机械类英文翻译资料全
机械类英文翻译资料
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From Peter Smid,CNC Programming Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Practical CNC Programming, Second Edition, Industrial Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, 2003.
CHAPTER 6: PROGRAMMING PLANNING
The development of any CNC program begins with a very carefully planned process. Such a process starts with the engineering drawing of the required part. Before the part is machined, several steps have to considered and carefully evaluated. The more effort is put into the planning stage of the program, the better results may be expected at the end.
STEPS IN PROGRAM PLANNING
The steps required in program planning are decided by the nature of the work. There is no formula for all the jobs, but some basic steps should be considered:
* Initial information / Machine tools features
* Part complexity
* Manual programming / computerized programming
* Typical programming procedure
* Part drawing / Engineering data
* Methods sheet / Materials specifications
* Machining sequence
* Tooling selection
* Part setup
* Technological decisions
* Work sketch and calculations
* Quality considerations in CNC programming
The steps in the list are suggestions only a guideline. They are quite flexible and should always be adapted for each job and to the specific conditions of the work.
INITIAL INFORMATION
Most drawings define only the shape and size of the completed part and normally do not specify data about the initial blank material. For programming, a good knowledge of the material is an essential start - mainly in terms of its size, type, shape, condition, hardness, etc. The drawing and material data are the primary information about the part. At this point, CNC program can be planned. The objective of such a plan is to use the initial information and establish the most efficient method of machining, with all related consideration – mainly part accuracy, productivity, safety and convenience.
The initial part information is not limited to the drawing and the material data, it also includes conditions not covered in the drawing, such as pro- and post- machining, grinding allowances, assembly features, requirements for hardening, next machine setup, and others. Collecting all this information provides enough material to start planning the CNC program.
MACHINE TOOLS FEATURES
No amount of initial information is useful if the CNC machine is not suitable for the job. During program planning, programmer concentrates on a particular machine tool, using a particular CNC system. Each part has to be setup in a fixture, the CNC machine has to be large enough to handle the size of the part, the part should not be heavier than the maximum weight allowed. The control system must be capable to provide the needed tool path, and so on. In the most cases, the CNC equipment is already available in the shop. Very few companies go and buy a new CNC machine just to suit a particular job. Such cases are rather rare and happen on if they make economic sense.
* Machine Type and Size
The most important considerations in program planning are the type and the size of the CNC machine, particularly its work space or work area. Other features, equally important, are the machine power rating, spindle speed and feed rate range, number of tool stations, tool changing system, available accessories, etc. Typically, small CNC machines have higher spindle speeds and lower power rating, large machines have lower spindle speeds available, but their power rating is higher.
* Control System
The control system is the heart of a CNC machine. Being familiar with all the standard and optional features available on the control is a must. This knowledge allows the use of a variety of advanced programming methods, such as the machining cycles, subprograms, macros and other timesaving features of a modern CNC system.
A programmer does not have to physically run a CNC machine. Yet, the programs will become better and more creative with good understanding of the machine and its control system. Program development reflects programmer’s knowledge of the CNC machine operation.
One of the main concerns in program planning should be the operator’s perception of the program. To a large degree, such a perception is quite subjective, in the sense that different operators will express their personal
preferences. On the other hand, every operator appreciates an err-free, concise, well-documented and professionally prepared part program, consistently and one after another. A poorly designed program is disliked by any operator, regardless of personal preferences.
PART COMPLEXITY
At the time the drawing, material and the available CNC equipment are evaluated, the complexity of the programming task becomes much clearer. How difficult is to program the part manually? What are the capabilities of the machines? What are the costs? Many questions have to be answered before starting the program.
Simple programming jobs may be assigned to a less experienced programmer of the CNC operator. It makes sense from the management perspective and it is also a good way to gain experience.
Difficult or complex jobs will benefit from a computerized programming system. Technologies such as Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) have been a strong part of the manufacturing process for many years. The cost of a CAD/CAM system is only a fraction of what it used to be only a few years ago. Even small shops now find that the benefits offered by modern technology are too significant to be ignored. Several programming systems are available various computers and can handle any job. For a typical machine shop, a Windows based programming software can be very beneficial. A typical example of this kind of application is the very popular and powerful MasterCAM, form CNC Software, Inc. Tolland. CT. There are several others.
MANUAL PROGRAMMING
Manual programming (without a computer) has the most common method of preparing a part program for many years. The latest CNC controls make manual programming much easier than ever before by using fixed or repetitive machining cycles, variable type programming, graphic tool motion simulation, standard mathematical input and other timesaving features. In manual programming, all calculations are done by hand –with the aid of a pocket calculator –no computer programming is used. Programmed data can be transferred to the CNC machine via a cable, using an inexpensive desktop or a laptop computer. This process is faster and more reliable than other methods. Short programs can also be entered manually, by keyboard entry, directly at the machine. A punched tape used to be the popular media of the past but has virtually disappeared from machine shops.
* Disadvantages
There are some disadvantages associated with manual programming. Perhaps the most common is the length of time required to actually develop a fully functioning CNC program. The manual calculation, verification and other related activities in manual programming are very time consuming. Other disadvantages, also very high on the list, are a large percentage of errors, a lack of tool path verification, the difficulty is making changes to a program, and
many others.
* Advantages
On the positive side, manual part programming does have quite a few unmatched qualities. Manual programming is so intense that it requires the total involvement of the CNC programmer and yet offers virtually unlimited freedom in the development of the program structure. Programming manually does have some disadvantages, but it teaches a tight discipline and organization in program development. It forces the programmer to understand programming techniques to the last detail. In fact, many useful skill learned in manual programming are directly applied to CAD/CAM programming. Programmer has to know what is happening at all times and why it is happening. Very important is the in-depth understanding of every detail during the program development.
Contrary to many beliefs, a thorough knowledge of manual programming methods is absolutely essential for efficient management of CAD/CAM programming.
CAD/CAM AND CNC
The need for important improved efficiency and accuracy in CNC programming has been the major reason for development of a variety of methods that use a computer to prepare part programs. Computer assisted CNC programming has been around for many years. First, in the form of language based programming, such as APT?or Compact Ⅱ?. Since the late 1970’s, CAD/CAM has played a significant role by adding the visual aspect to the programming process. The acronym CAD/CAM means Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing. The first three letters (CAD) cover the area of engineering design and drafting. The second three letters (CAM), covers the area of computerize manufacturing, where CNC programming is only a small part. The whole subject of CAD/CAM covers much more than just design, drafting and programming. It is a part of modern technology also known as CIM –Computer Integrated Manufacturing.
In the area of numerical control, computers have played a major role for a long time. Machine controls have become more sophisticated, incorporating the latest techniques of data processing, storage, tool path graphics, machining cycles, etc. Programs can now be prepared with the use of inexpensive computers, using graphical interface. Cost is no longer an issue; even small machine shops can afford a programming system in house. These systems are also popular because of their flexibility. A typical computerized programming system does not have to be dedicated only to programming – all related tasks, often done by the programmer, can be implemented on the same computer, for example, cutting tool inventory management, database of part programs, material information sheet, setup sheets and tooling sheets, etc. The same computer could also be used for uploading and downloading CNC programs.
* Integration
The keyword in the acronym CIM is – integration. It means putting all the elements of manufacturing together and work with them as a single unit and
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Foundation of PLC 1. The central processing unit Although referred to as the brain of the system, the Central Processing Unit in a normal installation is the unsung hero, buried in a control cabinet, all but forgotten. 2. Basic Functionality In a programmable controller system, the central processing unit(CPU) provides both the heart and the brain required for successful and timely control execution. It rapidly and efficiently scans all of the system inputs, examines and solves the application logic, and updates all of the system outputs. In addition, it also gives itself a checkup each scan to ensure that its structure is still intact. In this chapter we will examine the central processing unit as it relates to the entire system. Included will be the various functional blocks in the CPU, typical scan techniques, I/O interface and memory users, power supplies, and system diagnostics. 3. Typical Function Block Interactions In practice, the central processing unit can vary in its architecture, but consists of the basic building block structure illustrated in Fig.1.1.The processing section consists of one or more microprocessors and their associated circuitry. While it is true that some of the luxury of using microprocessors, most modern systems use either a single microprocessors such as the AMD 2903, usedin a bit slice architecture. This multiple microprocessor system to break the control system tasks into many small components which can be executed in parallel. The result of this approach is to achieve execution speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than their single-tasking counterparts. In addition to efficiently processing direct I/O control information and being programmable, the real advantage that microprocessor-based system have over their hardwired relay counterparts is the ability to acquire and manipulate numerical data easily. It is this attribute that makes programmable controllers the powerhouses that they are today in solving tough factory automation problems. The factory of tomorrow will run efficiently only if quality information about process needs and status of the process equipment are known on a realtimes basis. This can and will come about only if the unit level controllers, including programmable controllers, are empowered with the ability to collect, analyze, concentrate, and deliver data about the process. As the
机械专业英语(章跃版)课后英汉翻译
第一章：应力与应变 1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. 研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。 2.For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing. 例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。 3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force. 力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。 4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis. 所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。 5.The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the
电气专业术语中英对照
一．电气名词Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits) 三．设备Equipments 四．保护、继电器Protection , relays 五．电气仪表Electric instruments 六．防雷Lightning protection 七．接地Grounding , earthing 八．室、所Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备Equipments of electric repair 十．材料Material 十一．图名Drawings , diagrams 十二．表头Tables 十三．标准图词汇Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词Electric items 交（直）流Alternating (direct) current 短路电流Short-circuit current 起始次暂态短路电流Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流Impulse current 稳态短路电流Steady state short-circuit current 临界电流Critical current 切断电流Rupturing current 熔断电流Blow-out current 故障电流Fault current 计算电流Calculating current 极限有限电流Limit effective current 过电流Over current 逆电流Inverse current 整定电流Setting current 额定电流Rated current 电流密度Current density 短路电流最大有效值Maximum effective value of short-circuit current 高压High-voltage , High-tension 低压Low-voltage , Low-tension 计算电压Calculating voltage 激磁电压Exciting voltage 冲击电压Impulse voltage 临界电压Critical voltage
机械术语英文翻译
机械术语英文翻译 阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm 安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load 凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench 板簧flat leaf spring 半圆键woodruff key 变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar 摆动从动件oscillating follower 摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile 摆线运动规律cycloidal motion 摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact 保持架cage背对背安装丨back-to-back arrangement 背锥back cone ；normal cone 背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale 热容specific heat capacity 闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism 臂部arm 变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change 变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient 标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear 表面质量系数superficial mass factor 表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness 并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism 并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering 并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance 不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance 不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator 波数number of waves补偿compensation 参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress 操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel 槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate 槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash 差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism 差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor 承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting 尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space 齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash 齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle 齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle 齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch 齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile 齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear 齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack 齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter 齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank 齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling 齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number 齿数比gear ratio齿条rack 齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain 齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism 插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points 重合度contact ratio冲床punch
机械工程专业英语翻译合集
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
电气工程专业英语翻译
实用资料：电气工程专业课(电力类)翻译参考 专业外语：Professional English 电路（上） electrical circuit (I) 电路（下） electrical circuit (II) 金工实习 machinery practice 电机（上） electrical machinery (I) 电工实验与测试 electrical experiment & test 电子综合实践 integrated electronic practice 信号与系统 signal & system 电子技术基础（模拟） fundamentals of electronic (analog) 电磁场electromagnetic field 电子技术实验 electronic experiment(I) 电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(I) 发电厂动力工程基础 Heat power engineering in generating plant 企业管理 enterprise management 电气主系统electrical system principle 电力系统稳态/暂态分析 Steady-State/ Transient-State Analysis of Power System 电力系统继电保护 Power System Relaying Protection 电力系统潮流计算机分析：Computer Analysis of Power Flow 数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique 微机原理 microcomputer principle 电子技术基础（数字） fundamentals of electronic (digital) 自动控制 automatic control theory 电力系统分析 electric power system analysis 电子技术基础实验electronic experiment(II) 电气主系统课程设计 electrical system principle-course design 电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(II) 通信与计算机网络 communication & computer networks 电力系统继电保护 electric power system relaying 电力系统继电保护 Power System Protective Relaying 电力系统远动技术electric power system remote protocol 生产实习productive practice Technology 继电保护课程设计 electric power system relaying-course design 电力电子技术 power electronics 电力电子技术基础：Fundamentals of Electronics Power Technology 电力电子课程设计 Power electronics course design 电力系统自动控制 electric power system control & automation 高电压技术 High voltage engineering Technology 变电站自动化 substation automation 电力经济 electric power system economics 电能质量控制 electric power quality control 配电网自动化 distribution system automation 电力系统新技术 new techniques on electric power system