旅游贸易的国际竞争力外文翻译2013年译文4000多字

文献出处：Bobirca A, Cristureanu C. The international competitiveness of trade in tourism services: Evidence from Romania[J]Advances in Tourism Economics.

Physica-Verlag HD, 2013: 189-202.

The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services:

Evidence from Romania

Ana Bobirca ，Cristiana Cristureanu

Abstract: Tourism is the only service activities that can provide trade opportunities for any level of development of the country. However, it is also a large extent because of the country's capacity and performance in the global economy and also has a clear benefit to the uneven distribution of industry, which they need to improve their competitiveness.

Since the early 1990s, Romania's tourism industry has experienced significant changes in export volume, growth rate and structure. These fluctuations affect the relative competitive position of Romania in the international tourism market and cause changes in the balance of its tourism trade. At the same time, new and more jumbled the European construction, caused a significant change in the regional tourism competitiveness in Romania.

In this context, this paper attempts to propose a framework to focus on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance, and to assess the international competitiveness of the tourist trade in services in Romania.

First, the international competitiveness of international tourism

The concept of international competitiveness, although controversial, elusive, but has now been recognized, and all over the world continue to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.

So far, have been taken to improve the international competitiveness of measures have been considered at the economic level (Jiarui Li, 2003) usually refers to a country's production of goods and services to meet the test of international markets, while maintaining and to increase the ability of the citizen's income (European Commission, 2007).

Competitiveness ultimately depends on a country's business success in domestic and international markets, the competitive attention focused on enterprise-level competitiveness (Porter, 1990), for this generally understood to refer to "... the company to maintain and better, to expand its global market share to increase and the ability to expand profit "(Clark and cover, 1998, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993).

Therefore, although the widespread international competitiveness as with the theoretical basis of the national economy and international trade have been less in the academic literature. Therefore, the nature of a country's international competitiveness, efficiency and limitations are still unclear (Cole Dwyer, 2000, Krugman, 1994, 1996). International competitiveness, consolidate and maintain trade advantage trade advantage relative to the rest of the world refers to a country's trade in goods and services.

Whenever a country's economic welfare through increased trade flows, or through the from initial equilibrium terms of trade change and increase international competitiveness will be improved the (Cole Dwyer, 2000). Therefore, the international competitiveness of the definition for an economy to attract its export demand and investment supply demand capabilities and the ability to enhance the living standards of citizens in all social norms. This in turn depends on the macro-and micro-economic policies affect the economic productivity of the production elements and operating costs of the regulations and the system.

A review of the literature and empirical evidence available to support international competitiveness can be explained to a certain extent, this view of a country's ability to export (Lok and Wolff, 1993, Ge Boge, etc.). There is, in fact, is a circular relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports is a measure of international competitiveness. The improvement in exports will lead to enhance the competitiveness of a country. This effect is the skills, knowledge, innovation and use of new technologies and the use of technology can be a successful business opportunity of the results of an enterprise. The other hand, in order to successfully achieve export efforts in the highly competitive global market, a country forced to improve their competitiveness. More powerful country, its economy more competitive. Therefore, it is better able to compete in the global market, in order to attract a higher level of knowledge, skills, level of people to buy the new technology, and improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export performance. Turn, may favor a more innovative, caused by the improvement of their competitiveness.

Competitive, however, should not be only equivalent to a country's ability to export. Where

the evolution of the share of the export market is also an important element of the trade competitiveness, while the latter is only part of a country's competitiveness is defined as the Lisbon Declaration by the European through the provision of more and higher quality of employment, to improve and enhance the standard of living in and greater social cohesion. The world market share of the gain or loss of individual countries are often seen as their trade competitiveness index. However, the growth of the market share depends on structural factors. Due to changes in demand in the beginning of a period of a country's geographic and industry specialization is an important factor in shaping the growth of the market share in the future. Similarly, the state the ability to adapt to changes such export, will also affect the final result.

Second, overview of the international trade in tourism services in Romania

Travel and tourism in Romania in the early years of economic transition period after the negative results, showing a positive return, and the next decade of growth outlook is much stronger than the EU.The Romanian tourism's contribution to GDP was 4.8%, 174 tourism-intensive countries in the world, ranked 162. However, the prospects for the growth of the tourism sector in Romania in the regional and world ranking better than its neighbors and competitors in the next 10 years, the contribution to GDP was 6.7% and ranked 12 (World Travel and Tourism Development Committee , 2007).

Romania travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 1.9%, will rise to 2.5% in 2016, in the EU, the travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 3.9% (World Travel and Touri Global travel and tourism industry employment accounted for 8.7% of global employment, Romania's travel and tourism industry employment in 2006 is estimated at 485,000 people, or 5.8% of total employment, or 17.4 parts have a tourism job. Compared employment, 4.2% of total employment in Europe (860), 3.1% of the current work of total employment of 265,000 copies of the travel and tourism industry (World Travel and Tourism Commission, 2007).sm Commission, 2007).

The vast majority of international tourists in Romania from Europe. Since 2000, about 95% of the visitors to this area every year. In addition to these, more and more - 75% based on 2004 data - to tourists from five countries bordering with Romania: Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.

Third, the evaluation of tourism service trade competitivenessresearch methods

As tourism service trade and international competitiveness assessment methods, the basic approach is taken in this study based on one to improve the competitiveness of the tourism

economy is able to improve the economic basis of the idea of the scale of certain travel services exports. Similarly, the decline in the competitiveness of the economy, a country to increase its scale of travel services imported from other countries. Competitiveness of countries (or departments), large or small display of the nature and extent of participation in the country - through its exports - imports conducted market analysis, that a country with other countries to increase imports from the country to improve its competitiveness (Mander, 1991).

In addition, a country in the process of insertion in the international economy is not only related to the progress of its exports, but also related to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from the de la Guardia, Moleiro, and Guevara Fernandez (de la Guardia, etc., 2004) introduced the dynamic nature of the market, and through their implementation of the ex-post evaluation of service competitiveness by providing a level of competitiveness in international trade and the change in the degree of specialization in production as a descriptive reference.

Commercial advantage through the evolution of tourism exports show - this reflects the improvement of the competitiveness and reform through tourism imports, reflecting the deteriorating commercial advantage.

Based on the above, changes in international tourism service trade competitiveness is measured by analyzing the different variables:

The first variable is the market share or to participate in the market, and measuring the market share of a country or the country's tourism sector;

The second variable is the analysis of the country's export structure. This variable reflects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the country's total exports;

Finally, through the import structure of the market, the tourism sector is the driving force in the import market analysis can determine.

The combination of these two variables, the tourism industry as a service export sector as operative, missed opportunities, decline and retreat, equivalent to the previously mentioned significance.

(B) the results

1. Indicators

The evolution of the market share that the penetrating power of tourism as a service export sector of each country in the international economy.

The data shows that, during the analysis, the EU-25 economies is a major travel service provider in the world, because their overall accounted for 45% of the world tourism exports provide.

From the point of view of the individual countries, the quota increase of travel services in the world market economy, according to the orderly, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg.

During the analysis, the majority of countries in the process they enter the currency through the export of tourism services slight loss. Reflects this trend, countries are Poland, Estonia, Germany, the United Kingdom.

2. Tourism competitiveness matrix

Because it has been shown that a national tourism service competitiveness assessment procedures, including the first simultaneous analysis of the market share held by a country on the export of tourism services tourism service trade (exports) and the whole world changes.

The results of this analysis are reflected in Table 12.2, which has decided to countries based on these criteria detection.

Second tourism competitive evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the behavior of the export structure of the economy as a whole and the national trade structure changes, especially in the tourism trade in services (see Table 12.3).

The third and most complex tourism competitiveness evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the path of the commercial specialization behavior of its economy and the international trade performance (see Table 12.4).

In turn, the degree of specialization and international trade of a country's commercial development in the same direction or the opposite direction. Therefore, the tourism industry as a country's export sector specialization can win or lose weight, and at the same time, expand or reduce the scale of travel services in international trade.

Fourth, the Conclusion: Romania in the European tourism market competitive position

When the import growth of world tourism (20%), the EU's 25 countries are losing market share (market share growth rate of -0.68%), Romania is also (-4.65% market share growth rate). Romania serious decline in market share in the EU-25 market (-20.86% market share growth), which compared to the world is a fact, despite the European tourism growth in imports, but

Romania urban market share in the world market. faster than the speed of losing market share in the European market. It is worth mentioning that the new growth is slower than the growth of imports of the World Tourism (6.12% compared with 20%). This may mean that the number of tourists from the EU-25 is higher than the number of tourists from other parts of the world, but the revenue structure is different.

In fact, tourism services in Romania is losing market share, is strengthening and improvement of international tourism services, which allow it to miss the opportunities classification.

The contribution of tourism to world services imports growth (2.31%), but reduced its contribution to the EU-25 exports (0.38%). In Romania, the decrease in the contribution of tourism to export more (6.14%). As for the 25 EU countries, they travel services imports contribution rate of 0.98% (lower than the world level), travel services more severe reduction in the contribution of exports to Romania (27.85%). This indicates that Romania from being reduced travel to the EU-25 exports and reduce the more than tourism exports to the world market share in the context of travel services is increasing.

This result is not the same, because if Romania an important foreign exchange earnings from international the early partial expansion or contraction, that derive the result is not the same.

The loss of the tourism sector, in Romania's export structure reflects the smaller currency entering through these exports, thus affecting the economy's external balance, therefore, the possibility of its economic future growth.

Therefore, this integrated approach led to the conclusion that the the Romania international tourism trade in services, both in the 25 countries of the European Union (a greater extent) or the world is experiencing a decline in market share, in the context of the expansion of international trade in tourism services contribution of exports and the degree of specialization.

Macroeconomic impact from a country to reduce the quota remains in the world market, or the structure of its exports to modify or reduce the degree of specialization is different depending on the international economic departments of their own behavior and this change.

On the macroeconomic side, from the front of the travel services exports to contact and after Lenovo is different, depending on their structure and quality. In other words, the impact on the economy is very different depending on the structure of tourism services exports. Apply to this paper for the study of international competitiveness of the tourism services, the lack of

competitive research, at least from a statistical stance, it seems that is not specific enough or executive power is not enough, and that the quality and structure of the service. When analyzing the competitiveness of the method is very important, but the statistics are complex. For this reason, statistical calculations of competitiveness in terms of quality and not be implemented, can constitute the subject of further study.

Despite the efforts made by the international agencies in order to tourism services sector is just progress than usually provide more extended family and with accurate statistics are necessary. Travel services, lack of information is particularly serious. Shortcomings in this regard so that any studies are difficult, because the department has a pivotal position in the department. More details in this regard are avoided in this reason, in the current paper.

We build a first necessary to contribute to the assessment of the tourism sector in Romania deeper and more complex steps, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the industry and help design a policy map.

Become a full member of the EU to overcome the existing weaknesses of the Romanian tourism service trade competitiveness may have a positive effect. The last couple of years to repeat the above analysis may better reveals the consequences of tourism service trade competitiveness in the EU member.

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例

安娜﹒博比尔克，克瑞斯缇娜﹒克瑞斯瑞图

引言

旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。

自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。

这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。

在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性

国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。

到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。

由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。

因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。

国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。

每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。

贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。

因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济