外文文献翻译_封面格式及要求模版
毕业论文外文文献翻译
年级专业：
2011级国际经济与贸易
姓 名：学 号：附 件：
Challenges and Opportunities
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1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；
2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文结束；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码重新从正文开始到结束，中英文两部分之间用分页符隔开。也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）
【Abstract 】Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth
exchange earner compared to all Australia's
food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy products.Australia is its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current cconomic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian markets.The export support schcme in Australia of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run,resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also bc competitivc on the domestic market.There is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy products.Australia will also bcnefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove non-tariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriatc measures to increase the milk yield per ww, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and rescarch in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and othcr potential markets such as Middle East,Africa, Europe and the Americas.
【Keywords】Australia, Dairy Milk
（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）
I. DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA
Dairy manufacturing is one of Australia's leading dairy industries.In terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry ranks fourth (after meat, wheat and sugar) compared to all Australia's food exports(ADIC, 1996). The real gross value of production was estimated atA$1.7 billion in 1997, accounting for about 66 per cent of the combined value of market and manufacturing milk at the farm gate. The total real value of Australian exports of dairy products was about $A1.3 billion in 1996, and represented about 8 per cent of total farm exports. Likewise, Australia's dairy exports contributed about 2 per cent to total Australian exports in 1995-96 (Doucouliagos,1997). However, Australia world price as its share accounted for about 13 per cent of world trade in 1996.
Manufacturing milk is produced in all states in Australia, and there are significant regional differences in the production of dairying due to climatic and natural resources that are favorable to dairying to be produced based on year round pasture grazing (NSWA, 1996-97). In 1997, national milk production was estimated at 9 billion litres, and New South Wales is second behind Victoria, accounting for 13 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively of the nation's annual milk production(ABARE, 1997). Total milk production increased at an average of about 4.7 per cent between 1988 and 1997. About 7.1 billion litres of milk were used for manufacturing purposes, accounting for about 79 per cent of the total milk production. Victoria accounts for 79 per cent,Tasmania 6 per cent, and NSW 5 per cent of the total dairy products produced in the country (ADC,1997).
The production of dairy products recorded an average increase of 8.8 per cent between 1988 and 1997. However, Australian exports of dairy products as a proportion of total production increased on average by 0.4 per cent over the same period. This was due to world surplus production of dairy products as a result of domestic industry support by some of the world's largest producers (EU and USA). Subsidised exports of dairy products account for about 50 per cent of globally traded dairy products, and this lowers international market prices of dairy products (ADIC, 1997). Australian production of dairy products accounted for about 4 per cent of total world production, and about 13 per cent of total world export sales . Thus, price taker countries such as Australia are adversely affected by the exportable surpluses of dairy products directed to world markets by major exporting countries.
The expansion of milk production in Australia increase in the number of dairy cows. The number of daq cows increased from 1,714,000 1988 to 2,046,000 1997, an average increase of about 1.9 per cent. The milk yield per cow also recorded an average increase of about 2 per cent over the same period.However, the milk yield per cow declined by about 5 per cent in 1997 compared to 1996. This is attributed to drought and other adverse weather conditions experienced by many dairy-producing regions.
Australia's dairy products industry and exports since the country is well endowed with natural resources necessary to increase dairy production.It also based on year round pasture production. In addition, Australia's dairy farms are family owned and operated, and . Thus, Australia is considered as one of the efficient, low cost milk producing countries (ADC,1997). The country markets, which are the major importers of Australian dairy products.The domestic production capacity and the exports of dairy products are positively related. Accordingly,the volume of exports could be increased through the expansion of manufacturing milk production by increasing the number of dairy effort to undertake marketing promotion and research to capture sizeable market shares in the potential and emerging markets.A study carried out by ABARE in Australia will increase by about 3 per cent a year to the 1999-2000 fiscal year.This attributed mainly to the estimated increase in the number of dairy must be available so that buyers and sellers are aware of the production and pricing arrangements (Kidane and Gunawardana,Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 00:35 10 June 2013 1997, p. 37). Thus, producers and consumers would perform their functions efficiently, and prices and quality of dairy products will be competitive. To assist in meeting these market criteria, the government Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Products Federation Inc. (ADPF), Australia Dairy Farmers' Federation Ltd. (ADFF), Market Milk Federation of Australia Inc. (MMFA),Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC) and Dairy Research Development Corporation (DRDC). These organisations are expected among other things to disseminate market information and coordinate production and market activities. For example, some of the major objectives of the ADC are to improve the domestic market for dairy pioducts; to provide technical and product advice to emerging markets; to undertake a range of export promotion activities in overseas markets;and international promotion focused on growing Asian markets such as Japan, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. (ADIC,1996). The farm gate pricing and domestic milk support
schemes are discussed below.
(i)Farm Gate Pricing
The government does not manufacturing products. The manufacturing milk prices are based on both milk fat and protein, and payment to farmers by processors also depends on the quality, volumes and seasonal incentives. High prices are offered to farmers by factories to encourage them to maintain production during the dry period.
Most manufacturers offer different prices as their profits are affected by factors such as product mix, marketing strategies and processing efficiencies (NSWA, 1996-97). Consequently, farm gate prices paid for manufacturing milk are lower than the prices paid for market milk . (ii)Domestic Milk Support Scheme
Prior to July 1, 1995, the marketing of manufactured dairy products were funded by a levy on all Australian milk production under the Market Support Scheme (Crean Plan). The scheme raised domestic farm gate prices for manufacturing milk above international prices by about 2 cents a litre. However, following the Uruguay Round agreement on manufactured dairy products, Australia introduced a scheme known as 'Domestic Market Support Scheme (DMS)' on July 1, 1995. The new scheme that is administered by the Australian Dairy Corporation imposes compulsory levies both on market milk and manufacturing milk for sales on the domestic market. In 1997-98, the rates of these levies were about 1.9 and 3.8 cents per litre,respectively (ADC, 1997). The funds raised by these levies are targeted to make domestic support payment to farmers who produce manufacturing milk. This scheme provides incentives to farmers to increase production of milk used in dairy products for export markets. However,this extended market arrangement will cease at the end of June 2000,and like many other industries, the dairy industry will receive Commonwealth assistance estimated at 5 per cent in tariff terms after June 2000. In 199596, this implicit export subsidy increased gross returns on manufacturing milk by about 7 per cent (Industry Commission, 1997). This the production of dairying.
However, it is predicted that the removal of this export support will reduce milk production by 6 per cent and the volume of exports by 20 per cent as producers will concentrate on the domestic markets. This will the long run. Consequently, this is likely to reduce production of manufactured dairy products for export markets with effect from the end of June 2000. However, given the available resources necessary to increase the volume of production, with efficient use
of resources without government intervention and export promotion undertaken by ADC and DRDC, Australian dairy producers will still both export and domestic markets. Optimal allocation of resources is also likely to increase dairy production, while domestic prices will decline, as the exportable surplus will be directed to domestic markets (ABARE, 1991a).
III.AUSTRALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS EXPORTS AND CHALLENGING ISSUES In Australia, milk production is subject to seasonal influences, but production and exports of dairy products average increase of about 8.8 per cent and 12.9 per cent between 1988 and 1997. The export price, which includes export freight,insurance, export commission and incentive for producers to direct a large percentage of their dairy products to export markets and Australian dairy products to be less competitive on domestic markets.
Australia is considered as a relatively non-subsidized exporter compared to EU and the USA, and Australia the Uruguay Round Outcome (GAW, the agreement (reduction in export subsidies and use of tariffs as trade barriers)is being implemented over a five year period with effect from 1995.However, the short run effect from the termination of the domestic support scheme and the limited access that Australia will the exports of Australian dairy products.
Cheese, skim milk powder and whole milk powder are the major components of exports of Australian dairy products and account for 22, 33 and 17 per cent of the total exports. Australian exports of dairy products in 1997. However, Australia still ,which can be achieved by improved feed, breeding and farm management practices. But Australia will Asia, Middle East, Africa and the Americas.
In 1997, major importers of Australian dairy products (mainly skim milk powder, cheese and whole milk powder) were Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore, and their market shares accounted for about 41 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products. Japan and the Philippines are the major importers of Australian cheese and skim milk powder, respectively. In 1997, Japan's imports of cheese accounted for about 47 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese, and the Philippines's imports of skim milk powder accounted for about 34.4 per cent of ~ustralia's total exports of skim milk powder (ABARE, 1997). The total volume of exports and total real value of dairy products 1997 compared to 1996. The world dairy production also increased by about 2 per cent over the same period. This partly affected the Australian export prices and the increase in the value of exports is substantially lower compared
to the volume of exports .
Asia is the leading export market for Australian dairy products.However, it is anticipated that there are considerable sales on export markets in the region. Most of the Asian nations are experiencing slow economic growth due to the recent financial crisis and political instability in some parts of the region.
Australia imports dairy products (mainly cheese) to meet the increasing domestic consumption as most of the country's dairy products are exported due to the relative attractiveness of exporting to domestic sales.The total domestic consumption of dairy products fluctuated throughout the 1990s but an upward trend in recent years. Thus, the volume of dairy products sales on the domestic market average by about 2 per cent between 1988 and 1997. Similarly, the consumption per person of dairy products fluctuating since 1989 but average by 2.9 per cent over the same period.
Imports of dairy products increased on average by about 7.2 per cent, and exports of the same product recorded an average increase of about 12.8 per cent, between 1988 and 1997.Prices of imported dairy products are relatively lower compared with the prices of domestically processed dairy products. Imports of dairy products at lower prices processed dairy products less competitive on domestic markets. New Zealand is the major supplier of cheese to Australia. The closer Economic Relations agreement between New Zealand and Australia of dairy products (ABARE, 1991b). Australia's production costs are similar to those in NZ, but dairy products imported from NZ are relatively cheaper compared to Australia's dairy products sold on domestic markets. Limited domestic market capacity and the inaccessibility of other overseas markets for NZ's exportable excess production, are some of the factors that made NZ's dairy products relatively cheaper on the Australian domestic market.
Ⅳ.EXPORT MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTXALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS In 1997, Australian total real export value of dairy products was estimated at $1.3 billion and recorded an increase of about 3.5 per cent compared with 1996 . Australian exports of dairy products to S.E. Asia and other Asian countries accounted for about 44 and 25 per cent of their total imports of dairy products, respectively and about 69 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1996. Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand and Taiwan are the major importers of Australia's dairy products, and their imports account for about 55 per cent of
Australia's total exports (ABARE, 1997).
Japan, which is considered the number one Asian per capita consumer of dairy products, is the largest importer of dairy products in the Asian region. It is also the largest market for Australian dairy products and the major export market especially for Australian cheese. In 1996, its total imports of dairy products were estimated at 185.3 thousands tonnes, and about 48 per cent of its total imports was purchased from Australia .
Cheese accounted for about 22 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1997, and exports to Japan accounted for about 48 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese (ABARE, 1997). Under the Uruguay Round agreement on dairy products trade, Japan is committed to purchase a minimum of about 137,202 tonnes of dairy products.This provides greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in the Japanese market. This is based on the assumption that Japan would take action to reduce any existing trade barriers under the proposed Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) free trade agreement and the Uruguay (GATT) commitment.
The bulk of Australia's dairy products are exported to the Asian countries, mainly due to Australia's geographical proximity to the region. The lower transportation costs Australia competitive advantage over other exporting countries. However, as a result of the recent financial crisis and political instability in some of the Asian countries, their economic growth is slowing down. Australia will need to give priority to export development to emerging markets in which it the markets in Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Europe, Russia, and the Pacific. The imports of dairy products of these countries accounted for about 12, 24, 11, 8 and 3 per cent of total world exports, respectively in 1996. Australia's exports of dairy products to these countries account for about 0.6, 0.9, 0.9, 0.6, 0.1 and 0.1 per cent of total world exp&, respectively during the same period.imports are also estimated at 20 per cent of the total consumption requirements. The preferential tariff agreement between China and Australia will remove the trade barriers for Australian dairy products exports to China (ADIC, 1996).
Australia's exports to China accounted for about 5 per cent of China's total dairy products imports in 1996. There is also a scope for greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in S. Korea. It is estimated that per capita consumption of dairy products will rise from 45 kg in 1991-92 to more than 63 kg in 2000 (ADIC, 1996). The country is expected to liberalise
its trade barriers under the Uruguay Round arrangement. Australia's exports of dairy products to S. Korea account for about 0.02 per cent of Australia's total exports and 0.16 per cent of S. Korea's total imports . The geographical proximity and quality of Australian dairy products will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters to the Chinese and S. Korean markets.
Australian exports of dairy products to Europe mainly consist of cheese, and the Australian exports account for 5 per cent of Europe'stotal imports of cheese. However, after the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement, Australia's exports to Europe increased at an average of over 30 per cent between 1995 and 1997 (ABARE,1997). Australia the EU member countries as the annual global EU quotas are increasing by 83,175 tonnes for cheese and curd, 67,933 for SMP and 10,000 tonnes for butter (ADC, 1997). Likewise, the USA terms of quality and volume to increase its market share in the USA market.
【摘要】对于澳大利亚的出口收入，奶制品出口变得越来越重要。这个行业在澳大利亚的食品出口外汇中占第四位。然而，奶制品占澳大利亚出口的约67％，总的澳大利亚生产的奶制品，占世界总出口量的奶制品约13％。澳大利亚奶制品出口的约68％销往亚洲市场。本文的目的是检查澳大利亚奶制品出口在世界市场上的具有挑战性的问题和机会，并找出澳洲乳制品潜力和新兴出口市场。澳大利亚被严格限制其进入世界奶制品市场的影响出口补贴和其他贸易壁垒的海外市场。当前的经济危机和政治危机，在亚洲也是不利于维护一些亚洲市场。出口支持计划，在澳大利亚取得了出口相对吸引国内销售的出口销售。但预计该计划终止后，2000年6月，将减少生产和出口6和20％，分别在短期内。然而，从长远来看，资源将被有效地使用没有政府干预的情况下，澳大利亚的奶制品也将是竞争力上国内市场.这在新兴市场是一个更大的市场机会，在亚洲和世界其他地区的范围澳洲乳制品.澳大利亚也将受益于国际贸易，引导出口国减少出口补贴和消除非关税贸易壁垒对出口奶制品协议。澳大利亚应该采取适当的措施，加大湿重的产奶量，提高乳制品质量，并确定需要进行市场的推广和彭世寿，程星为了增加奶制品出口量在世界市场上，尤其是在亚洲和其他潜在市场如中东，非洲，欧洲和美洲。（将上面英文摘要翻译出来）
【关键词】澳大利亚，牛奶（将上面英文关键词翻译出来）
摘要与关键词：本页内容单独一页，用小四号宋体字，1.5倍行距
(注:以下为英文文献翻译正文内容，具体标题以原文为准，全文字体和论文的格式一样，行间距为1.5倍，字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致，如下:)
一、澳大利亚的乳制工业（中文每段开头空两个字符，段前段后0行）
乳制品制造业是澳大利亚领先的乳品行业.澳大利亚的所有食品出口（ADIC，1996年）是条款的外汇收入之一，在行业中排名第四（肉类，小麦和糖后）。真正的生产总值在1997年估计为17亿美元，占约66％的市场和生产的牛奶在农场门口的总价值。澳大利亚奶制品出口的真正价值总额是1996年的约1.3亿美元，占农产品出口总额的8％左右。同样，澳大利亚的乳品出口贡献了约2％，在1995-96年度澳大利亚出口总额（1997）。然而，澳大利亚对世界价格的影响不大，其份额在1996年占世界贸易的13％左右。
在澳大利亚所有州制造的牛奶生产，并有显着的区域差异，在乳业生产的，由于气候和自然资源，有利于乳业生产的基础上，全年草场放牧（NSWA1996-97）。在1997年，全国牛奶产量估计为900十亿升，新南威尔士州是仅次于维多利亚，占13％和62％，分别占全国的牛奶年产量（ABARE，1997）。牛奶总产量的增加，平均约4.7％，1988年和1997年之间。大约7.1亿升牛奶被用于制造用途，占牛奶总产量的79％左右。维多利亚占79％，塔斯马尼亚6％，和新南威尔士州5％，在国内生产总奶制品（ADC，1997）。
奶制品的生产录得1988年和1997年间的平均增幅为8.8％。然而，澳大利亚奶制品出口占总产量的比例平均增加0.4％，较上年同期。这是因为由于国内产业支持一些世界上最大的生产商（欧盟和美国）世界公积生产乳制品。资助的奶制品出口占约50％的全球贸易奶制品，这降低了国际市场价格的奶制品（ADIC，1997年）。澳大利亚生产的奶制品占世界总产量的4％左右，占世界总出口销售额的13％左右。因此，价格的接受者，澳大利亚等国受到不利影响的奶制品主要出口国向世界市场出口盈余。
乳牛的数量增加来自澳大利亚牛奶产量的扩张。从1,714,000头的DAQ奶牛数量增加在1997年，平均增加约1.9％，在1988年至2,046,000头。每头奶牛的产奶量记录平均增幅较上年增加约2％.但是，每头奶牛的产奶量与1997年至1996年相比下降约5％，这是由于干旱和其他恶劣天气条件下所经历的许多乳品产区。
澳大利亚的奶制品行业有可能增加其生产和出口量，因为该国拥有丰富的自然资源必要增加乳制制品.该国气候适宜，有利于根据一年四季牧草生产的乳品生产。此外，澳大利亚的奶牛场是家庭拥有和经营，并雇佣出工不出力的生产成本较高的百分比。因此，澳大利亚被认为为一体的高效率，低成本的牛奶生产国（ADC，1997）。该国也有区位优势，有进入亚洲市场，这是澳洲乳品产品国内生产能力和奶制品的出口是正相关的主要进口国。因此，出口量可以通过增加牛奶生产制造的扩张，通过增加奶牛存栏数和每头奶牛的产奶量，澳大利亚作出努力，开展市场推广和研究，来获得可观的市场份额的潜力和新兴
市场.开展学习ABARE预计澳大利亚牛奶产量将增加约3％的速度增长，到1999-2000.奶牛存栏数，产奶量估计增加主要归因于每头奶牛，改良草场，牲畜的管理技术和资本投资增加（ADIC，1996）。
二、澳大利亚制造牛奶的销售安排
为了促进自由市场体系的正常运作，市场信息必须让买家和卖家都知道的生产和定价安排（基达和古纳瓦德纳，下载[加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学]2013年6月10日，第37页）。因此，生产商和消费者将有效地履行自己的职能，将有竞争力的价格和奶制品的质量。为了帮助满足这些市场条件，政府成立了澳大利亚乳业局（ADIC），联邦公司产品（ADPF），澳大利亚奶农联合会有限公司（ADFF）在市场牛奶联合会澳大利亚公司（MMFA的）澳大利亚乳业股份有限公司（ADC）和：乳业研究开发公司（DRDC）。预计这些组织除其他事项外，传播市场信息，协调生产和市场活动。例如，一些ADC的主要目标是：改善国内乳制品pioducts市场;向新兴市场提供技术和产品的意见;采取一系列海外出口市场推广活动市场;及国际推广，专注于不断增长的亚洲市场，如日本，香港，中国，越南，新加坡等（ADIC，1996）。农门定价和国产奶粉的支持计划在下面讨论。
（一）农场大门定价
政府没有正式的价格处理器的控制权支付给农民用于制造产品的生产牛奶。所生产的牛奶价格是根据牛奶中的脂肪和蛋白质，并支付给农民处理器还取决于质量，数量和季节性奖励。高的价格向农民提供的工厂，以鼓励他们干期间维持生产。
大多数制造商提供不同的价格，因为他们的利润受到影响的因素，如产品结构，营销策略和处理效率（NSWA1996-97）。因此，支付制奶农场价格均低于市场奶支付的价格。
（二）国产奶粉支援计划
1995年7月1日之前生产的奶制品，营销资金市场支持计划（克林规划）下的所有中国牛奶产量的征款。该计划提出了国内农场价格高于国际市场价格的制奶约2美分一升。然而，随着澳大利亚制造的奶制品在乌拉圭回合协议，被称为“国内市场支持计划（DMS）”1995年7月1日实施了一项计划。新的方案，该方案由澳大利亚乳业公司管理规定强制征收牛奶市场和制造在国内市场上销售的牛奶。在1997-98年度，这些征收率分别为每升约1.9和3.8美分，分别为（ADC，1997年）。这些征费所筹集的资金，有针对性地进行国内支持支付给农民生产制造牛奶。该方案提供了鼓励农民增加生产牛奶应用于乳制品出口市场。然而，这个扩展的市场安排将在2000年6月底终止，许多其他行业一样，乳品行业将估计在5％关税后，2000年6月获得联邦援助。这种隐含的出口补贴在
199596年度，制造牛奶的总收益增加7％左右（工业委员会，1997）。这使得出口乳制品产品更具吸引力，并鼓励牛奶生产者使用的大部分资源在乳业生产。
不过，预计出口的支持力度，取消这个牛奶产量的6％，出口量将减少20％，作为生产者将专注于国内市场。这将有一个短期效应，降低生产牛奶生产者的收入，也可以鼓励生产者将一些替代资源投入到企业的长远。因此，这很可能是降低生产制造的奶制品出口市场，2000年6月底起。然而，由于要加大生产量，没有政府的干预和促进出口由ADC 和DRDC的进行资源的高效利用可用资源，澳洲乳品生产商将仍然专注于出口和国内市场的诱因。资源优化配置，也有可能增加乳制品生产，而国内的价格会有所下降，出口盈余将被引导到国内市场（ABARE，1991a）。
三、澳大利亚奶制品出口的问题和挑战
在澳大利亚，牛奶生产受季节性影响，但奶制品的产量和出口量已录得约8.8％和12.9％，1988年和1997年间的平均增幅。出口价格，其中包括出口运费，保险费，出口佣金和手续费，是非常有吸引力的，相比国内的批发价格。这部分作为激励生产者直接有很大比例的出口市场和澳大利亚奶制品奶制品是国内市场上竞争力较弱。
澳大利亚被认为相对非补贴出口到欧盟和美国相比，澳大利亚的国家，其中有相当多的国内乳品行业的支持和保证制成品的价格竞争。澳大利亚正在排除这些出口补贴计划的主要竞争对手有进入世界市场的影响。中指定的乌拉圭回合谈判成果（全球大气监测网，该协议正在实施从1995年起，在五年内减少出口补贴和关税贸易壁垒。然而，短期效应，从国内支持计划，并终止在有限的访问，澳大利亚将不得不到海外市场，直到乌拉圭协议得到全面落实，将有澳大利亚奶制品出口的负面影响。
奶酪，脱脂奶粉和全脂奶粉是澳大利亚主要奶制品,账户为22，33和17％是出口总额出口的主要组成部分。澳大利亚的出口持续增长，并在1997年占了奶制品生产总量的67％左右。然而，澳大利亚仍然有可能增加乳制品生产量，可以通过改进饲料，养殖和农场管理做法。但澳大利亚将不得不放弃优先发展出口出售额外的奶制品供应，新兴市场在亚洲，中东，非洲和美洲。
在1997年，澳大利亚乳制品产品（主要是脱脂牛奶粉，奶酪和全脂奶粉）的主要进口商日本，马来西亚，菲律宾，泰国和新加坡，其市场份额占澳大利亚总出口的奶制品约的41％。日本和菲律宾分别是主要进口澳洲奶酪和脱脂奶粉。在1997年，日本的奶酪进口占澳大利亚总出口奶酪约47元％，菲律宾的进口脱脂奶粉占澳大利亚总出口的脱脂奶粉约34.4元％（ABARE，1997）。奶制品出口和真正的价值总量分别与1997年和1996年
相比增加了21％和3.5％，。世界奶业生产也较上年同期上升约2％。这在一定程度上影响了澳大利亚的出口价格和出口值的增加相比，出口量大幅降低。
亚洲是全球领先的澳大利亚乳制品出口市场.然后，预计要保持在该地区出口市场的销售有相当大的障碍。大多数亚洲国家正在经历缓慢的经济增长，由于最近的金融危机和政治不稳定在该地区的某些部分。
澳大利亚进口乳制品（主要是奶酪），以满足日益增长的国内消费，因为大多数国家的奶制品出口由于出口到国内销售，国内总消费量的奶制品在整个20世纪90年代波动的相对吸引力，但在最近几年已经显示出向上的趋势。因此，在国内市场上的奶制品销售的体积也波动在同一时期，但在1988年和1997年之间平均增加约2％。同样，每人奶制品消费自1989年以来一直波动，但较上年同期平均上升2.9％。
进口乳制品平均增加约7.2％，而同一产品的出口平均增幅约12.8％之间，1988年和进口奶制品1997.价格与国内乳品加工产品的价格相比相对较低。进口乳制品以较低的价格取得了澳大利亚乳品加工产品较少，在国内市场上的竞争力。新西兰的奶酪，澳大利亚的主要供应商。新西兰和澳大利亚之间关于建立更紧密经贸关系协议，取得了澳大利亚的国内市场更容易获得新西兰生产的奶制品出口盈余（ABARE，1991b）。在新西兰澳大利亚的生产成本是相似的，但是从新西兰进口的奶制品相比，澳大利亚的乳制品在国内市场销售的产品相对便宜。国内市场容量有限，交通不便等海外市场对新西兰的出口过剩产，新西兰的奶制品在澳大利亚国内市场相对便宜的一些因素。
四、澳大利亚奶制品出口市场的机会
在1997年，澳大利亚奶制品真正的总出口值估计在$1.3亿美元，并录得同比增长约3.5％，与1996年相比。澳大利亚奶制品出口标准误亚洲和其他亚洲国家分别占了其总进口乳制品约44和25％。在1996年，澳大利亚奶制品出口总额的约69％的。日本，菲律宾，马来西亚，新加坡，泰国，台湾，澳大利亚的乳制品产品的主要进口国，其进口量占澳大利亚总出口（ABARE，1997年）的55％左右。
日本，这被认为是头号亚洲人均消费奶制品，奶制品在亚洲地区的最大进口国。这也是澳大利亚奶制品主要出口市场，尤其是澳大利亚奶酪的最大市场。在1996年，据估计其总进口乳制品185.3万吨，占其进口总额的约48％是从澳大利亚购买。
奶酪占澳大利亚奶制品出口总额的约22％，于1997年，对日本出口占约48％的澳大利亚出口总额的奶酪（ABARE，1997年）。根据乌拉圭回合协议的奶制品贸易，日本承诺购买最低的约137,202吨乳制品产品。这为澳洲乳品产品在日本市场提供了更大的出口市
场机会。这是基于假设，日本将采取行动，以减少任何现有的贸易壁垒根据拟议的亚洲太平洋经济合作组织（APEC）的自由贸易协定（GATT）乌拉圭承诺。
澳大利亚的奶制品的大部分都出口到亚洲国家，主要是由于澳大利亚的地理接近该地区。较低的运输成本已经给澳大利亚其他出口国的竞争优势。然而，在一些亚洲国家最近的金融危机和政治不稳定的结果，其经济增长放缓。澳大利亚将需要优先考虑出口新兴市场中具有竞争优势的发展。澳大利亚拥有多元化其出口市场的基础和重点在非洲，美洲，中东，欧洲，俄罗斯，和太平洋上的市场。这些国家的奶制品进口占约12，24，11，8，世界出口总额的3％，分别于1996年。澳大利亚奶制品出口到这些国家的约0.6，0.9，0.9，0.6，0.1和0.1％，占世界进出口分别占同一时期。进口量也估计在20％的总消费量的要求。中国和澳大利亚之间的优惠关税协定将删除澳大利亚奶制品出口到中国（ADIC，1996年）的贸易壁垒。
澳大利亚对中国的出口占中国总进口奶制品于1996年的5％左右。还有一个范围更大的出口市场的机会在南韩澳大利亚奶制品。据估计，人均乳制品消费量将在1991-92年的45公斤上升到超过63公斤（ADIC，1996年）在2000年。根据乌拉圭回合谈判的安排，该国预计将贸易壁垒自由化。澳大利亚奶制品出口韩国占澳大利亚出口总额的0.16％韩国进口总额的约0.02％。地理上的接近和澳大利亚奶制品质量提供更好的机会，为澳大利亚出口商有很大的市场份额，在中国和韩市场。
澳大利亚奶制品出口到欧洲，主要包括奶酪，澳大利亚出口占5％，欧洲总进口的奶酪。但是，乌拉圭回合协议实施后，澳大利亚对欧洲的出口增长平均超过30％在1995年和1997年之间（ABARE，1997年）。澳大利亚努力建立在欧盟成员国，欧盟每年全球配额市场增加了83,175吨奶酪和豆腐，SMP为67,933吨和10,000吨黄油（ADC，1997）。同样，美国已同意为所有主要奶制品进口量增加，澳大利亚的质量和数量，以增加其在美国市场的市场份额竞争。
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息 1.政府信息化的含义？ 政府信息化是指：政府有效利用现代信息和通信技术，通过不同的信息服务设施，对政府的业务流程、组织结构、人员素质等诸方面进行优化、改造的过程。 2.广义和狭义的电子政务的定义？ 广义的电子政务是指：运用信息技术和通信技术实现党委、人大、政协、政府、司法机关、军队系统和企事业单位的行政管理活动。（电子党务、电子人大、电子政协） 狭义的电子政务是指：政府在其管理和服务职能中运用现代信息和通信技术，实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化，超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约，全方位的向社会提供优质规范、透明的服务，是政府管理手段的变革。 3.电子政务的组成部分？ ①：政府部门内部办公职能的电子化和网络化； ②：政府职能部门之间通过计算机网络实现有权限的实时互通的信息共享； ③：政府部门通过网络与公众和企业间开展双向的信息交流与策； 4．理解电子政务的发展动力？ ①：信息技术的快速发展； ②：政府自身改革与发展的需要； ③：信息化、民主化的社会需求的推动； 5.电子政务的应用模式？
模式有：1.政府对公务员的电子政务（G2E）； 2.政府间的电子政务（G2G）； 3.政府对企业的电子政务（G2B）； 4.政府对公众的电子政务（G2C）； 6.电子政务的功能？ ①：提高工作效率，降低办公成本； ②：加快部门整合，堵塞监管漏洞； ③：提高服务水平，便于公众的监督； ④：带动社会信息化发展； 7.我国电子政务发展存在的主要问题？ ①：政府公务员与社会公众对电子政务的认识不足； ②：电子政务发展缺乏整体规划和统一性标准； ③：电子政务管理体制改革远未到位； ④：电子政务整体应用水平还较低； ⑤：政府公务员的素质有待提高； ⑥：电子政务立法滞后； ⑦：对电子政务安全问题缺乏正确认识； 8.政府创新的含义和内容？ 含义：是指各级政府为适应公共管理与行政环境的需要，与时俱进的转变观念与职能，探索新的行政方法与途径，形成新的组织结
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例
3000字英文参考文献及其翻译 【注意：选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。 如果文章太长，可以节选（用省略号省略一些段略）。如果字数不够，可以选2至3篇，但要逐一注明详细出处。英文集中在一起放前面，对应的中文翻译放后面。中文翻译也要将出处翻译，除非是网页。 对文献的翻译一定要认真！对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样！ 特别注意：英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。】 TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM Hari. Bapuji Paul W. Beamish China exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully. Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case （because） one of our manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, there is a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it. ……
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式
关于毕业设计说明书（论文）英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式 为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）的撰写质量，做到毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）在内容和格式上的统一和规范，特规定如下: 一、装订顺序 论文（设计说明书）英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成，严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献（原文） 二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计（论文）英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种，所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑，英文文献用原文，一律打印在A4幅面白纸上，单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm；下边距:25mm；左边距:3Omm；右边距:2Omm；行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”，用小四号黑体字，页眉线的上边距为25mm；页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体，每章的大标题用小三号黑体，加粗，留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行；二级标题用小四号黑体，加粗；其余小标题用小四号黑体，不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2，表2.3，附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。
每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名，图名置于图之下，表名置于表之上，图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时，应安排在该页的下一页。 图表居中放置，表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内，如有困难，要加“续表X.X”字样，并有标题栏。 图、表中若有附注时，附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排，如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。 文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格，其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准，可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。
2021年毕业设计论文外文文献翻译要求及封面
杭州电子科技大学 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目 液压制动器基本 翻译（1）题目 有用产品 翻译（2）题目 学院机械学院 专业车辆工程 姓名 班级 学号 指引教师
液压制动基本 空气制动系统得到更多关注，但更多车辆上安装液压制动器。理解它们 是如何工作，是安全，具成本效益诊断和修复第一步。 有无想过为什么不能只是其中一种制动？这是由于空气和液压制动器，使一种或某些应用程序其她抱负经营特色。重型组合车辆，空气是明确选取，由于将需要大量液体阿卡迪亚所有分泵。此外，布满液压油与制动分泵和软管将是混乱。但对于轻型和中型卡车直应用，液压制动器提供优势涉及： ?制动感觉- 那就是，踏板越往下压，努力增长;高线压力，容许使用更轻，更紧凑制动组件; ?更少初始费用，由于用更小和更少元件; ?卫生，液压制动器是封闭系统; ?易于定位泄漏，由于液体是可见。液压制动系统有更多排列，比在空气系统中发现，但都基本相似。 液压系统 所有液压制动系统包括流体水库，主缸，液压，液压管路，对制动器进行加压流体软管和一种或各种轮缸（S）对每个车轮产生。分泵扩大流体压力下，迫使制动蹄对鼓内侧。如果使用盘式制动器，卡钳与不可分割气瓶打击转子时施加压力。由于车辆必要可以更迅速，它可以加速到停止，需要大量刹车力。因而，必要减速刹车产生马力发动机作用多次。为了发展须持有对鼓或盘制动器衬片力量，实现受控减速，这是要乘原始力量施加在刹车踏板。 当使用液压系统，机械杠杆是在脚踏板联动。然而，不同分泵或卡尺直径直径，关系到主缸内径，提供了一种额外增长比率。液压系统中，各分泵交付压力，直接影响由活塞地区。例如，如果一种轮缸活塞面积2平方英寸，另一种活塞面积1平方英寸，系统压力为400磅，2平方英寸活塞将针对制动器推一种迫使800
外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 院 年级专业： 2009 级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件： 备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）
1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）； 2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。 3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。 （注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.） 范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除. 【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on
the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman. 【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC （本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）
英文文献及翻译
Research Article Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Containing Surfactant Y oo-Jae Kim, Jiong Hu, Soon-Jae Lee, and Byung-Hee Y ou Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Y oo-Jae Kim, yk10@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ea11021536.html, Received 21 June 2010; Accepted 24 November 2010 Academic Editor: Tarun Kant Copyright ? 2010 Y oo-Jae Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete (FALC) was developed to reduce concrete’s density and to improve its fire resistance, thermal conductivity, and energy absorption. Compression tests were performed to determine basic properties of FALC. The primary independent variables were the types and volume fraction of fibers, and the amount of air in the concrete. Polypropylene and carbon fibers were investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% volume ratios. The lightweight aggregate used was made of expanded clay. A self-compaction agent was used to reduce the water-cement ratio and keep good workability. A surfactant was also added to introduce air into the concrete. This study provides basic information regarding the mechanical properties of FALC and compares FALC with fiber reinforced lightweight concrete. The properties investigated include the unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness index. Based on the properties, a stress-strain prediction model was proposed. It was demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts the stress-strain behavior of FALC. 1. Introduction In the last three decades, prefabrication has been applied to small housing and tall building construction, and precast concrete panels have become one of the widely used materials in construction system. Recently, much attention has been directed toward the use of lightweight concrete for precast concrete to improve the performances, such as dead load reduction, fire resistance, and thermal conductivity, of the buildings. Additionally, the structure of a precast building should be able to resist impact loading cases, particularly earthquakes, since resisting earthquakes of these buildings under the performances is becoming an important consideration [1, 2].Many efforts have been applied toward developing high performance concrete for building structures with enhanced performance and safety. V arious types of precast concrete products, such as autoclaved aerated lightweight concrete (AALC), fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), and lightweight concrete, have been developed and experimentally verified. A number of them have been applied in full-scale build-ing structures. AALC is well known and widely accepted, but its small size and weak strength limit its use instructural elements [3]. Lightweight aggregate concretes offer strength, deadload reduction, and thermal conductivity,
研究生外文文献翻译 中英完整版
Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on the slope construction Fu Ming Fu , Zhang Tian Abstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction. Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening 1.Introduction Anchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage. Fig 1 after excavation of the slope 2.Project profile The length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope had
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]