当前高校创新创业存在问题浅析

在2014年9月的夏季达沃斯论坛上，李克强总理便发出“大众创业、万众创新”的号召。2015年，国务院也下发了“国务院关于大力推进大众创业万众创新若干政策措施的意见”[1]，将大众创业万众创新推向高潮。大众创业万众创新在无形之中增加了社会的就业岗位，可以很好的缓解当前社会的就业压力，给当前的经济发展带来更多的活力[2]而高校作为培养人才的地方，很早便开始了大学生创新实践，培养学生的创新能力及实践操作能力。近年来，在国家大政方针的指引下，高校也着力加强了大学生创业的培养及鼓励支持。取得显著成绩也存在诸多问题。

1 高校创新创业教育资源不足

当前，在各高校中，虽然都大力倡导大学生创新创业，但在各高校中，创新创业教育仍然存在诸多短板。大部分高校目前都还是延续传统的知识文化传授为主导，以课堂教学为主。而从1999年教育部提出开展大学生创新实践教育后，部分高校克服困难，拿出部分资金与国家及地方政府一道，开展大学生创新实践活动，长期以来大部分高校在学生创新活动中都取得了较好的成果，各高校也在多看的工作实践中形成一套比较完备的的体系，但各高校不完全统一，差异大，如部分高校将大学生创新创业归口教学部门管理、部分高校归口科研部门管理、另外还有一部则设立了专门的部门进行管理。另外，大部分高校没有大学生创新创业教育的专职师资，大学生创新创业的教学都是由学校的其它专业教师兼任，都是学校各专业教师在完成一定的教学任务、科研任务等的同时兼顾大学生的创新创业实践工作[3]。各高校普遍缺乏一支专职的专业的学生创新创业教育教学团队。

在创业方面，由于国家和政府在近年在大力鼓励提倡，加之在信息化时代，数据更新快，经济和社会形势变化快，使各高校都没有形成完备的创业教育模式和体系。部分高校虽然开设了创业培训课程，但课时极少，所占人才培养计划如九牛一毛。同时也没有专职教师，也是学校相关部门管理人员、相关专业教师兼职教学，或者由学校有关单位聘请的企业人员来讲授。这使得学校不能对学生的创新创业教育教学形成良好的体系和传承，不能长期积累良好的经验，进而不能全面提升创新创业教学质量。

除了以上所述创新创业师资不足外，大部分高校的创新实践平台、创新工程中心、创业孵化平台、创业园等创新创业平台严重缺乏。使得在大多数学生缺乏创新创业的平台。例如理工科的学生没有一个良好的实验平台，便难以开展创新实践工作，良好的创新思路便难以实现，更不可能得到优秀的成果[4]。而没有这些优秀的成果为支撑，该项工作就更难以开展。没有这些平台，学生的创新创业实践能力也就得不到很好的锻炼，对学生的创新创业能力及综合素质的培养也受到严重阻碍。另外，大多数都缺乏创业孵化平台或者基地，学生实践创造的一些优秀成果不能进行孵化，不能在一定的平台的引导下与社会接轨，缺乏后续动力，不能成功转化，进行影响创新创业工作的开展。

2 社会资源参与高校创新创业过少

在现在的高校体系中，有各种各样的社会资源参与到教育教学的各个方面。在学校的基础设施建设、学校的奖助学体系建设等各个方面，如众所周知的著名教育慈善家邵逸夫先生，自1985年以来，邵逸夫通过邵逸夫基金与教育部合作，连年向内地教育捐赠巨款建设教育教学设施，截至2012年赠款金额近47.5亿港元，建设各类教育项目6013个。对中国教育事业的发展也起到了积极的作用。同样，为帮助一些贫困的学生顺利的完成学业，为国家和

社会培养合格的社会主义事业接班人，各高校、各类社会团体及个人也投入大量的资金、人力物力等设立了各类奖助体系。某某企业奖学金、某某个人奖学金在各高校运行良好，如常见的廖凯原奖学金、光华奖学金、方正奖学金、季羡林奖学金、Panasonic育英基金、宝钢奖学金、钟三菱东京日联银行奖学金等各类个人及企业奖学金，对帮助一些品学兼优、家庭贫困的学生具有重要的作用，而这些受助的学生在其毕业后也加入的接续后续学生的行列。从而形成了一个良性循环。

但是在高校的创新创业体系中，社会力量的参与远不如以上两个方面。1999年教育部开展大学生创新实践。而大力倡导学生生创业则是近年来才提出来的，还没形成一个完善的体系。社会力量参与高校创新创业教育还远远不足，进而使得高校园创新创业工作推进难度增加。没有社会力量的大力支持，高校的创新创业便有如空中楼阁。学生的创新创业没有社会力量的参与、没有社会机构的指导、没有社会力量进行融资等。就会使得学生的创新创业在理念上、着力点上、创新创业成果转化上等各个方面难以与社会全面接轨。学生难以获得比较契合实际的优秀的创新创业点，创新创业也缺乏后劲，成果没有一定社会资金的支持也难以进行成果的放大和转化等。

高校的创新创业工作要大力吸引社会资源的广泛参与，要以社会的需求为依托来开展。让学生的创新创业在一定的目标下进行，朝着一定的目标和方向，在现有的基础上迎难而上，突破现有困境。使创新创业成果能与社会需要接轨，能吸纳社会资金，可以放大转型。从而全面提升学生的创新创业能力、学生实践能力及综合能力。

3 学生创新创业意识不强

在当下创新创业氛围日益浓厚的情况下，各高校学生的创新创业意识也逐渐增强。但与李客强总理提出的“万众创新、大众创业”在全国范围内形成良好的创新创业氛围还相差甚远。学生思想受中国传统思想文化和教育模式的影响。习惯被动式的接受，习惯在老师的安排下学习，缺乏一种主动思考、勇于创新的精神和勇气。对于创新创业，一部分学生积极响应参与，一大部分学生则抱着可有可无的态度不予以正视，更缺乏参与的积极性和激情，缺乏正确的认识，没有将创新创业放到一个其应该有的地位和高度，一些学校和地方政府也没有对这块工作引起足够的重视。尤其在一些经济欠发达的地区和一些二三流的高校，地方和学校财政支持力度不足，相关单位重视程度不够，学生创新创业整体情况欠佳，创新创业氛围不浓厚。在这样的情况下，学生的创新创业意识未能被正确引导和激发[5]。进而影响学生创新创业工作的开展。如各高校每年都会有国家级、省级及校级大学生创新创业实践活动可以供学生申报，政府及学校也都提供资金支持。但在很多的数万人的高校里申报的人却很少，有的一年不足100项，创业项目更是无人问津。本是一件对学生的成长成才有重要意义，对学生综合能力有良好的锻炼作用的工程却闹得“门前冷落鞍马稀”[3]。另外，部分地区由于学校和政府不能为学生提供良好的创新平台和良好的创业引导及创业支持。学生对创新创业工作存在畏难情绪，而不愿意参与到活动中去。如湖北某高校，学生在获得大学生创新实践立项后，政府不能提供资金支持，而学校由于地方财政及学校内部的财务制度限制，学生必须要在获得相应创新成果后才能报账。使得创新项目在实施过程中必须由学生或者指导老师来垫付相关费用，而于学生而言，本身没有经济收入，这便让学生们参与活动的积极性大为减退，很多的创新项目立项后也没有能有序开展。这在某种程度上严重阻碍了学生创新创业活动的开展，也严重影响学生的积极性，阻碍学生创新创业意识的培养，也就难以在该块取得优秀的成果。

4 创新创业支持体系不完善

笔者认为大学生创新创业支持体系是为大学生创新创业活动提供支持的一切机构、政策、平台等各个方面的的总和，是一个宽泛和包容的概念。从学生的角度来讲，创新创业支持体系包括学校为大学生创新创业提供的咨询服务、常设学管理部门、学校的创新实验平台、创业园、政府出台的相应的创业税收政策、地方政府为鼓励创新创业而出台贷款及经费支持政策等。涉及面广而杂，各环节环环相扣，都影响创新创业活动的开展。在各方的不懈努力下，目前初步形成了一系列的支持体系，但仍旧不能满足创新创业的需要。各学生创业享受政策受地域限制、学校限制，各地各高校政策不统一。而学生创业则必须结合其籍贯及当地实际情况。又如一些学生在其学业没修满期间就开始创新创业工作，需要暂时或者需要几年时间来完成相关工作，不能正常学习毕业，这种情况下，大多数地方及高校等都没有相应政策来灵活处理对待，都没有政策支持。便也不能让其如愿开展创新创业。要在全国范围内推进学生创新创业工作，相关支持体系还需要进一步规范完善，进一步统一化。

总之，经过数年的努力和积累，大学生创新创业工作取得了突破性进展。但随着时代的进步，经济社会格局也发生显著变化，信息技术逐渐占主导地位，“互联网+”成为成为当下主体模式。大学生创新创业都必须要以这些改变为依据来开展。而当下大学生创新创业依然面临着高校创新创业教育资源不足、社会资源参与高校创新创业教育过少、学生创新创业意识不强、创新创业支持体系不完善等一系列问题。仍然需要从学生、学校、政府及社会各个层面的努力来突破当下的困境，使大学生创新创业更加规范化、普遍化。让学生创新创业水平更高、成果更丰富、效益更明显。

In September 2014 summer davos BBS, prime minister li keqiang has issued a "public entrepreneurship, peoples innovation". In 2015, the state council also issued a "state council on several policies and measures to vigorously promote the innovation in public business peoples opinion" [1], the popular business peoples innovation to a climax. Masses entrepreneurship has innovation in aeriform in increasing the social employment, to alleviate the employment pressure of the current society, for the current economic development bring more vitality [2] and the university as a place to foster talents, began in early college students' innovation practice, raises student's innovation ability and practice ability. In recent years, in the national major policy under the guidance of colleges and universities also focus on strengthening the cultivation of the college students' entrepreneurship and encourage support. Significant achievements are also some problems.

1 the university innovation entrepreneurship education resources

At present, in the universities, although all encourage the innovation of college students' business, but in universities, the innovation entrepreneurship education still has many weaknesses. Most colleges and universities are still the continuation of traditional culture imparting knowledge as the leading factor, is given priority to with the classroom teaching. And in 1999 the ministry of education put forward the innovation of college students' education, some universities to overcome difficulties, a portion of the funds and state and local governments to carry out college students' innovation practice activity, most of the colleges and universities for a long time in the students' innovative activities have achieved good results, various universities are more developed in the practice of a set of relatively complete system, but the universities is

not completely unified, big differences, such as part of the department of the college students' innovative undertaking under centralized teaching management, some universities under centralized management, scientific research department in addition to a set up a special department to manage. In addition, most universities have no full-time teachers, innovative entrepreneurship education of college students of the college students' innovative undertaking teaching are made by other professional part-time teachers, the school is the professional teachers in certain teaching task, such as scientific research tasks at the same time give attention to both college students' innovative undertaking practical work [3]. The various universities lack a full-time professional students' innovative entrepreneurial education teaching team.

In terms of business, because of state and government in advocating vigorously in recent years, and in the information age, data updates fast, economic and social situation change fast, make the universities are not form a complete entrepreneurial education model and system. Although some universities have opened the entrepreneurship training courses, but classes, of talent training plan, such as a drop in the bucket. Also no full-time teachers, but also related department managers, professional teachers part-time teaching, or by the school related units to hire companies to teaching staff. This makes schools cannot to student's innovative undertaking education teaching to form a good system and inheritance, cannot be good experience for a long time, then can't comprehensively promote innovative undertaking the teaching quality.

In addition to the above innovation entrepreneurship faculty deficiency, most colleges and universities of innovation practice platform, business incubator innovation engineering center, business incubation platform, such as serious lack of innovative entrepreneurial platform. In most of the students lack of innovative entrepreneurial platform. Such as science and engineering students are not a good experiment platform, it is difficult to carry out innovative practice work, the creative thinking of the good is difficult to achieve, it is impossible to get good results [4]. Without these excellent results for support, the work is more difficult to carry out. It were not for the platform, the students' innovative undertaking practical ability also won't get a good exercise, to the cultivation of students' innovation ability and comprehensive quality has also been severely hampered. In addition, most of them are lack of start-up incubator platform or base, and create some of the best students practice results cannot hatch, not under the guidance of certain platform with social practice, lack of subsequent power, cannot successfully transformed, entrepreneurial work affect innovation.

2 social resources to participate in the innovation entrepreneurship

In the present system of colleges and universities, there are all kinds of social resources to participate in all aspects of the education teaching. Infrastructure construction in school, school JiangZhuXue system construction and so on each aspect, such as the well-known famous education philanthropist Sir Run run shaw, since 1985, Sir Run run by Sir Run run fund in collaboration with the ministry of education, education on the mainland for years to donate money construction education teaching facilities, nearly hk $4.75 billion by 2012 grant amount, construction of various kinds of education project 6013. Also on the development of China's education cause has played a positive role. Also, to help some poor students complete their studies, for the state and society to cultivate qualified successors for the socialist cause, universities, all kinds of social organizations and individuals also spend a lot of money and manpower to set up all kinds of awards system. Xyz enterprise scholarship and personal scholarship in universities, such as common Mr. Leo scholarship, guanghua scholarship,

scholarship, ji scholarship, Panasonic founder yu ying, baosteel scholarship fund, clock bank of tokyo-mitsubishi ufj scholarships and other kinds of personal and corporate scholarship, to help some excellent, family poverty students plays an important role, and the recipient of the students in their also join in the follow-up of students after graduation. Thus forming a virtuous circle.

But in innovative undertaking system in colleges and universities, the participation of social force is much less than the above two aspects. In 1999 the ministry of education innovation of college students. And advocate students entrepreneurship is only in recent years, have not formed a complete system. Social forces to participate in the university innovation entrepreneurship education is far insufficient, which makes high school work to promote innovative undertaking difficulty increase. There is no support of social forces, colleges and universities of entrepreneurship and innovation as a castle in the air. Students' innovative undertaking without the participation of social forces, without the guidance of social organizations, no social forces to raise funds, etc. Will make students' innovative undertaking on the concept, focus on all aspects, and creative achievements transformation is difficult to fully connected with society. Students are difficult to obtain more realistic excellent innovation entrepreneurship, innovation entrepreneurship also lack of staying power, results without the support of a certain social capital also difficult achievement of amplification and conversion, etc.

College of creative work to attract the participation of social resources, should be based on the demand of the society to develop. Let the students' innovative undertaking, under the certain goals toward a certain goal and direction, on the basis of the existing grasped the nettle and break through the existing predicament. Can make innovation entrepreneurship results with the need of society, can absorb the social capital, can magnify the transformation. To improve the students' innovation ability, students' practical ability and comprehensive ability.

3 students creative consciousness is not strong

In the present under the situation of increasingly strong innovative entrepreneurial atmosphere, each college students' innovative undertaking consciousness also gradually enhanced. But with strong li ke "innovation, public entrepreneurship" put forward by the prime minister, forming good creative atmosphere throughout the country is still far. The student thought influenced by Chinese traditional ideology and culture and education mode. Used passive acceptance, is used to study under the arrangement of the teacher, the lack of an active thinking, innovative spirit and courage. For innovation entrepreneurship, part of the students' positive response to participate in, a majority of students are holding a dispensable attitude don't confront, more enthusiasm and passion of the lack of participation, lack of correct understanding, no innovation entrepreneurship in a its position and height, should have some schools and local governments also did not cause enough attention to this work. Especially in some economically underdeveloped areas and some ErSanLiu colleges and universities, local and school financial support is insufficient, the relevant unit importance is not enough, poor students innovative undertaking the overall situation, innovative entrepreneurial atmosphere is not strong. In such cases, the students' innovative undertaking consciousness has not been properly guide and inspire [5]. Will affect the development of students' innovative undertaking. Such as universities every year there are national, provincial and university students' innovative entrepreneurial practice can declare for the student, the government and schools also provide financial support. But in many of the universities of tens of thousands of people to declare the people rarely, some less than 100 a year, start-ups are neglected. This is a success is important for the growth of

students, have a good exercise effect on students' comprehensive ability of engineering is to "in front of the snubbing pommel horse loose" [3]. In addition, parts of the school and the government can't provide students with good innovation platform and good entrepreneurial guidance and business support. Students' innovative undertaking work existence the fear, and not willing to participate in the activities. As a university in hubei, the students in the college students' innovative practice project, the government is unable to provide financial support, and schools because of local finance and internal financial system, students must be in the right to obtain corresponding innovation achievement to reimbursement. Make innovation project must be in the process of implementation of related fees paid by the student or instructor to account, and the student, itself has no economic income, it will let the enthusiasm of the students to participate in activities decreased greatly, after a lot of innovation project nor can orderly. This to some extent, seriously hindered the development of the students' innovative entrepreneurial activity, is also the serious influence student's enthusiasm, hinder the cultivation of students' innovative entrepreneurial, also it will be difficult to excellent results in the block.

Four innovative entrepreneurial support system is not perfect

The author thinks that college students' innovative entrepreneurial support system is to provide support for college students' innovative entrepreneurial activity of all the institutions, policies, platform,https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee2749273.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee2749273.html, such as the sum of all aspects of, is a broad and inclusive concept. From the student perspective, innovative entrepreneurial support system including schools for college students' innovative undertaking to provide advisory services, permanent management, school of innovative experimental platform, pioneer park, the government of the corresponding business tax policy, to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation of local government loans and funding policy, etc. Wide range and miscellaneous, interlocking of each link, all affect the development of innovative entrepreneurial activity. Under the unremitting efforts of all parties concerned, initially formed a series of support system at present, but still can't meet the needs of the innovative undertaking. Students entrepreneurial enjoy policy restricted by geographical restrictions, schools, universities around the policy. While students entrepreneurship must be combined with its native and local actual situation. And some students in the school didn't complete during begin to creative work, need to temporarily or take years to complete the related work, can't graduated from normal study, this kind of circumstance, most of the universities in local and have no corresponding policy to flexible processing, such as there is no policy support. He can't also let it be in innovative undertaking. To across the country to promote students' innovative undertaking, related support system also needs to further standardize and further unification.

All in all, after several years of efforts and accumulation, college students' innovative undertaking made breakthrough progress. But along with the progress of The Times, the social and economic structure has changed significantly, the information technology gradually dominate, "Internet +" as become the main mode. College students' innovative undertaking must based on the changes in order to develop. Right now, college students' innovative undertaking is still faced with innovation in https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee2749273.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee2749273.html, colleges and universities entrepreneurship education resources, social resources to participate in too little innovation entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, students' innovative entrepreneurial awareness is not strong, innovative entrepreneurial support system is imperfect and so on a series of problems. Still need from students, schools, government and society all aspects of efforts to break through

the present predicament, to make college students' innovative undertaking more standardization, generalization. Let the students' innovative entrepreneurial level higher, fruit more rich, the benefit is more obvious.