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2019年高考英语总复习十五大专题复习讲义(超强)
2019年高考英语总复习十五大专题复习讲义(超强)

2019年高考英语总复习十五大专题复习讲义

语法复习专题一——名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

(1)规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy —boys, pen —pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass —glasses,box—boxes, watch —watches, brush —brushes。

特例:stomach —stomaches。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如:

baby —babies, lady —ladies, fly —flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如:radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。如:wife —wives, life —lives, knife —knives, wolf—wolves, self —selves, leaf —leaves 等。特例:handkerchief—handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief —chiefs, gulf —gulfs, belief —beliefs, cliff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如:man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet,

woman —women, tooth —teeth, goose —geese, ox —oxen。特例:child —children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair —armchairs,

bookcase —bookcases, bookstore —book-

stores。(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor —men doctors, woman driver —women dri-

vers。(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:brother-in-law —brothers-in-law, passer-by —passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero —zeros 、zeroes, deer —

deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。

(2)不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,

Japanese, sheep, works(工厂),cattle。

②合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend —boy-friends, go-between—go-betweens(中间人),grown-up —grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods

货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes灰尘, campasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。

2、不可数名词的数

(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:

抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词)

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?

It is waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:

①物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee 一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料,three drinks 三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。

②物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow.

have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

(3)有复数形式的不可数名词

①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:

Use your brains, please.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?

Many thanks for your kindness.

No pains, no gains.

After many failures, they finally succeeded.

②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:

The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.

The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.

3.名词所有格

(1)“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有:

①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后,如:today’s

newspaper, five minutes’ walk(drive),five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the earth’s planet, the word’s

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