托福TPO阅读词汇
GROUNDWA TER
meteoric（大气的）
soak（渗透）
precipitation（降雨量）pebble（卵石）
gravel（沙砾）
coarse（粗的）
outwash（冲刷）
fanwise（成扇形地）
overlie（躺在……上面）pore（毛孔）
cement（粘结，巩固）percolate（渗透）
porous（多孔的）crystalline（结晶的）permeability（渗透性）cavity（洞）
crevice（裂缝）
plug（用塞子塞满）
THE ORIGINS OF THEATER rely（信任）
envision（想象）
perceive（察觉）
ritual（仪式）
modify（修改，更改）
oral（口头的）
thereafter （此后）aesthetic（美学的）propose（提议）
elaborate（详细说明）narrator（叙述者）pantomime（哑剧）impersonation（扮演）antecedent（祖先）whereby(借以)
penchant（爱好）inclination（倾向，爱好）comic（滑稽的）nevertheless（尽管如此）retain（保持）
fulfill（履行，完成）confront（面对）ARCHITECTURE
enclose（围住）
symbolic（象征的）
grow out of（源于）
dimensional（空间的）
feasible（可行的）
mediocre（平庸的）
in terms of（就……而言）
ease（简单）
plumbing（管道装置）
arduous（艰难的）
pile（堆积，装载）
segment（部分）
drain（下水道）
divert（转移）
Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer depletion（消耗，逐渐耗尽）rancher（大牧场主）
aquifer（蓄水层）
well（水井）
ensuing（继而发生的）
tap（从……放出液体）
sorghum（高粱）
unprecedented（空前的，史无前例的）finite（有限的）
negligible（不可忽略的）
replenish（补充）
dug（挖）
necessitate（迫使）
withdrawal（撤退）
conserve（保存）
grandiose（壮观的）
inject（注射）
triple（三倍的）
strain（紧张）
subsequent（随后的）
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems assemble（集合，聚集）
flexibly（如意地）
term（术语）
pond(池塘)
property（道具）
climax（顶点，极点）invasion（入侵）
pest（害虫）
resilience（还原能力）fragile（易碎的，脆的）temperate（温和的）tricycle（三轮车）
pale（变得苍白，变得暗淡）likewise（同样地）
Opportunists and Competitors metabolism（n.新陈代谢）expenditure（花费，使用）squander（浪费）ultimately（最终地）dandelion（蒲公英）hollow（空的）
dispersal（散布，传播）prolifically（多产地）
term（把……称为）compensate （补偿）
soar（往上飞舞）
plummet（垂直落下）
foul（难闻的）
render（使成为）
blend（混合物）
Lascaux Cave Paintings prehistoric（史前的）
beast（兽）
solemn（庄严的，严肃的）parade（游行，列队行进）bison（野牛）
outline（勾勒）
charcoal（木炭）
smear（涂，沫）
spray（喷射）
stain（沾染，着色）
recess（幽深处）
cramped（狭窄的）obliterate（清除，涂去）conceivable（可相信的）realm（领域，范围）tribal （部落的）
substantiate（实体化，证实）indecipherable（难辨认的）
prone（俯卧的，有……倾向的）trance（出神，恍惚）
uniformly（一致地）
credence（相信，信任）
mystique（n.神秘性）
Electricity from Wind
turbine（涡轮机）
in principle（原则上，基本上）moderate（中等的）
heat-trapping（致温室效应气体的）lease（出租）
projected（预期的）
cell（电池）
hydropower（水力发出的电力）interfere（妨碍）
pit（与……较量）
dwarf（变小）
in place（在工作，准备就绪）virtually（实际上）
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound prairie（大草原）
understory（林下叶层）
meadow（草地，牧场）
browse（吃青草，绿叶等）bemoan（惋惜，认为遗憾）succulent（多汁的）
game（猎物）
elk（麋鹿）
botanical（植物学的）
disturbing（令人不安的）
fort（城堡）
plight （苦境）
encroach（侵犯）
yield（生产）
rebound（反弹）
substantially（本质上地）
Cave Art in Europe
bead（小珠子）
carving（雕刻）
crude（天然的，未加工的）
slab（平板）
excavate（挖掘）
gallery（走廊）
bare（赤裸的）
backdrop（背景）
trapping（装饰）
depict（描绘）
chip（薄片，碎屑）
herd（兽群）
explicitly（明白地，明确地）
portray（描绘，描写）
hide（兽皮）
tusk（牙）
reindeer（驯鹿）
confine（限制，局限于）
engraving（版画，雕版印刷品）
phase（阶段，时期）
fertility（多产）
Petroleum Resources
dissolved(熔化的)
deposit（沉淀物）
droplet（小滴）
squeeze（挤，榨）
saturated（渗透的）
valuable（宝贵的）
underlie（存在于某物之下）
derrick（起重机）
portable（便携式的）
dismantle（拆卸）
spout（喷口）
gusher（喷油井）
refinery（精炼厂）
hostile（有阻碍的）
offshore（离岸的）
spillage（溢出）
foul（污染）
subside（沉没，平息）
Meteorites Impact and Dinosaur Extinction meteorite(陨星)
catastrophe（灾难）
dozen（十二个）
intrigue（激起……的好奇心）paleontologist（古生物学家）diameter（直径）
envelop（包围）
crust（地壳）
dilute（稀释）
terrestrial（地球的）
excavate（挖掘）
crater（火山口）
block(阻碍)
plunge（使……陷入）
presumably（ad.据推测）
tentatively(试验性的，暂时的) evolutionary（进化的）
niche（壁龛，凹进的地方）mechanism（途径）
fundamentally（根本地）
criterion（准则）
cosmic（宇宙的）
pose（造成）
MINERALS AND PLANTS
source(来源)
nitrogen（氮）
nitrate（硝酸盐）
ion（离子）
notoriously（臭名昭著地，声名狼藉地）serpentine（a.像蛇般蜷曲的，蜿蜒的）calcium（钙）
depletion（n.消耗，用尽）
detect（发现）
symptom（症状）
chlorosis（萎黄病，变色病）chlorophyll（叶绿素）
anthocyanin（花青素）
stem（茎）
stunt（阻碍成长）
tissue（组织）
herbaceou（草本）
phosphorus（鳞）
slender（a.苗条的，细长的）
anthocyanin（花青素）
discoloration（变色，污点）
petiole（叶柄）
omit（省略）
facilitate（使容易）
overabundance（n.过多）
toxic（a.有毒的）
saline（a.含盐的）
sodium（钠）
chloride（氯化物）
lead（铅）
mercury（水银）
aluminum（铝）
copper （铜）
zinc（锌）
amass（积累）
shrub（灌木）
tropical（热带的）
pathogen（病菌）
scenario（剧情说明，脚本）
relocate（迁移）
compound（n.复合物，化合物）
excavation（挖掘）
reburial（填埋）
THE ORIGIN OF THE PACIFIC ISLAND PEOPLE
greater(广义的)
primarily（主要地）
scattered（分散的）
triangle（三角形）
speculation（思考）
solid（可靠的）
fanciful（奇异的）
deprecate（反对）
navigational（航行的，航海的）
anthropologist（人类学家）
colonize（开拓殖民地）
civilization（文明）
drift（vi.漂，漂流）
prevailing（一般的，普通的）
domesticated（驯养的）
marginal（贫瘠的）
prerequisite（先决条件，前提）
cultivated（耕种的）
taro（芋头）
yarn（纱）
sugarcane（甘蔗）
sago（西米）
outrigger（支架）
canoe（独木舟）
voyage（航行）
maroon（使（人）处于孤独无助之境）
adrift（a.漂泊的，漂流的）
deliberate（故意的，蓄意的）
expedition（远征，探险，冒险）
simulation（模仿，模拟）
dynamic（动力）
undisputed（无可置疑的）
sweet potato（红薯）
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
Cambrian(寒武纪的)
geologic（地质学的）
eukaryotic（真核状态的）
last（最近的）
geologically（从地质上来说）
evolved（进化）
diversification（多样化）
multicellular（多细胞的）
paleontologists（古生物学家）
interpretation（解释）
fossilize（使成化石）
exclusively（专门地）
site（位置）
descendant（后代）
slide（滑落）
favor（促成）
predator（食肉动物）
detritus（岩屑）
algae（海藻）
arthropod（节肢动物）
mite（螨虫）
crab（螃蟹）
zoologist（动物学家）
niche（生态位，一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位）
pose（提出）
discourage（阻碍）
Powering the Industrial Revolution dramatic （巨大的）
harness（利用）
windmill（风车）
textile（纺织品）
steam（蒸汽）
piston（活塞）
cylinder（圆柱体，汽缸）atmospheric pressure（大气压）condense（使浓缩）
vacuum（真空）
reciprocating（a.往复的，来回的）rotary（旋转的，循环的）illumination(照明)
millennium（一千年）
charcoal（木炭）
ore（矿石）
retained（保持）
multiply（使增加）
canal（运河）
turnpike（公路）
hilly terrain（多山的地带）ingredient（成分，因素）
laden（a.负重的，载满的）wagon（四轮的运货马车）flanged（带凸缘的）
haul（拖，拉）
stationary（不动的，静止的）
William Smith
roam（漫游，闲逛）
apprentice（当学徒）
parish（教区）
proceed（继续）
excavate（挖掘）
canal（运河）
outcrop（露出地面的岩层）revealed（露出的）
strata（地层）
coach（长途客运汽车）meticulously （异常细致地）catalog（编目录）
calculate（估计）
quartz（石英）
ion（离子）
Pleistocene（更新世的）
shale（页岩）
sandstone（砂岩）
endure（长时间忍受）
temporal（时间的）
limestone（石灰岩）
Jurassic（侏罗纪的）
trilobite（三叶虫）
ubiquitous（普遍存在的）
arthropod（截肢动物）
Infantile Amnesia
infantile(a.婴儿期的)
amnesia(记忆缺失)
scanty（a.缺乏的）
distinctive（有特色的，与众不同的）
sibling（n.兄弟，姐妹）
enduring（a.持久的）
repression（n.压抑）
episode（情节，片段）
toddler（初学走路的孩子）
physiological（生理学的）
psychological(心理学的)
retrieve（回忆）
explicit（明确的）
verbal（言语的）
extract（提取）
gist（要点）
verbalizable（可用言辞表达的）
incompatibility（n.不两立，不相容）
encode（把……编码）
mismatch（n.不匹配）
verbally（ad.言语上的）
exclusive（排斥的）
substantiate（证明）
thoroughly（彻底地）
reject（拒绝）
The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
Mediterranean(地中海)
vessel（船，舰）
cruise（乘船游览）
invertebrate（无脊柱的）domelike（穹顶状的）crystalline（结晶的）
pebble（小圆石）
gypsum（石膏）
fragment（碎片）
peculiarity(特性）
strait（海峡）
crustal（地壳的）
evaporate（蒸发）
calcium sulfate（硫酸钙）precipitate（沉淀）
soluble（可溶的）
sodium chloride (salt)（硫化钠）deluge（洪水）
adjustment（调整）
faulting（断层作用）
cascade（倾泻）
spectacularly（令人吃惊地）
Ancient Rome and Greece cohesiveness(粘合性)
peculiarly（ad.特有地）
cement（水泥）
realm（王国，范围）
monolithic（整体的）
garrison（守备部队）
utterly（ad.完全地）
obsession（困扰）
cohesion（凝聚力）
scattered（a.分散的）
territorial（领土的）
stark（a.完全的）
undeniable（无可否认的）
legion（古罗马军团；众多，大量）rural（a.乡村的）
engender（造成）
virtue（美德）
gravitas(n.庄严的举止）
infinitely（无限地）
worshipper（礼拜者）predisposed（a.倾向于……的）subtlety（狡猾）
novelty（新奇的事物）
disdain（轻视）
debt（债务）
moral（道德的）
consciously（有意识地）
tension（压力）
Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples millet(小米)
sorghum（高粱）
domestic(本国的，家庭的)
chariot（马车）
savannah（大草原）
cavalry（骑兵）
empire（帝国）
innovation（改革）
harsh（严厉的，严酷的）
barrier（栅栏）
intermediate（中间的）
copper（铜）
bronze（青铜）
metallurgy（冶金学）
penetrate（穿过）
Nigeria（尼日利亚）
Ghana（加纳）
Mali（马里）
shift（改变，改革）
profound（a.深远的）
complexity（复杂性）
blacksmith（铁匠）
hoe（锄）
warrior（武士）
ritual（宗教的，仪式性的）ingenious（设计独特的）
furnace（熔炉）
ore（矿物）
migration（迁移）
archaeologist（考古学家）demographic（a.人口统计学的）
THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN edifice（宏伟的建筑物）
grid（n.网络）
metropolis（n.首都，大城市）valley（峡谷）
pinpoint（v.确定，精确地定位）shrine（宗教圣地）
millennium（n.千年）
ingenuity（独创性）foresightedness（先见之明）
elite（n.精英）
circumstantially（ad.偶然地）coexisted（同时存在）
lava（熔岩）
rival（竞争对手）
modest（中等的）
predominant（a.占主导地位的）along with（和……一起）commodity（n.商品）
exotic（a.外来的）
consciously（有意识地）
inhabitant（居民）
feedback（反馈）
coerce（迫使）
EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS paleontologist（古生物学家）demise（死亡）
alteration（改变）
plate tectonics（板块构造学）shallow（浅的）
geochemical（地球化学的）
frigid（寒冷的）
buffer（减轻）
retreat（后退）
crocodile（鳄鱼）
torrid（酷热的）
at the mercy of（任……摆布）crippled（跛的）
conventional（传统的）
clay（黏土，泥土）
deposit（使沉淀，放置）
iridium (lr) （铱）
metallic（金属的）
preferentially（优先地）
meteorite（陨石）
microscopic（微小的）
bombard（撞击）
calculation（计算）
asteroid(小行星)
fallout（灰尘）
inhibit（抑制）
photosynthesis（光合作用）
disruption（扰乱）
eradicate（灭绝）
precede（v.在……之前发生）
RUNNING WATER ON MARS
channel(通道)
interconnect（相互连接）
merge（融合）
resemblance（相似）
thicker（较厚的）
relic（遗产）
relics（崩溃）
catastrophic（灾难性的）
onrushing（猛冲的，汹涌的）
arise from（产生与，起因于）
adorn（装饰）
delta（三角洲）
fan（扇形）
crater（火山口）
proponent（支持者）
conceivably（令人信服地）
detractor（诋毁者）
Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
colonize(殖民)
migration（迁移）
corridor（走廊）
crumble（崩溃）
paleoecologist（古生态学家）
radiocarbon（放射性碳）
persuasively（口才好地）
watercraft（水运船只）
archaeologist（考古学家）
continental shelf（大陆架）
submerged（水下的）
proponent（支持者）
refuge（庇护所）
deglaciation（冰消作用）
sizable（相当大的）
marine（海洋的）
mammal（哺乳动物）
REFLECTION IN TEACHING
scheme(计划，方案)
paucity（缺乏）
discipline（准则）
void（空隙）
abstraction（抽象）
utilitarian（功利主义者）
reveal（显示，透露）
evaluate（评价）
contributory（促成的）
revise（修改）
central（重要的）
facilitate（使便利；促进）
collaborative（合作的）
inconsistency（矛盾）
vaguely（含糊地）
perceivable（可知觉的）
vulnerability（易受伤）
unexplored（未知的）
externally（ad.在外部）
THE ARRIV AL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAW AII
volcano（火山）
landmass（大陆）
blazing（酷热的）
drenching（湿透的）
harsh（粗糙的）
spore（孢子）
breeze（微风）
deposit（放置）
toehold（不稳定的立足点）
forbidding（冷峻的）
lichen（地衣）
flora（植物群）
symbiotic（共生的）
alga（水藻）
fungus（真菌）
molecule（分子）
molten（熔化的）
fern（蕨类植物）
moss（苔藓）
crevice（尤指岩石的裂缝）
propagate（繁殖）
afield（远离着家乡的）
sheer（完全的）
naked（裸露的）
angiosperm（被子植物）
wrap（包裹）
tempting（诱人的）
peach（桃）
cherry（樱桃）
dandelion（蒲公英）
dormant（休眠的）
buoyant(有浮力的)
remarkably(引人注目地)
prolonged（持续很久的）
immersion（沉浸）
archipelago（群岛）
FEEDING HABITS OF EAST
AFRICAN HERBIVORES
buffalo(水牛)
herbivores（食草动物）
illusory(貌似真实的)
vegetation（植物）
succulent（汁多味美的）
sparsely（稀疏地）
proportion（比例）
extract （提取）
gut（肠）
derive(从……中获得)
metabolic(新陈代谢的）
provided that（需要进一步规定时常常使用）
fastidious（过分挑剔的）
LOIE FULLER
devise（设计）
shifting（转变）
voluminous（大体积的）
wand（棍，棒）
costume（戏服）
virtuosity（精湛技艺）
prestigious（受尊敬的）
stint（限制）
accord（一致，符合）
moral（道德上的）
synthesize（综合）
leaning（爱好）
canvas（帆布）
pane（窗玻璃）
address（强调）
invisibly（看不见地，无形地）
agitate（摇动）
simulate（模仿）
stagecraft（编剧才能）
Chinese Pottery
pottery（陶器）
porcelain（瓷器）
ceramics（陶器）
burial（埋葬）
earthenware（土质瓷器）
glazed（光滑的，像玻璃的）
delineate（勾画，描述）
ornament（装饰）
tomb（墓穴）
instigate（鼓动）
cause （促使）
ore（矿）
muted（温和的）
spout（喷口）
precisely（精确地）
adornment（装饰）
obscured（不重要的）
religious（宗教的）
secular（世俗的）
imperial（帝国的）
assist（帮助）
Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
reclamation(开垦)
spectacular（壮观的）
intrinsic（固有的，本身的）
cottage（小屋，村舍）ravages（毁坏后的残迹）
scant（不足的）
remuneration（酬劳）
meager（不足的）
financiers(金融家)
traders（商人）
medieval（中世纪的）
soap（肥皂）
joint-stock（合资的，股份组织的）
Variations in the Climate
constitute（构成）
immensely（非常，极大地）complicate（使复杂化）
interval（间隔时间）
appreciably（略微，有一点地）ambient（周围的）
annual（每年的）
property（特性）
nonetheless（虽然如此，但是）intriguing（非常有趣的）
striking（显著的）
chaotic（混乱的）
erratic（不确定的）
Orientation and Navigation
perplex(使困惑)
orient（使确定方向）
restless（焦躁不安的）
flutter（振翅）
overcast（天阴的，多云的）surmise（推测）
preposterous（荒谬的）planetarium（天文馆）domelike（穹顶状的）
ceiling（天花板）
rotate（旋转）
magnetism（磁性）
sonar（声纳系统）
托福TPO词汇题汇总
TPO4 inhibit=restrict 限制，禁止inthesamebreath=immediately 立即 indefiniteperiod=whoseendhasnotbeendetermined rebound=recovery 复原，重获 amarkeddegree=aconsiderabledegree 很大程度上principal=major 主要的 environmentaltrappings=environmentaldecorations accumulate=buildup 累积adjacent=nearby 临近的sloping=inclining 倾斜的foul=pollute 污染 TPO5 exhibit=show 展示facilitate=makeeasier 促进suspended=hung 悬浮的afford=offer 提供，支付的起overwhelming=powerful 有力的，强大的implement=tool 工具undisputed=acknowledged 认可的，无可争议的significant=important 重要的不定期的装饰 relatively=comparatively 相对地
diversification=emergenceofmanyvarieties 多样化promote=encourage 激励 TPO6 exploit=utilize 利用vastly=greatly 极大地，深 远地growaccustomedto=becomeusedto 习惯于 retain=maintain 保持rudimentary=basic 基础的meticulously=carefully 仔细地，严谨地 endure=survive 忍受，存活virtually=nearly 事实 上，几乎plausible=believable 可信的 phenomenon=occurrence 现象，发生的事件 critically=fundamentally 根本地 perspective=viewpoint 观点 TPO7 objective=purpose 目的 scoresof=largenumbersof 大量的turbulent=violent 暴力的obsessionwith=fixationon 痴迷于 foster=encourage 培育，激励sphere=area 范围diffuse=spread 传播 profound=far-reaching 深远地 ritual=ceremonial 仪式flee=runawayfrom 逃避 TPO8 massive=verylarge 大量的 pinpoint=identifyprecisely 精确描述，精确定位ingenuity=cleverness 精巧predominant=principal 主 要的cope=adapt 处理，适应 fluctuation=variation 变化，波动bombard=strike 敲 击，轰炸disruption=disturbance 干扰
托福TPO阅读题目汇总
1: The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. ○Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM. ○Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM. ○Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow. ○Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM. 2: Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
(完整word版)托福阅读词汇题单词汇总TPO1-49,推荐文档.docx
TPO1: Dramatic 剧烈的，戏剧化的–- striking显著的、突出的、惊人的Prevalent普遍的，常见的–- predictable可预见的Championed 拥护、支持–- Supported Attributes把。。。归于-- ascribes Autonomous 自主的、自治的、自发的–independent Penchant倾向、嗜好、趣味-- inclination倾向 Incredible令人难以置信的-- Unbelievable Out of sight看不见、在视野之外-- hidden Overlie 躺在 . 。。。上面，覆盖在。。。上面-- Cover So much for–That is enough about Plugged插入、填满–filled up TPO2: Threatened – endangered Delicate易碎的、纤弱的– fragile易碎的 Progressively渐进的、日益增多的– increasingly Devoid of没有、缺乏– lacking in Precious宝贵的、珍贵的– valuable Exposed 暴露的–visible Propulsion推进–moving forward Readily 轻而易举的–easily Assistance帮助– help Expanded扩充的、展开的–was enlarged TPO3: Feasible可行的– achievable Enhance增加、提高– improve Devised设计、发明– created Integral完整的、必须的– essential基本的、必要的 Arduous艰巨的、困难的– difficult Ensuring跟随，接下来– subsequent Unprecedented 史无前例的–unlike anything in the past Virtually几乎、实际上、事实上–almost
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy. 1,What does the passage mainly discuss? (a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope. (b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c)The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of (b)developing into (c)resistant to (d)hurt by 3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer? (a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food? (b)How many types of organisms can be found on food? (c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination? (d)How long can food stand before it putrefies? 4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
托福TPO阅读46文本+题目+答案
小编发布托福TPO46阅读本文+答案，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。 1. The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all
托福TPO46阅读文本题附答案
托福TPO46阅读文本+题目+答案 1. The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives. The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes. The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E., and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so di d peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. ■ The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. ■For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language. ■The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous
托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Microscopes The Beringia Landscape During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today.Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer[没有wanner这个单词和summer搭配哈，我觉得应该是转码故障导致的问题，应该是warmer。]summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia. It is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters,slowly expanding their hunting territories,eventually colonized North and South America.On this archaeologists generally agree,but that is where the agreement stops.One broad area of disagreement in explaining the peopling of the Americas is the domain of paleoecologists,but it is critical to understanding human history:what was Beringia like? The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today.■A Broad,windswept valleys;glaciated mountains;sparse vegetation;and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass.■B This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth,bison,and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou,musk ox,elk,and saiga antelope.■C These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores,including the giant short-faced bear,the saber-tooth cat,and a large species of lion.■D The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry,there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth,horse,and bison.Further,nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges;they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens.Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds,especially in winter.He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison,which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover.They need landscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows,exposing the dry grasses beneath.Guthrie applied the term“mammoth steppe"to characterize this landscape.
托福TPO阅读48原文+题目+答案
小编发布托福TPO48阅读本文+答案，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。 Chinese Population Growth Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization. It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect. To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were
托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 ▉托福TPO24阅读Passage1原文文本： Lake Water Where does the water in a lake come from,and how does water leave it?Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers,from underwater seeps and springs,from overland flow off the surrounding land,and from rain falling directly on the lake surface.Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers,by soaking into the bed of the lake,and by evaporation.So much is obvious. The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered:how much water enters and leaves by each route?Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river.Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain,as measured(rather roughly)by rain gauges,and the losses by evaporation,measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss.For the majority of lakes,certainly those surrounded by forests,input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect.Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater.Note the word"net":measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. Once all this information has been gathered,it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.If the former are greater,the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake;if the latter,it is a seepage-dominated lake.Occasionally,common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies.For example,a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated.Conversely,a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other,which dries up when the stream dries up,is clearly surface water dominated. By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the