会”，即由罗马教宗领导的教会。因此此题选A。
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