2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编-动词时态与语态
2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编-动词时态与语态
1. In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India. (xx·湖南卷27)
A. lands
B. landed
C. has landed
D. had landed
【解析】选B。本题考查时态中的一般过去时，强调过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。句意：1492年，哥伦布曾在巴哈马群岛中的一个岛屿登陆，但是他误以为是印度边缘的一个岛屿。题干给出具体的过去时间in 1492，所以排除A和D。干扰项C现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，此题表达的重点是哥伦布过去登陆了这个岛，并不强调对现在的影响。
2. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ___ by scientists. ( xx·湖南卷
34)
A. are making
B. are made
C. will make
D. will be made
【解析】选D。本题考查动词的时态及语态。句意：在不久的将来，科学家将会使机器人技术更加先进。主语是more advances，时间是in the near future，所以动作一定是发生在将来，又因为主语被提到了前面，“进步”是被取得的，所以句子需要用被动语态。故选D。
英语中，动词有十六种时态，而湖南高考要求考生掌握十种时态，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及现在完成进行时。
动词的时态
考点1.一般现在时与现在进行时
Planning so far ahead ______ no sense — so many things will have changed by next year. (xx·全国新课标卷23)
A. made
B. is making
C. makes
D. has made
【解析】选C。句意：提前这么早计划没有意义，第二年这么多事情将会发生变化。此项用一般现在时表明这一客观事实。选项A一般过去时，选项B现在进行时，选项D现在完成时都与接下来的一句语境不符。
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不依时间的变化而发生变化的动作。时刻表上安排的将要进行的事情也可用一般现在时表示。
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作。非持续性动词(如：go, e, leave, die 等)的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。
温馨提示：
(1)在以when, until (till), as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句或以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及由no matter when, however, even if 等引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(2)always, often, constantly, frequently, forever等副词和现在进行时连用，表达说话人的某种感情，即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等，可译为“老是、总是”。
(3)某些动词的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。常见的这类动词有：go, e, leave, arrive, start, take off等。
考点2. 现在完成时与一般过去时
It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school. (xx·湖南卷30)
A. attended
B. had attended
C. am attending
D. have attended
【解析】选D。句意：自从我来了这所学校以后，这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is，并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生的动作，所以用现在完成时。故选D。
现在完成时强调过去发生的事情一直延续到现在的情况，或者过去发生的事情对现在的影响或结果。属于现在时态的范畴。表示延续性的动作时常用“since+时间点/for+时间段”作状语；而表示非持续性的动作时常用副词already, yet, ever, just, never等作状语。
一般过去时表示在过去时间里已经发生的动作，常与过去时间状语yesterday, last week, in xx, three days ago等连用。
相同点：都表示动作发生在过去。
不同点：现在完成时表示与现在有关；一般过去时表示与现在无关。
温馨提示：(1)比较、区别have gone to(去了)与have been to(去过)的不同用法。
(2)现在完成时一般不与具体的过去时间状语或when连用。
(3)短暂性动词的完成时一般不与段时间状语连用。
(4)在It / This / That is the first / second time (that) …结构中，that引导的从句常用现在完成时。
考点3.过去进行时与一般过去时
— That must have been a long trip.
— Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there. (xx·北京卷27)
A. takes
B. has taken
C. took
D. was taking
【解析】选C 。根据上句must have been可知trip发生在过去，因此第二句选用一般过去时took。句意：——那一定是一次长久的旅行。——是啊，我们花了整整一星期才到达那儿。
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作，常与时间状语this time last year, that time, last night或由when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句等连用。
温馨提示：过去进行时与副词always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示赞美或讨厌的感情色彩。
考点4. 过去完成时与一般过去时
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ______ from college.(xx·辽宁卷
34)
A. graduated
B. has graduated
C. had been graduating
D. had graduated
【解析】选D。从句动作是过去时，主句动作发生在过去的过去，因此用过去完成时。
过去完成时表示过去某时间或某动作之前已经发生的事情或存在的状态，即：过去的过去。持续性动词的过去式常与since+时间点、for+时间段、when/before+过去时的从句、by/before+过去时间等状语连用。
温馨提示：(1)动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、计划或打算等。
(2)过去完成时用于某些特殊结构
①It / This / That was the first / second time (that)+过去完成时
②It was+段时间+since+过去完成时
③no sooner …than …或hardly …when …的主句谓语要用过去完成时
④含“by+过去时间点”或“by the time+一般过去时”的句子常用过去完成时
考点5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
— You look so tired, what have you been doing?
— We have been discussing the problem but we ______ a conclusion yet.
A. haven't drawn
B. have been drawing
C. didn't draw
D. weren't drawing
【解析】选A。根据前后语境可知，到目前为止我们还没有达成结论，尽管我们到现在为止一直在讨论问题。yet一般与完成时连用。
现在完成进行时由“have/has + been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作；现在完成时表示动作已完成。
考点6.一般将来时与将来进行时
— I hear you ______ in a pub. What's it like?
— Well, it's very hard work and I'm always tired, but I don't mind. (xx·江苏卷21)
A. are working
B. will work
C. were working
D. will be working
【解析】选A。句意：——我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样？——哦，工作很艰难，我总是累的，但我不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话，那么就不会出现下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时，与下句太不符合。
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，或在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语tomorrow, next week, in a few days等连用。
将来进行时表示将来某时间正在发生的动作，或将来某时间可能会发生的事情。
一般将来时强调打算、计划、安排，而将来进行时强调客观的可能性或主观的决心、意志。温馨提示：will / shall与be going to的区别：
①be going to可用于条件状语从句表示将来，而shall / will一般不可。
②迹象表明要发生某事，只用be going to。
③若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，用be going to；说话时的临时决定，则用will / shall。
动词的语态
考点1.两种特殊的被动语态
1. 双宾语动词的被动语态
She was ______ the bike for 25 dollars，but she wouldn't take it.
A. provided
B. supplied
C. offered
D. gave
【解析】选C。offer 作“出价，开价”讲，常有offer sb. money for sth.和offer sb. sth. for money两种搭配。此处是将后者用于被动语态中。
英语中有些动词可以有两个宾语，如：give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, lend, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等，这些动词用于被动结构时，可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，而另一个宾语仍保留在谓语后面。如：He bought me man y books. → I was bought many books. 或Many books were bought for me.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
— Why does Lingling look so unhappy?
— She ______ by her classmates.
A. has laughed
B. has laughed at
C. has been laughed
D. has been laughed at
【解析】选D。由by短语可知该用被动语态，即可排除A、B。laugh是不及物动词，没有
被动语态，而laugh at才是及物动词短语，可用被动语态。
短语动词是由“动词+介词”，“动词+名词+介词”等结构构成的动词短语，在被动语态结构中，不能漏掉其后的介词。在“动词＋名词＋介词”这类动词短语的被动结构，“名词＋be＋动词过去分词＋介词”也是高考热点。如：take care of→care be taken of; make good use of→good use be made of; take advantage of→advantage be ta ken of。
考点2.主动表被动的若干情形
— Shall we go fishing tomorrow?
— Sounds great, but with so much homework ______，I really can't afford the time.
A. done
B. to do
C. being done
D. doing
【解析】选B。“with+宾语+不定式”结构中的不定式表示将来，且常用主动表被动。
1. 系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动。
2. 英语中有些动词如：open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等，当主语是物，且又表示主语的特征和状态时，要用主动形式表被动含义。
3. 不定式to blame用作表语，通常用主动表被动。
4. “主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词常见的有：convenient, fortable, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。
5. 不定式用于某些动词(如：have, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
温馨提示：若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式。
6. 在“with+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式表示将来的动作，且其逻辑主语是句子的主语，该不定式常用主动表被动。
7. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
温馨提示：be worthy却不一样，其后常接不定式的被动式或of+动名词的被动式。
8. 表示“需要”的动词need, want, require或动词deserve(“应受，应得，值得”)后的动名词用主动式表被动意义。但这些动词后的动名词若改为不定式则要用被动式表被动。
考点3.不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语)无被动语态
Great changes ______ in the city and a lot of factories ______.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; are set up
D. were taken place; were set up
【解析】选B。take place 为不及物动词短语，一般不用被动语态，即可排除A、C、D。常见的没有被动语态的动词(短语)有：occur, take place, happen, break out, belong to, appear, disappear, cost, last, agree with等。
考点4. 作状语的动词被动语态
If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters. (xx·浙江卷19)
A. being cheered
B. be cheered
C. to be cheered
D. were cheered
【解析】选C。考查非谓语动词，因此首先排除B和D(前面已经有are going to tour，又没有连词，不可能出现两个独立谓语)。A和C都表示被动，区别在于being done表示正在被发生的动作，而动词不定式to be done表示具体、一次性、将要被发生的动作。句意：
如果他们今晚赢得了决赛，整队将在热情的粉丝欢呼下周游这个城市。这里用to be done 表示伴随。
考点5. 作后置定语的动词被动语态
The Town Hall ______ in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. pleting
B. pleted
C. having been pleted
D. to have been pleted
【解析】选B。pleted作后置定语修饰the Town Hall, 表被动完成。相当于定语从句which/ that was pleted。选C错误，因为现在分词完成时不能作限定性后置定语。
考点6. “get/bee及其他系动词＋过去分词”表示被动，构成系表结构
They got ______ after returning from the big party last week.
A. separate
B. separating
C. separated
D. to separate
【解析】选C。get ＋过去分词为固定系表结构。get separated (分离)。类似结构还有get dressed“穿着”，get married“结婚”，get changed “换衣服”等等。
考点7.形式被动意义表主动的短语一般都由“be ＋v.-ed＋介词或少量的不定式”组成，如be faced with(面临)，be determined to do(下决心干)，be caught in(遇上), be devoted to (致力于), be known for(因……出名)，be lost in(陷于，埋头于) 等等。在句中作状语时只需去掉be。
______ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to study harder and harder.
A. Being determining
B. Determined
C. To determine
D. Determine
【解析】选B。be determined to do作状语时，be去掉。
考点8. 带复合宾语的动词被动语态结构
The missing girl was last seen ______ under the big tree.
A. read
B. to read
C. reading
D. to be reading
【解析】选C。由句中语境可知空白处表示的是当时的现场情景，动作正在发生。故用reading 作主补。带复合宾语的动词变为被动时，一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。宾语补足语可以是现在分词结构，表明动作正在发生，也可以是动词不定式结构表明动作已发生，强调动作发生的全过程。
考点9.当句子的谓语为say, believe, report, expect, think, know, consider, suggest等动词时，被动语态有两种形式①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补，②用it作形式主语，真正主语在后面用主语从句来表示。类似句型有：It is said/ reported/ believed/ known/ suggested/ considered/ hoped/ thought …that…
The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Bolt at the Bird's Nest, who was reported ______ the world record in the running races.
A. breaking
B. having broken
C. to have broken
D. to break
【解析】选C。表示据报道用“be reported ＋不定式”。此处用不定式完成时表动作已发生。此句中的后一分句我们也可以这样改写：It was reported that Bolt had broken the world record in the running races.
2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编-句子
1. — Someone wants you on the phone.
— ______ nobody knows I am here. (xx·新课标卷25)
A. Although
B. And
C. But
D. So
【解析】选C。本题要把握前后两个句子的逻辑关系。前半句为，有人给你打电话；后半句为，没人知道我在这儿，根据句意可知前后两句明显为转折关系，故选C。
2. ______ a strange plant! I've never seen it before. (xx·辽宁卷33)
A. Which
B. What
C. How
D. Whether
【解析】选B。what引导一个感叹句。
简单句所涉及的考点主要包括感叹句和反意疑问句。
一、感叹句
______ she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
A. How beautiful
B. What beautiful song
C. How beautifully
D. So wonderful
【解析】选C。此为“how＋副词＋主语＋谓语”形式的感叹句。
简单句
感叹句的基本结构特点是：
What ＋a(n) (＋adj.) ＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋动词)!
What ＋adj. ＋不可数名词或复数可数名词！
How ＋adj. /adv. (＋主语＋动词)!
How ＋adj. ＋a(n) ＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋动词)!
二、反意疑问句
考点1.主从复合句后面的反意问句
I don't suppose our team might have been beaten by theirs last night, ______？
A. do I
B. might it
C. hasn't it
D. was it
【解析】选D。陈述部分有I don't suppose时，反意问句应与其后的宾语从句的主谓一致，本句的非推测句为：I don't suppose our team was beaten by theirs last night, 反意问句便是：was it。
如果陈述部分是主从复合句，后面的反意问句通常与主句的主谓一致。如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, expect等，后面的反意问句要注意3种情况：
1. 如果主语是第一人称I, 后面的反意问句需与从句的主谓一致。
2. 如果主句的主语是其他人称，则后面的反意问句常需与主句的主谓一致。
3. 如果主句的动词是否定式，后面的反意问句要用肯定式。
考点2.强调结构后面的反意问句
It was at the gate that you met her, ______？
A. wasn't it
B. was it
C. didn't you
D. did you
【解析】选A。强调结构“It is / was＋被强调部分＋that …”后的反意问句需与It is / was一致。
强调结构“It is / was＋被强调部分＋that …”后的反意问句需与that前面的主谓一致。
考点3.并列句后面的反意问句
The man works hard and he is the best worker in his factory, ______？
A. does he
B. doesn't he
C. is he
D. isn't he
【解析】选D。两个并列句后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与后一个分句保持主谓一致。
两个并列句(常见的连词有：or, and, but, while, for等)后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与距离它近的那个分句的主谓一致。
考点4.否定句后面的反意问句
He had little idea that it was getting so serious, ______？
A. didn't he
B. did he
C. wasn't it
D. was it
【解析】选B。陈述句是含有否定词little的否定句，反意问句用肯定形式。
1. 前面的陈述部分有半否定词hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, seldom等时，反意问句用肯定形式。
2. 陈述部分虽有否定前(后)缀词(如：dis-，in-，un-，-less)时，反意问句仍要用否定形式。
考点5.祈使句后面的反意问句
Lily, help me put up the picture on the wall, ______？
A. will you
B. don't you
C. are you
D. didn't you
【解析】选A。陈述句是肯定祈使句，反问部分用will you。
1. Let's开头(包括听话者), 反意问句用shall we；Let us开头(不包括听话者), 反意问句用will you。
2. 其他形式的肯定祈使句后面，一般用will you。
考点6.情态动词后面的反意问句
— I think it's high time that she made up her mind.
— The police must have known all about this, ______？
A. mustn't they
B. haven't they
C. mustn't it
D. hasn't it
【解析】选B。陈述部分用“must(may，might)＋v.-ed”表示推测时，若句中不带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词应该与must(may, might)后的动词形式保持一致。
情态动词用于推测，后面的反意问句的谓语一般要与情态动词后面的动词相一致。
考点7. have后面的反意问句
It's seven o'clock now. We have to leave for the cinema, ______？
A. haven't we
B. don't we
C. isn't it
D. wasn't it
【答案】选B。
1. have表“有”时，后面的反意问句的谓语可用have或do的适当形式。
2. have表“让、吃、患”等意思时，后面的反意问句的谓语用do的适当形式。
3. have to表“不得不”时，后面的反意问句的谓语要用do的适当形式。
4. have ＋done构成完成时时，后面的反意问句的谓语要用have的适当形式。考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例1: There will be an English party tomorrow, ______？
A. isn't there
B. isn't it
C. won't there
D. won't it
【解析】选C。在there be句型中，反意疑问句的主语用there, 反意疑问句谓语部分视具体的助动词、情态动词或系动词而定。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例2: It's the first time that he has been to Australia, ______？(辽宁锦州一中高中xx届高三第五次模拟卷)
A. isn'the
B. hasn't he
C. isn't it
D. hasn't it
【解析】选C。由句型it's the first time that ＋从句可知，主语是it, be是is。因此用isn't it。考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例3: — Alice, you feed the bird today, ______？
— But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you
B. will you
C. didn't you
D. don't you
【解析】选B。Alice 为称呼语，后接一个祈使句，因此用will you。
1. 陈述部分是There be结构时，反意问句的主语用there来充当。
2. I wish表示愿望，后面的反意问句常用may I。
3. I'm 开头，后面的反意问句常用aren't I。
4. 以So, Oh开头的句子，若是肯定句，其后的反意问句也用肯定；若是否定句，其后的反意问句也用否定。
5. 在句型It's the first/second/third…time that从句中，在It's＋时间段＋since从句中，以及It won't be long before从句中等等，反意部分由前面It＋be来决定，与从句的谓语动词无关。
考点1.转折并列句
例1: We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, ______，in fact, there were 40.
A. while
B. whether
C. what
D. which
【解析】选A。分析两句的关系可知应该用表示对比的连词while。
并列句
例2: Excuse me for breaking in, ______ I have some news for you.
A. so
B. and
C. but
D. that
【解析】选C。but 放在表示歉意的话之后，只起连接作用；but 的语义非常丰富，用法灵活多变。随着高考语境性意义的加强，but 出现的频率也越来越高，因为它在试题中对正确答案的选择起着重要的制约作用。下面是but 的一些基本用法。
一、but 用作并列连词，意为“但是”，“然而”，表示转折意义。
Rick made some more records, but he wasn't as popular as he had been before.
里克虽然灌制了更多唱片，但不像以前那样受欢迎。
此时要注意but 与however 的区别。however 表示“可是”，“但是”的意义时，常用作副
词，可以放在句首、句中、句尾，并常用逗号将它与句子分开。
However，he didn't make his mark in the end.
然而，他终未成功。
二、but 可置于表示歉意的话(如Excuse me 或I'm sorry )之后，提出请求或说出可能触犯对方的话，它没有实际意义，只起连接作用，可以省去。
I am sorry, but I don't think I know you.
很抱歉，我想我不认识你。
Excuse me, but can you tell me how to surf the net?
劳驾，你能告诉我怎么上网吗？
主要由but(但是), yet(可是), while(而，却)等连词连接。
考点2.选择并列句
Bring the flowers into a warm room ______ they'll soon open. (xx·辽宁卷31)
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. for
【解析】选B。and表并列关系。此句考查句型：祈使句＋and ＋陈述句。
主要由or(或者，还是，否则), either…or…(不是……就是……), neither…nor…(既不……也不……), otherwise(要不然)等连词连接。
考点3.联合并列句
______，and I'll get the work finished.
A. Have one more hour
B. One more hour
C. Given one more hour
D. If I have one more hour
【解析】选B。从句子结构上看，and连接了两个分句，两句间存在着一种顺承关系。其中前一分句为不完整句子，即一个名词短语，表示一种条件或假设，相当于if条件状语从句，该句相当于If I am given one more hour, I'll get the work finished. 后一分句表示一种结果或推论。
一、祈使句
1. 祈使句主要用于请求，发出邀请，给予指示、忠告或警告，也可用于发出命令等。
2. 祈使句的特点是：一般不出现主语(you), 但有时为了指明向谁发出请求或命令，也可以说出主语；谓语动词一律用原形；否定式一律在动词前面加don't。
二、句型中陈述句的时态或语气决定着祈使句表示的条件性质。
1. 当陈述句是一般将来时或一般现在时的时候，祈使句是真实条件句。
Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study.
努力学习，你将很快取得进步。
2. 当陈述句的谓语动词是would / should / could / might ＋动词原形或完成体时，祈使句表示非真实条件句。
e tomorrow and I would tell you everything.
明天来，我就告诉你所有的事情。
三、“祈使句＋and ＋陈述句”句型的3种变化形式
1. “祈使句＋破折号＋陈述句”
Try some of this juice — perhaps you'll like it.
尝尝这种果汁，也许你会喜欢的。
2. “名词词组＋and ＋陈述句”
名词词组中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等词。
It is really very dangerous. One more step, and the baby will fall into the well.
真危险。再多迈一步，这个小孩儿就掉进井里了。
Another ￡500, and I could buy a car.
假如我再有500英镑，就能买辆小汽车了。
One step further and you'll lost.
再多走一步，你就会迷失方向了。
A few minutes earlier, and I could have seen the famous scientist.
要是我早来几分钟，就能见到那位著名的科学家了。
3. “祈使句＋or ＋陈述句”
or表示“否则”、“要不然的话”，or可用or else或otherwise替换，从反面来预测结果。Take the chance, or you will regret it.
抓住机会吧，否则你会遗憾的。
Watch your step, or else you might fall into the water.
留神脚下，不然你会掉进水里的。
Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.
叫你怎么做就怎么做，否则你会有麻烦的。
主要由and, not only…but also…(不但……而且……), when(＝and just at this time就在这时)等连词连接。
考点4.因果并列句
It must have rained last night, ______ the ground is wet this morning.
A. because
B. since
C. as
D. for
【解析】选D。表示对前一分句的内容加以推断性的原因，用for。
高考英语语法专题复习--代词
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