旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例外文及翻译

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例外文及翻

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毕业论文（设计）

外文翻译

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7>2013年月日

20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。

在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性

国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。

到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的加瑞利，2003 通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力欧洲委员会，2007 。

由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上波特，1990 ，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力”克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993 。

因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996 。

国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。

每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸

易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高科尔德威尔，2000 。

贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。

因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。

一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004 。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。

另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，并改善其出口业绩，以及达到更好的出口业绩。反过来，这可能有利于更多的创新，引起其竞争力的提高。

因此，出口业绩和竞争力不应该被视为孤立的，因为它们是相互依存的。

然而，竞争力不应该只等同于一个国家的出口能力。其中，出口市场份额的演变也是贸易竞争力的重要元素, 而后者仅仅是一个国家的竞争力组成部分由

欧洲里斯本宣言定义为通过提供更多和更高质量的就业，改善和提高其居住生活水平和产生更大的社会凝聚力。个别国家收益或损失的世界市场份额往往被视为他们的贸易竞争力指数。然而，市场份额的增长也取决于结构性因素。由于需求的变化，在一个时期的开始一个国家的地域和行业专业化的一个重要因素是塑造未来的市场份额的增长。同样，国家适应这种出口变化的能力，也会影响最终结果。

二、罗马尼亚国际旅游服务贸易的概述

目前，罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业在早年经济转型时期的负的成绩之后，显示了正回报，并且未来十年的增长前景乐观，远强于欧盟。

罗马尼亚的旅游业对GDP的贡献率为4.8%，在174个旅游密集的国家地区中以及世界上，排第162名。然而，罗马尼亚旅游部门的增长前景在区域和世界上的排名比其邻国和竞争对手更好，即在未来10年里对GDP的贡献率为6.7%和排名为12（世界旅行和旅游发展委员会，2007）。

罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业在2006年对GDP的贡献率为1.9%，2016年将上升到2.5%，而在欧盟，2006年旅行和旅游业对GDP的贡献率为3.9%（世界旅行及旅游发展委员会，2007）。

全球旅行和旅游业就业人数占全球就业人数的8.7%，2006年罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业就业估计为485000人，占总就业人数的5.8%，或每17.4份工作中有一份是旅游方面工作。相比欧洲4.2%的就业总人数（860个就业人数），当前265000份旅行和旅游业工作占总就业的 3.1%（世界旅行和旅游发展委员会，2007）。

在罗马尼亚国际游客绝大多数都来自欧洲。自2000年，约有95％的游客每

年都是这个区域内的。除了这些，越来越多―75%根据2004年的数据―是从与罗马尼亚接壤的五国来的游客：乌克兰，摩尔多瓦，保加利亚，匈牙利，塞尔维亚和黑山。

三、评价旅游服务贸易竞争力的方法

（一）研究方法

作为旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的具体评估方法，在这项研究中采取的基本方法是建立在一个改善旅游竞争力的经济是一个能够提高其一定旅游服务出口规模的经济这个想法基础上的。同样，经济的竞争力下降，是一个国家提高其来自其他国家的旅游服务进口规模。一个国家（或部门）或大或小的竞争力显示了该国参与的性质和程度―通过其出口―进行的进口市场分析，即一个国家利用其它国家从本国增加进口的方法来提高其竞争力（曼德，1991）。

此外，一个国家在插入国际经济的过程中不仅关系到其出口的进展，还关系到其他竞争对手的行为和行动。该模型是改编自德拉瓜迪亚，莫莱罗，和瓦拉德斯（德拉瓜迪亚等，2004）介绍的市场的动态性质，并通过他们工作实施事后评估服务竞争力，通过提供一个在国际贸易中的竞争力水平和专业化程度生产中的变化作为描述性的参考。

商业优势通过旅游出口的演变显露―这反映竞争力的改善，并通过旅游进口的改革，反映了日益恶化的商业优势。

基于上述，国际旅游服务贸易竞争力变化通过分析不同变量进行测量：

第一个变量是市场份额或在市场参与，和测量一个国家或该国旅游部门提供的市场份额；

第二个变量是所分析国家的出口结构。这变量反映了旅游部门在该国出口总

额中的相对重量；

最后，通过市场的进口结构，旅游部门在所分析的进口市场的推动力程度就可以确定了。我们定义这种旅游服务的格局为这种经济撤退活动，除了会失去市场份额，其在国际贸易中的影响力也会下降。

结合这两个变量，旅游业作为服务出口部门可以列为执行、错过机遇，下降和撤退，等价于之前提到的意义。

（二）研究结果

1. 指标

市场份额的演变表明了旅游业作为国际经济中每个国家的服务出口部门的穿透能力。

数据显示，在分析期间，欧盟25国经济体属于世界主要的旅游服务提供商，因为他们整体在世界旅游出口提供中占45%。

总之，由这些国家组成的这个团体稍微减少了旅游服务的全球配额的持有比例（-0.68%的增长率）。

从个别国家的角度来看，在世界市场上其旅游服务配额增加的经济体，按秩序来是波兰、爱沙尼亚、立陶宛、英国、卢森堡。

在分析期间，大多数国家在他们通过旅游服务出口进行货币进入过程中有轻微的损失。反映出这种趋势的国家是波兰、爱沙尼亚、德国、英国。

2．旅游竞争力矩阵

因为它已经表明，一个国家的旅游服务竞争力的第一次评估程序包括同步分析一个国家持有的关于旅游服务出口的市场份额和整个世界旅游服务贸易（出口）发生的变化。

分析的结果反映在表12.2，其中国家根据这些标准检测已经决定了。

第二个旅游竞争力评估过程包括同步分析整体经济出口结构的行为和国家贸易结构发生的变化，尤其是旅游服务贸易（见表12.3）。

第三个也是最复杂的旅游竞争力评估过程包括同步分析其经济的商业专业化行为和整个国际贸易所表现的路径（见表12.4）。

反过来，一个国家的商业专业化程度和国际贸易在同方向或反方向发展。因此，旅游业作为一个国家的出口部门在专业化分工中可以赢得或失去重量，同时，旅游服务在国际贸易中的规模可以扩大或减少。

四、结束语：罗马尼亚在欧洲旅游市场上的竞争地位

当世界旅游业的进口增长时（20%），欧盟25个国家正失去市场份额（-0.68%的市场份额增长率），罗马尼亚也是（-4.65%市场份额增长率）。罗马尼亚在欧盟25国市场上市场份额的严重下降（-20.86%的市场份额增长率），这相比于世界说明了一个事实，尽管欧洲旅游进口增长了，但罗马尼亚在世界市场市区市场份额的速度快于在欧洲市场失去市场份额的速度。值得一提的是，这种新增长比世界旅游进口的增长缓慢（6.12%相比20%）。这可能意味着，虽然来自欧盟25国的游客数量比来自世界其他地区的游客数量要高，但是收入结构却不同。

事实上，罗马尼亚的旅游服务正在失去市场份额，而国际旅游服务的提高正在加强，这允许其错过分类的机遇。

尽管旅游业对世界服务进口的贡献增长了（2.31%），但是其对欧盟25国服务出口的贡献减少了（0.38%）。在罗马尼亚，旅游业对出口的贡献减少的更多（6.14%）。至于欧盟25个国家，他们的旅游服务对进口贡献率为0.98%（比世界水平低），而旅游服务对罗马尼亚出口贡献的减少更为严重（27.85%）。这表明

罗马尼亚来自向欧盟25国的旅游出口正在减少，并且比向世界的旅游出口减少的更多，在这个背景下旅游服务的市场份额正在增加。

这导致的结果是不一样的，因为如果罗马尼亚的一个来自国际活动的重要外汇收入部分早扩张或收缩，那推导出的结果不一样的。

旅游部门的亏损，在罗马尼亚的出口结构中反映出较小的货币通过这些出口进入，从而影响了经济的外部平衡，因此，其经济未来的可能性是增长。

因此，这种综合方法导致的结论是罗马尼亚国际旅游服务贸易，无论是在欧盟25个国家（一个更大的程度上）还是世界上正在经历市场份额的下跌，在国际旅游服务贸易扩大的背景下，对出口和专业化程度都有贡献。

宏观经济影响来自于一个国家减少保持在世界市场上的配额，或者它的出口结构被修改或降低其专业化程度是不同的取决于国际经济自身的行为和发生这种变化的部门。

在宏观经济方面，来自旅游服务出口的前向联系和后向联想是不同的，这取决于他们的结构和质量。换句话说，对经济的影响有很大的不同取决于旅游服务出口的结构。适用于本文用于研究旅游服务国际竞争的方法，缺少了研究竞争力的方法，至少从统计立场上，似乎不够具体或执行力不够，即服务的质量和结构。当分析竞争力时该方法非常的重要，但统计的方法是复杂的。尽管国际机构为了旅游服务部门的只是进步所作的努力，比通常提供的有更多地扩展系列和跟精确的统计是有必要的。旅游服务方面的信息缺乏尤其严重。这方面的缺陷让任何研究都陷入困难，因为这些部门在部门中具有举足轻重的地位。处于这个原因，在目前的论文中避免了更多这方面的细节。

本文构建了第一个也是有必要的有助于对罗马尼亚旅游部门进行评估的更

深层次和更复杂的步骤，并且有助于设计一个政策地图旨在提高行业的竞争力。

成为欧盟的正式成员对克服罗马尼亚旅游服务贸易竞争力现有的弱点可能有积极的作用。这一两年重复上述分析可能将更好的揭示成为欧盟成员后旅游服务贸易竞争力的后果。

标注：本文摘译自2009年旅游经济的进步，第三部分，第189-192页

The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services: Evidence from Romania

Ana Bobirca ，Cristiana Cristureanu

Advances in Tourism Economics 2009, Part 3, 189-192,

Abstract: Tourism is the only service activities that can provide trade opportunities for any level of development of the country. However, it is also a large extent because of the country's capacity and performance in the global economy and also has a clear benefit to the uneven distribution of industry, which they need to improve their competitiveness.

Since the early 1990s, Romania's tourism industry has experienced significant changes in export volume, growth rate and structure. These fluctuations affect the relative competitive position of Romania in the international tourism market and cause changes in the balance of its tourism trade. At the same time, new and more jumbled the European construction, caused a significant change in the regional tourism competitiveness in Romania.

In this context, this paper attempts to propose a framework to focus on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance, and to assess the international competitiveness of the tourist trade in services in Romania.

First, the international competitiveness of international tourism The concept of international competitiveness, although controversial, elusive, but has now been recognized, and all over the world continue to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.

So far, have been taken to improve the international competitiveness of measures have been considered at the economic level Jiarui Li, 2003 usually refers to a country's production of goods and services to meet the test of international markets, while maintaining and to increase the ability of the citizen's income European Commission, 2007 .

Competitiveness ultimately depends on a country's business success in domestic and international markets, the competitive attention focused on enterprise-level competitiveness Porter, 1990 , for this generally understood to refer to "... the company to maintain and better, to expand its global market share to increase and the ability to expand profit " Clark and cover, 1998, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993 .

Therefore, although the widespread international competitiveness as with the theoretical basis of the national economy and international trade

have been less in the academic literature. Therefore, the nature of a country's international competitiveness, efficiency and limitations are still unclear Cole Dwyer, 2000, Krugman, 1994, 1996 . International competitiveness, consolidate and maintain trade advantage trade advantage relative to the rest of the world refers to a country's trade in goods and services.

Whenever a country's economic welfare through increased trade flows, or through the from initial equilibrium terms of trade change and increase international competitiveness will be improved the Cole Dwyer, 2000 . Therefore, the international competitiveness of the definition for an economy to attract its export demand and investment supply demand capabilities and the ability to enhance the living standards of citizens in all social norms. This in turn depends on the macro-and micro-economic policies affect the economic productivity of the production elements and operating costs of the regulations and the system.

A review of the literature and empirical evidence available to support international competitiveness can be explained to a certain extent, this view of a country's ability to export Lok and Wolff, 1993, Ge Boge, etc. . There is, in fact, is a circular relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports is a measure of international competitiveness. The improvement in exports will lead to enhance the competitiveness of a country. This effect is the skills, knowledge,

innovation and use of new technologies and the use of technology can be a successful business opportunity of the results of an enterprise. The other hand, in order to successfully achieve export efforts in the highly competitive global market, a country forced to improve their competitiveness. More powerful country, its economy more competitive. Therefore, it is better able to compete in the global market, in order to attract a higher level of knowledge, skills, level of people to buy the new technology, and improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export performance. Turn, may favor a more innovative, caused by the improvement of their competitiveness.

Competitive, however, should not be only equivalent to a country's ability to export. Where the evolution of the share of the export market is also an important element of the trade competitiveness, while the latter is only part of a country's competitiveness is defined as the Lisbon Declaration by the European through the provision of more and higher quality of employment, to improve and enhance the standard of living in and greater social cohesion. The world market share of the gain or loss of individual countries are often seen as their trade competitiveness index. However, the growth of the market share depends on structural factors. Due to changes in demand in the beginning of a period of a country's geographic and industry specialization is an important factor in shaping the growth of the market share in the future. Similarly, the

state the ability to adapt to changes such export, will also affect the final result.

Second, overview of the international trade in tourism services in Romania

Travel and tourism in Romania in the early years of economic transition period after the negative results, showing a positive return, and the next decade of growth outlook is much stronger than the EU.The Romanian tourism's contribution to GDP was 4.8%, 174 tourism-intensive countries in the world, ranked 162. However, the prospects for the growth of the tourism sector in Romania in the regional and world ranking better than its neighbors and competitors in the next 10 years, the contribution to GDP was 6.7% and ranked 12 World Travel and Tourism Development Committee , 2007 .

Romania travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 1.9%, will rise to 2.5% in 2016, in the EU, the travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 3.9% World Travel and Touri Global travel and tourism industry employment accounted for 8.7% of global employment, Romania's travel and tourism industry employment in 2006 is estimated at 485,000 people, or 5.8% of total employment, or 17.4 parts have a tourism job. Compared employment, 4.2% of total employment in Europe 860 , 3.1% of the current work of total employment of 265,000 copies of the travel and tourism industry World Travel and Tourism Commission, 2007 .sm

Commission, 2007 .

The vast majority of international tourists in Romania from Europe. Since 2000, about 95% of the visitors to this area every year. In addition to these, more and more - 75% based on 2004 data - to tourists from five countries bordering with Romania: Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.

Third, the evaluation of tourism service trade competitivenessresearch methods

As tourism service trade and international competitiveness assessment methods, the basic approach is taken in this study based on one to improve the competitiveness of the tourism economy is able to improve the economic basis of the idea of the scale of certain travel services exports. Similarly, the decline in the competitiveness of the economy, a country to increase its scale of travel services imported from other countries. Competitiveness of countries or departments , large or small display of the nature and extent of participation in the country - through its exports - imports conducted market analysis, that a country with other countries to increase imports from the country to improve its competitiveness Mander, 1991 .

In addition, a country in the process of insertion in the international economy is not only related to the progress of its exports, but also related to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The

model is adapted from the de la Guardia, Moleiro, and Guevara Fernandez de la Guardia, etc., 2004 introduced the dynamic nature of the market, and through their implementation of the ex-post evaluation of service competitiveness by providing a level of competitiveness in international trade and the change in the degree of specialization in production as a descriptive reference.

Commercial advantage through the evolution of tourism exports show - this reflects the improvement of the competitiveness and reform through tourism imports, reflecting the deteriorating commercial advantage.

Based on the above, changes in international tourism service trade competitiveness is measured by analyzing the different variables: The first variable is the market share or to participate in the market, and measuring the market share of a country or the country's tourism sector;

The second variable is the analysis of the country's export structure. This variable reflects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the country's total exports;

Finally, through the import structure of the market, the tourism sector is the driving force in the import market analysis can determine.

The combination of these two variables, the tourism industry as a service export sector as operative, missed opportunities, decline and retreat, equivalent to the previously mentioned significance.

B the results

1. Indicators

The evolution of the market share that the penetrating power of tourism as a service export sector of each country in the international economy.

The data shows that, during the analysis, the EU-25 economies is a major travel service provider in the world, because their overall accounted for 45% of the world tourism exports provide.

From the point of view of the individual countries, the quota increase of travel services in the world market economy, according to the orderly, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg.

During the analysis, the majority of countries in the process they enter the currency through the export of tourism services slight loss. Reflects this trend, countries are Poland, Estonia, Germany, the United Kingdom.

2. Tourism competitiveness matrix

Because it has been shown that a national tourism service competitiveness assessment procedures, including the first simultaneous analysis of the market share held by a country on the export of tourism services tourism service trade exports and the whole world changes.

The results of this analysis are reflected in Table 12.2, which has decided to countries based on these criteria detection.

Second tourism competitive evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the behavior of the export structure of the economy as a whole and the national trade structure changes, especially in the tourism trade in services see Table 12.3 .

The third and most complex tourism competitiveness evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the path of the commercial specialization behavior of its economy and the international trade performance see Table 12.4 .

In turn, the degree of specialization and international trade of a country's commercial development in the same direction or the opposite direction. Therefore, the tourism industry as a country's export sector specialization can win or lose weight, and at the same time, expand or reduce the scale of travel services in international trade.

Fourth, the Conclusion: Romania in the European tourism market competitive position

When the import growth of world tourism 20% , the EU's 25 countries are losing market share market share growth rate of -0.68% , Romania is also -4.65% market share growth rate . Romania serious decline in market share in the EU-25 market -20.86% market share growth , which compared to the world is a fact, despite the European tourism growth in imports, but Romania urban market share in the world market. faster than the speed of losing market share in the European market. It is worth mentioning that

the new growth is slower than the growth of imports of the World Tourism 6.12% compared with 20% . This may mean that the number of tourists from the EU-25 is higher than the number of tourists from other parts of the world, but the revenue structure is different.

In fact, tourism services in Romania is losing market share, is strengthening and improvement of international tourism services, which allow it to miss the opportunities classification.

The contribution of tourism to world services imports growth 2.31% , but reduced its contribution to the EU-25 exports 0.38% . In Romania, the decrease in the contribution of tourism to export more 6.14% . As for the 25 EU countries, they travel services imports contribution rate of 0.98% lower than the world level , travel services more severe reduction in the contribution of exports to Romania 27.85% . This indicates that Romania from being reduced travel to the EU-25 exports and reduce the more than tourism exports to the world market share in the context of travel services is increasing.

This result is not the same, because if Romania an important foreign exchange earnings from international the early partial expansion or contraction, that derive the result is not the same.

The loss of the tourism sector, in Romania's export structure reflects the smaller currency entering through these exports, thus affecting the economy's external balance, therefore, the possibility of its economic

future growth.

Therefore, this integrated approach led to the conclusion that the the Romania international tourism trade in services, both in the 25 countries of the European Union a greater extent or the world is experiencing a decline in market share, in the context of the expansion of international trade in tourism services contribution of exports and the degree of specialization.

Macroeconomic impact from a country to reduce the quota remains in the world market, or the structure of its exports to modify or reduce the degree of specialization is different depending on the international economic departments of their own behavior and this change.

On the macroeconomic side, from the front of the travel services exports to contact and after Lenovo is different, depending on their structure and quality. In other words, the impact on the economy is very different depending on the structure of tourism services exports. Apply to this paper for the study of international competitiveness of the tourism services, the lack of competitive research, at least from a statistical stance, it seems that is not specific enough or executive power is not enough, and that the quality and structure of the service. When analyzing the competitiveness of the method is very important, but the statistics are complex. For this reason, statistical calculations of competitiveness in terms of quality and not be implemented, can constitute

the subject of further study.

Despite the efforts made by the international agencies in order to tourism services sector is just progress than usually provide more extended family and with accurate statistics are necessary. Travel services, lack of information is particularly serious. Shortcomings in this regard so that any studies are difficult, because the department has a pivotal position in the department. More details in this regard are avoided in this reason, in the current paper.

We build a first necessary to contribute to the assessment of the tourism sector in Romania deeper and more complex steps, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the industry and help design a policy map.

Become a full member of the EU to overcome the existing weaknesses of the Romanian tourism service trade competitiveness may have a positive effect. The last couple of years to repeat the above analysis may better reveals the consequences of tourism service trade competitiveness in the EU member.

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2013年0月日

中原工学院信息商务学院外文翻译

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