何谓转基因动植物(中英)翻译讲义

何谓转基因动植物(中英)翻译讲义
何谓转基因动植物(中英)翻译讲义

讲义

07(英译汉)

_KELL Y

What Are Transgenic Plants and Animals?

何为转基因动植物? (“何谓”更佳)

1)

Transgenic plants and animals result from genetic engineering experiments in which genetic material is moved from one organism to another, so that the latter will exhibit a characteristic.

译文转基因动植物是基因工程实验的产物,在这种实验中,一个生物体的遗传物质被转移到另一生物体内,从而使后者能表现出前者的特性。

NOTE! 1.exhibit在此不可译作展现,展现强调视觉冲击,应译为体现)

2.characteristic.可译为特性或性状

2)

Business corporations, scientists, and farmers hope that transgenic techniques will allow more cost-effective and precise plants and animals with desirable characteristics that are not available using up to date breeding technology. Transgenic techniques allow genetic material to be transferred between completely unrelated organisms.

译文商业机构、科学家和农民都希望,这种技术能培育出更多成本效益高,合乎人们所愿的转基因动植物。这正是当今最新的培育技术所无法实现的,而转基因技术就可以实现遗传物质在两种毫不相关的生物体之间转移。

NOTE! 1.Business corporations译为商界,不要译成商业企业或者公司

2.译文中的“而”,结合原文并无转折关系这一点,舍去此词。

3. Transfer,结合语境,译为转移,不可生译为“传输”

4.注意:原文中“动植物”前的定语很长,若直译其定语,则为“更多具价格优势(成本效益高),而且是最近的培育技术无法培育的恰随人愿的”,这样表达冗长,不便理解。对此,可采用定语前后分配的方法,以便理解

3)

In order for a transgenic technique to work, the genetic engineer must first

construct a transgene, which is the gene to be introduce d plus a control sequence.

When making a transgene, scientists usually substitute the original promoter sequence with one that will be active in the correct tissues of the recipient plant or animal.

译文为使转基因技术发挥作用,基因工程师必须首先培育出含有控制序列的转基因,以便将其导入到受体细胞内。在构造转基因序列时,他们通常会用活跃于受体动植物体内适当组织的有效启动子序列替代其原有启动子序列。

NOTE! 1.In order for a transgenic technique to work (理解原文)

“为使转基因技术发挥作用”,应该改译成“为了启用转基因技术”

2. 注意active 的译法,结合原文

3.注意原文中个别词的理解

比如:

a control sequence控制序列

recipient受体

correct tissues 在此结合原文,译为“恰当组织”,不能译成正确组织,会造成语意不通

4)

The creation of transgenic animals is one of the most dramatic advances derived from recombinant DNA technology. A transgenic animal results from insertion of a foreign gene into an embryo.

译文人们将外源基因导入到早期胚胎内,最后便可培育出转基因动物,它的成功构建正是DNA重组技术优越性的体现。

NOTE!注意insertion的译法,插入,导入,植入

5)

One of the most important applications of transgenic animals is the development of new animal models of human disease. Transgenic animals can serve as models for many malignant tumors.

译文转基因动物的一个最重要的应用就是用这种新动物模型的发展来研究人类疾病,它可以用作研究许多恶性肿瘤的模型。

NOTE!用“某种模型的发展来研究某疾病”,中文表述有问题

改为“开发培育出罹患人类疾病的新型动物,作为研究许多恶性肿瘤的模型”

6)

A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible.

译文一位植物育种家尝试对农作物进行基因重组,以使其尽可能增产。

NOTE! 1.此处a 表示泛指,直接译为植物育种家即可

2.尽可能增产,漏译了“useful”,改译为“尽可能多用途,高产出。

7)

Overall, the use of transgenic technology has many advantages over traditional methods. Transgenic breeding is said to be more specific, faster, and less costly. Right now research is limited to traits involving one or a few genes. Before scientists can manipulate complex traits, there is going to be the need for many years of research.译文总的来说,相较于使用传统方法,使用转基因技术更具优势。可以说,转基因育种更具体,更快捷,更低廉。不过,目前的研究颇受局限,仅涉及一个或几个基因性状。因此,在科学家们能处理复杂的特性之前,他们还需长期对此进行研究。

NOTE!对manipulate complex traits译法

不要译为演绎复杂特性,可译为处理复杂特性,

最优翻译为驾轻就熟地调配

理由

manipulate 的定义是control in a skiful way,

即manipulate这一个词包含了两层语义,在翻译时应注意体现这点

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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合,创造和符号,图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷,视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程,其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志,广告,产品包装和网页设计。例如,可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品,举办文字和纯粹的设计元素,如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点,尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域,在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪,人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术,平面设计和美术。毕竟,他们有着许多相同的内容,理论,原则,做法和语言,有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计,“其实质是使以信息,形成以思想,言论和感觉的经验”。

在唐朝(618-906 )之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲,尤其是在英国,平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家,但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年,在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界,该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动,并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利,并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是,然而,重要的,因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作,以及与其他私营新闻运动,直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt,但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代,苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的,从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则,他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张,但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ,包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉,和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备,主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后,美国经济的建立更需要平面设计,主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”

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例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating(操纵) others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间,精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪,虚假 6 .1 斤斤于字比句次,措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever(完全,全然). If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室,正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野;这方面一放松就倒退了几百年,实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃,(eat out of a can)开个罐头端着吃,站着吃;反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全,全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 .2 结构松散,表达过于口语化 例3.有一次,在拥挤的车厢门口,我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客:“您下车吗?”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗?”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了,放大声问:“下车吗?”,那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子,还是哑巴?”他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了,瞪起一双眼睛,回手给了男乘客一拳。(庄绎传,英汉翻译教程,1999 :练习 3 ) 译文1:Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no

中英翻译练习题(2018-6-6)1

中英翻译练习题 1.沿途要住在停留和反省。 Stop and reflect along the way. 2.不过我认为还要有些橄榄油和醋,这样你随时可以兴之所至就弄个沙拉。 Although I’d also include some olive oil and vinegar so you’re always prepared for an impromptu salad. 3.每个流出序列流都有一个条件,将通过评估此条件来确定对应序列流是否发生。 Each outgoing Sequence Flow has a condition that will be evaluated to determine whether or not it occurs. 4.我将这些蚀刻图案当成终极的科学纹身纹在身上。 I like to think of these engravings as the ultimate science tattoos. 5.但是,互联网作为最终的数字传输版的营销市场的观念现在还是令人怀疑。

But the notion of the Web as the ultimate marketplace for digital delivery is now in doubt. 6.激活外出性同步化并设置时间跨度。 Enable outgoing synchronization and set the time span. 7.你想从极限简约主义那学到一些生活中的经验吗? Would you like to learn some lessons in life from the ultimate minimalist? 8.她替他们起草一个计划。 She draft out a plan for them. 9.不过,各个语言组正在努力解决这些问题,您应当参考相应语言绑定的文档,以了解有哪些限制(如果有)。 However, the language teams are hard at work to address that, and you should refer to the documentation of your language bindings to see what (if any) limitations apply. 10.我们在原则上接受了这个条款。 We accepted the item in principle.

有限元分析中英文对照资料

The finite element analysis Finite element method, the solving area is regarded as made up of many small in the node connected unit (a domain), the model gives the fundamental equation of sharding (sub-domain) approximation solution, due to the unit (a domain) can be divided into various shapes and sizes of different size, so it can well adapt to the complex geometry, complex material properties and complicated boundary conditions Finite element model: is it real system idealized mathematical abstractions. Is composed of some simple shapes of unit, unit connection through the node, and under a certain load. Finite element analysis: is the use of mathematical approximation method for real physical systems (geometry and loading conditions were simulated. And by using simple and interacting elements, namely unit, can use a limited number of unknown variables to approaching infinite unknown quantity of the real system. Linear elastic finite element method is a ideal elastic body as the research object, considering the deformation based on small deformation assumption of. In this kind of problem, the stress and strain of the material is linear relationship, meet the generalized hooke's law; Stress and strain is linear, linear elastic problem boils down to solving linear equations, so only need less computation time. If the efficient method of solving algebraic equations can also help reduce the duration of finite element analysis. Linear elastic finite element generally includes linear elastic statics analysis and linear elastic dynamics analysis from two aspects. The difference between the nonlinear problem and linear elastic problems: 1) nonlinear equation is nonlinear, and iteratively solving of general; 2) the nonlinear problem can't use superposition principle; 3) nonlinear problem is not there is always solution, sometimes even no solution. Finite element to solve the nonlinear problem can be divided into the following three categories: 1) material nonlinear problems of stress and strain is nonlinear, but the stress and strain is very small, a linear relationship between strain and displacement at this time, this kind of problem belongs to the material nonlinear problems. Due to theoretically also cannot provide the constitutive relation can be accepted, so, general nonlinear relations between stress and strain of the material based on the test data, sometimes, to simulate the nonlinear material properties available mathematical model though these models always have their limitations. More important material nonlinear problems in engineering practice are: nonlinear elastic (including piecewise linear elastic, elastic-plastic and viscoplastic, creep, etc. 2) geometric nonlinear geometric nonlinear problems are caused due to the nonlinear relationship between displacement. When the object the displacement is larger, the strain and displacement relationship is nonlinear relationship. Research on this kind of problem Is assumes that the material of stress and strain is linear relationship. It consists

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Translation Exercises (with reference keys) (for the third grade English majors) Part One: Sentences Exercise 1 Comprehension and Expression (1) Exercise 2 Articles (2) Exercise 3 The translation of “It” (3) Exercise 4 The expletive “There” (4) Exercise 5 Passive voice (5) Exercise 6 Nouns in English (5) Exercise 7 Prepositions (6) Exercise 8 Diction (用词) (7) Exercise 9 Amplification (增益) (8) Exercise 10 Omission (省略) (9) Exercise 11 Conversion (词性转换) (9) Exercise 12 Inversion (调整词序) (10) Exercise 13 Negation (反译) (11) Exercise 14 Division (拆译) (12) Exercise 1 Comprehension and Expression 1.That’s all Greek to me. 那个我一窍不通。 2.He was up to his neck in debt. 他负债累累。(或:他债台高筑。) 3.The enemy troops fled in disorder. 敌军狼奔豕突。(豕shǐ,猪) 4.The naughty boy was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door. 那个顽皮的孩子扰乱别的孩子,所以我把他撵走了。 5.You have my sympathy. 我同情你。 6. A great elation overcomes them. 他们欣喜若狂。 7.March, 1913 found me working in a small constructional firm. 1913年3月,我在一家小型建筑公司工作。 8.All our sympathies are with you.我们完全同情你。 9.Washington in that time was a place for Movement people to come for money, not marches. 那时候青年激进分子到华盛顿来是为了筹款,而不是搞游行示威。 10.I am not a smoker.我不抽烟。 11.The Security Council has been seized of the question since December 1963. 安理会从1963年12月以来就一直受理这个问题。 12.Stop selling me to him.别在他面前美言我。 13.There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid. 姑娘再丑,也不愁配偶。(锅子再癞,也不愁没盖儿。)

材料英文文献翻译

The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,

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