高考英语语法讲义-新人教

高考英语语法讲义

1. 语法概述(主要内容:英语语法的学习方法与高考应试技巧、高考英语语法考点总体架构解析)

2. 名词、数词、冠词

3. 代词

4. 代词(续)、形容词与副词

5. 动词概述(主要内容:解析包括情态动词在内的动词各类型)

6. 时态

7. 语态、语气、非谓语动词

8. 非谓语动词(续)、介词

9. 定语从句

10. 状语从句

11. 名词性从句、主谓一致

12. 倒装句、省略句、情景交际单选题真题训练

Unit 1 语法概述

第一部分:应试技巧之真题演练(一)

1. Never ___ time come back again.

A.will lose

B.will lost

C.will losing

D.will to lose

2. We had ___ arrived at the train station when the train began to move.

A.no sooner

B.hardly

C.almost

D.nearly

3. The days we looked forward to ____ at last.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee17484740.html,es

B.to come

C.came

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee17484740.html,ing

4. Time should be made good use of ___ our lessons well.

A.learing

B.learned

C.to learn

D.learns

第二部分:应试技巧之真题演练(二)

— David has made great progress recently.

— ____, and ____.

A.So he has; so you have

B.So he has; so have you

C.So has he; so have you

D.So has he; so you have

第三部分:关于各种句子类型的否定式的总结注

一、陈述句的否定式

陈述句的否定式主要体现在谓语中。

1.对谓语的否定

(1)否定副词not通常总是放在谓语中第一个动词(助动词、系动词或情态动词)后面,一般现在时、一般过去时等时态下没有助动词、系动词或情态动词的句子必须加上助动词、系动词或情态动词后再加not。否定式中助动词、系动词和情态动词与not在口语里常缩成一个单词,如:aren't、isn't等等。“have”作“有”讲时的否定形式比较特殊,既可以在它后面直接加not,也可以在它的前面加“助动

词+ not”。注意:在主句接有宾语从句时,宾语从句的否定式习惯上放在主句谓语处。英语语法上有个概念叫“否定转移”,“否定转移”就是指将本属于that宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中的现象,“否定转移”发生在

1

主句中发表看法、感觉的情况下,例如:I don't believe I've met you before.

否定转移也有一些例外情况,在以下情况下不允许否定转移:

①主句中添加情态动词否定式can't、mustn't、wouldn't等的情况,例如:I can't believe that they are not married.

②从句中由no、never、nothing、nobody等否定词表否定或者由not just...but、just not...enough、not much、not quite等固定搭配进行否定,不便把否定转移到主句中去的情况,例如:I thought it ex plained nothing.

(2)由never、hardly等表示全部否定或部分否定的其他单词表示否定式,其

通常置于谓语的第一个助动词、系动词或情态动词后(若无助动词、系动词或情态动词则直接放在作为谓语的实义动词前)。

2.对主语等名词性成分的否定

(1)可在该名词性成分前加no或not

注意事项:

①not和no的区别:no ( = not a /any )除用于回答一般疑问句外是形容词,只能作前置定语;not是否定副词、适用范围比no广,在作定语时not语气要比no

弱而且not与其中心词之间须有冠词或者其他定语。试比较如下例句:He has not any friends here. 他在这里没有朋友。He has no friends here.

他在这里根本没有朋友。

②not与all、both、everyone、everybody等表“全部”意义的不定代词连用时构成“部分否定”。例如: Not all your classmetes like you. 你的同学有些喜欢你,但有些不喜欢你。Everybody can't do it. = Not everybody can do it. 并不是人人都能做这件事。

例外情况:all 与具有否定意义前缀或后缀的单词连用时表示全部否定。

如:We all dislike smoking. 我们全都不喜欢抽烟。all与形式肯定而意义否定的其他词或词组连用时也表示全部否定,包括与too…t o…、fail to、free of (from)连用等等。例如:All the people there are too old to work. 那里所有的人年龄都太大,不适合工作。All of them are now free from danger.他们全都脱离危险了。They all failed to keep their words. 他们全都没有信守诺言。

(2)用nothing、hardly、seldom、never、little等具有否定意义的其他单词表示。例如:I have nev er been there.

二、疑问句的否定式

疑问句的否定式主要有两种形式:

1.将助动词、系动词或情态动词移到主语前(特殊疑问句的疑问词本身作主语时则不移动),not留在主语后面,例如:Is he not your brother?

2.将助动词、系动词或情态动词和not的连体形式移到主语前,例如:Isn't he your brother?(但如下没用连体形式的句子则属于错误用法:Is not he your brother?)

注意:与陈述句语序相同的疑问句依陈述句的否定形式,如:You are not Chinese? He is not your br other?

三、祈使句的否定式

一般的祈使句在前加Do not或者Don't即可构成其否定式。例如:Do not give up midway!

“let”型祈使句的否定式有两种:如果宾语是第三人称,用“Don't let…”

形式;如果宾语是第一人称,则用“Let…not…”形式。例如:Don't let this type of things happen again. Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter.

Unit 2 名词

可数名词规则复数形式所遵循的规则为:

1.绝大多数名词的复数形式是在该词的单数形式后加-s,-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,在以ce、se、ze、(d)ge等结尾的词后读/iz/(在以th结尾的名词后的读法存在不规则的情况)。如:d esk-desks, day-days。

2.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在名词后加-es,词尾-es读/iz/。如:bus-buses, box-boxes, watch -watches, brush-brushes。但以ch结尾的名词,若ch 发/k/音,则其复数应加-s,-s一般读/s/,如: stomach-stomachs。

3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,将y变成i 再加-es,-es读/z/,如:baby-babies, country-countri es, lady-ladies。注意:以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变为复数, s读/z/,如:two Marys、boy-boys、key-keys。

Unit 3 数词

一、基数词的构成

I II III IV

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve

13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a (one) hundred 1,000 a thousand 10,000 ten thousand 1,000,000 a million

1,000,000,000 a billion(美)a thousand million(英)

1,000,000,000,000a trillion(美)a billion(英)

注意:一般情况下基数词为单数形式,基数词在特殊情况下可以用复数形式:

1.hundred、thousand、million等基数词前边没有数字和“a few”、“one”、“ten”等其他限定词修饰时可用复数形式,后面再加“of+名词”,表示不确定的数,例如:hundreds of (数以百计的),thou sands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)。

2.在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的介词词组里,例如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两地到达了。

3.表示人的岁数(以“in +the +表示‘几十’的基数词的复数形式”结构表示)或年代。例如:He is in his thirties. It took place in the 1950''s(s前的“''”可以不要).

表示数量的名词dozen(n.一打, 十二个)和score(n.二十)的用法可以同基数词的用法类比。

二、序数词的构成

阿拉伯数字基数词序数词序数词缩写形式阿拉伯数字基数词序数词序数词缩写形式

1 one first 1st 11 eleven eleventh 11th

2 two second 2nd 12 twelve twelfth 12th

3 three third 3rd 13 thirteen thirteenth 13th

4 four fourth 4th 14 fourteen fourteenth 14th

5 five fifth 5th 15 fifteen fifteenth 15th

6 six sixth 6th 16 sixteen sixteenth 16th

7 seven seventh 7th 17 seventeen seventeenth 17th

8 eight eighth 8th 18 eighteen eighteenth 18th

9 nine ninth 9th 19 nineteen nineteenth 19th

10 ten tenth 10th 20 twenty twentieth 20th

Unit 5 代词

一、人称代词简表

数

人称格单数复数

主格宾格主格宾格

第一人称 I me we us

第二人称 you you you you

第三人称 he him

she her

it it

人称代词主格和宾格用法的例外情况总结:

(1)be后面的代词的特殊情况。在非正式文体中,特别是在口语中,在be后的代词一般使用宾格,但在电话用语中或者在强调主语时常用主格。例如:①—Who is

it?—It''s me/him/her/us.②—I wish to speak to Mary.—This is she.③It is she who wants to go home.

(2)宾格人称代词作主语的情况。在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或者其在not 后或者其在感叹句中起强调作用时,多用宾语。例如:—I like English.—Me too.

(3)主格代替宾格的情况。在介词but、except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

二、it用法总结表

作用具体用法典型例句

指代事物代替前文提到过的东西或事情,用作人称代词①This is a new dic tionary. I bought it ye sterday.

②Tom joined the army last mouth. Do you know about it?

代替指示代词,起着this或that的作用①—Is this your car? —No, it isn''t.

②—What''s that?—It''s a video.

③—Whose room is this?—It is theirs.

指明某人或某物的身份,还可指不明性别的婴儿①—Who''s there? — It''s me. (It''s John)

②—Go and see who it is that rings. —It''s Bill.

③The Greens have a new baby. It''s lovely.

指时间,距离,自然现象(天气、气候、明暗等),量度,价值等等①It''s Sunday today.

②It''s three months since he came here.

③How far is it to the Great Wall?

④It''s getting dark.

⑤— How much is the coat? — It''s ninety dollars.

形式主语代替不定式①It is up to you to decide.

②It makes me happy to hear you have recovered.

代替动名词①It''s no good smoking.

②It''s worthwhile working the whole night on the problem.

代替主语从句①It doesn''t matter what you do.

②It seems that everyone has known the news.

形

式

宾

语代替不定式①I consider it better to be early.

②We found it impossible to ge t there before July .

代替动名词 We thought it no use doing that.

代替宾语从句 The teacher makes it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time . 在强调结构中的特殊句型:被强调部分其它强调主语①It is I who am to blame.

②It was your uncle that/who came yesterday.

强调宾语 It was a new pen that Mother gave me .

强调状语强调地点:It was in the classroom that I left my umbrella.

强调时间:It is at eleven that the train leaves.

强调方式:It was just as he ordered that I acted .

强调原因:It was because he was in trouble that I tried my best to help him.

强调宾补①It was red that we painted the gate.

②It was chairman that they elected him.

三、物主代词简表

类型单数复数

第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称

形容词性 my your his,her,its our your their

名词性 mine yours his,hers ours yours theirs

四、反身代词简表

数

人称单数复数

第一人称 myself ourselves

第二人称 yourself yourselves

第三人称 himself, herself, itself themselves Unit 6 形容词与副词

比较级和最高级的构成法总结: