武汉理工大学研究生英语课后习题答案

单选

Unit1

1. I had a teacher once who called his students " idiots"' when they screwed up.

A. mess up

B. clean up c. put up D. stay up

2. He corrected our wayward hands and arms by poking at us with a pencil.

A. stir

B. stab

C. pick

D. point

3. I was among them, toting my long-neglected viola.

A. hold

B. carry

C. drag

D. tackle

4. Now I'm no calling for abuse; I'd be the first to complain if a teacher called my kids names.

A. insult kids

B. check kids' names

C. praise kids

D. scolding kids

5. Grit is a better predictor of success than SAT scores.

A. factor

B. indicator

C. element

D. component

6 And the following eight principles-a manifesto if you will, a battle cry inspired by my old teacher and buttressed by new research-explain why.

A. declaration

B. display

C. interplay

D. presentation

7. In a 2012 study, 111 French sixth-grades were given anagram problems that were too

difficult for them to solve.

A. word play

B. homonymy

C. polysemy

D. synonym

8. The fear, of course is that failure will traumatize our kids, sapping them of self-esteem.

A. upset

B. shock

C. distress

D. hurt

9. The researchers had assumed that the most effective teachers would lead students to knowledge through collaborative learning and discussion.

A. captive

B. motive

C. communicative

D. cooperative

10. Instead, they found disciplinarians who relied on traditional methods of explicit instruction, like lectures.

A. sectarian

B. humanitarian

C. authoritarian

D. librarian

Unit2

1 The president is attempting to dispel the notion that he has neglected the economy.

A. illustrate

B. eliminate

C. dispose

D. display

2 The task won't feel so overwhelming if you break it down into small, easy-to-accomplish steps.

A. strong

B. intense

C. powerful

D. tough

3 Extrinsic motivation is a motivation that comes from outside, like when you're paid to achieve something specific.

A. exterior

B. extra

C. extraordinary

D. extroverted

4 In 1950, the infamous husband and wife were accused by the FBI of passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.

A. inferior

B. notorious

C. deceitful

D. criminal

5 Our football fan club began to recruit new members last week.

A. train

B. unite

C. select

D. change

6 In language learning it is attitude, not aptitude, that determines success.

A. adaptability

B. skill

C. manner

D. talent

7 The American language owes much to its writers for its enrichment.

A. abundance

B. enhancement

C. entertainment

D. enforcement

8 In recent years the Austrian economy has outperformed most other industrial economies.

A. output

B. outdone

C. outflowed

D. outraged

9 He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick.

A. represent

B. report

C. repel

D. repeat

10 Rituals, celebrations, and festivals form an integral part of every human society.

A. interior

B. internal

C. entire

D. external

Unit3

1 Chinese government has taken measures to clean up any signs of “Chinglish,” the trend of English fused with Chinese.

A. mixed

B. merged

C. combined

D. infringed

2 Indo-European groups encompass half of the world's dialects, including Hindi, Persian, Norwegian, and English.

A. compass

B. enclose

C. comprise

D. embrace

3 The globalization of conquest, trade, religion created an overlapping of languages, but it also fortified linguistic divisions in the world.

A. strengthened

B. force

C. enhance

D. improved

4 Interestingly English (considered a Germanic language), is a fusion of this segregation, a product of both Germanic and romance origins.

A. isolation

B. segmentation

C. insulation

D. separation

5 English is often used in foreign countries due to mounting tension within countries to choose one local language over another.

A. building

B. maintaining

C. increasing

D. climbing

6 English is thus seen as an ethnically neutral choice to avoid the conquest of one Indian culture over another.

A. epically

B. morally

C. racially

D. empirically

7 English thus helps to muffle fears of cultural and political hegemony in both Indian and Iraq

A. depress

B. conceal

C. repress

D. marvel

8 The standardization of a few languages is responsible for wiping out smaller, indigenous languages.

A. clearing up

B. clearing out

C. putting out

D. putting off

9 Many of the indigenous people have different ties and perspective on nature that science has not tapped into thus far.

A. digged into

B. marched on

C. touched upon

D. trapped in

10 The transformations could potentially lead to new languages in the future, leading to trend counter to the one seen with native languages.

A. close to

B. oppose to

C. contrary to

D. compared to

Unit 4

1 Steve Jobs had been in conflict with some other members of his crew.

A. different from

B. in opposition to

C. indifferent to

D. unfriendly to

2 An entrepreneur is more than just a risk taker. He is visionary.

A. visual artist

B. hard worker

C. fortune-teller

D. foreseer

3 The Prime Minister's fragile government was on the brink of collapse.

A. blink

B. edge

C. basis

D. process

4 She loved to ride; on horseback, she was reckless and utterly without fear.

A. flawless

B. tireless

C. bold

D. restless

5 Writers of history books often attempt to integrate the past with the present.

A. put togeth er

B. put up with

C. put aside

D. put on

6 A language teacher should initiate students into the elements of grammar.

A. start

B. lead

C. ensure

D. install

7 Signature must be consistent with that in you policy record.

A. be clear about

B. be nice to

C. be concerned about

D. be the same as

8 Cultivating and training college students setback-resistance should be an important part in quality education.

A. feedback

B. flashback

C. discouragement

D. retreat

9 If you can't dazzle people with brilliance, dazzle them with your smile.

A. impress

B. terrify

C. help

D. get along with

10 As far as quality is concerned, we must not make do with what we have, but must constantly strive for excellence.

A. look for

B. serve for

C. try hard fo r

D. praise

Unit5

1 However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment.

A. concern

B. determination

C. extension

D. extent

2 Throughout the wilderness, post bands provided entertainment and boosted morale.

A. influenced

B. established

C. raised

D. maintained

3 Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would ensure wide spread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.

A. expansion

B. extension

C. opportunity to use

D. excitement

4 Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century.

A. long wars

B. rapid increases

C. new laws

D. exciting changes

5 One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life.

A. change

B. death

C. transformation

D. recovery

6 I admire your foresight and sagacity.

A. integrity

B. quick-wit

C. insight

D. acquaintance

7 Regularity ought to be observed, as regularity is very conducive to health.

A. beneficial

B. constructive

C. exclusive

D. classical

8 It was courageous enough for Galileo to defy the falling object theory developed by Aristotle, the authoritative Greek scientist.

A. advance

B. refute

C. justify

D. translate

9 Free medical service is available to near all the college students in China.

A. obtainable

B. appealing

C. convenient

D. average

10 No one can supersede the position of Irish poet William Butler Yeats in the circle of English

poem in the 20th century.

A. change

B. surpass

C. Improve

D. replace

Unit6

1 Now where, once the great pile had been gathered and assembled, to put it all?

A. constructed

B. collected

C. fabricated

D. accumulated

2 The Sunnyside back garden, it turned out, was large enough to accommodate one of the large models.

A. adapt

B. provide for

C. assist

D. supply

3 They had succumbed to an understandable temptation to send in slips for interesting words, but not for the prosaic ones.

A. ordinary

B. poetic

C. prosaism

D. unusual

4 Take special note of passages which show or imply that a word is either new and tentative.

A. temporary

B. cautious

C. preliminary

D. tempting

5 One has to assume, if unkindly, that those living under the heel of firmly prescriptive linguistic authorities were a little unsure how prudent it might be to read for a book that would be so wildly different in its constitution form those they were used to.

A. prudish

B. hare-hearted

C. careful

D. crude

6 Murray and his tiny band of workers were kept furiously busy sifting, sorting, and deciding, day after day after day.

A. scrutinizing

B. sieving

C. separating

D. choosing

7 And all the words used in the definition must appear elsewhere in the dictionary, so that any reader’s puzzlement can be rectified by his simply looking those up as well.

A. rectitude

B. testified

C. verified

D. corrected

8 In his definition of the word elephant, for example, he writes of the animal’s pudicity.

A. bashfulness

B. purity

C. obesity

D. good nature

9 Queries of all kinds are asked and answered in an instant.

A. inquiries

B. quests

C. questions

D. surveys

10 “The circle of the English language has a well-defined centre ,” James Murray wrote in his famous Introduction, “but no discernible circumference.”

A. discerning

B. perceptive

C. noticeable

D. discriminative

Unit7

1 The labor union and the company’s management, despite their long history of unfailingly acerbic disagreement on nearly every issue, have nevertheless reached an unexpectedly ( ), albeit still tentative, agreement o n next year’s contact.

A. conclusive

B. onerous

C. hesitant

D. swift

2 Human reaction to the realm of thought is often as strong as that to sensible presences; our higher moral life is based on the fact that ( ) sensations actually present may have a weaker influence on our action than do ideas of ( ) facts.

A. familiar symbolic

B. material remote

C. emotional impersonal

D. definitive controversial

3 In response to the follies of today’s parliaments, the councilor d ose not ( ) inflamed indignation, but rather ( ) the detachment and smooth aphoristic prose of an eighteenth-century wit.

A. resort to, spurns

B. rely on, avoids

C. suppress, clings

D. express, affects

4 As is often the case with collection of lectures by ( ) authors, the book as a whole is ( ) , although the individual contributions are outstanding in themselves.

A. different, disconnected

B. incompetent, abysmal

C. famous, systematic

D. mediocre, unexciting

5 The essence of belief is the establishment of ( ) ; different beliefs are distinguishable by the different modes of action to which they give rise.

A. allegiances

B. practice

C. trust

D. commitments

6 The results of the experiments performed by English Hazen and Rachel Brown were ( ) not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the ( ) methodology into question.

A. specious, original

B. predictable, contemporary

C. provocative, prevailing C. inconclusive, traditional

7 As early as the seventeenth century, philosophers called attention to the ( ) character of the issue, and their twentieth-century counterparts still approach it with ( )

A. problematical, antipathy

B. unusual, composure

C. complex, antipathy

D. auspicious, caution

8 The ( ) with which the French aristocracy greeted the middle-class Rousseau was all the more ( ) because he showed so little respect for them.

A. appreciation, deserved

B. suspicion, uncanny

C. reserve, unexpected

D. deference, remarkable

9 Congress is having great difficultly developing a consensus on energy policy, primarily because the policy objectives of various members of Congress rest on such ( ) assumptions.

A. fundamental

B. trivial

C. divergent

D. commonplace

10 Hydrogen is the ( ) element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced

A. expendable

B. fundamental

C. lightest

D. steadies

翻译

Unit1:Schooling

Passage One

1.Marva was a striking woman with high cheekbones and strong angular features.

在人群中，马文老师总是会显得很醒目，她有着高高的颧骨，瘦而强健。

2.Slender though not willowy, Marva was immediately discernible in a crowd——even without the visibility afforded by her height--for she acquired a poise and sophistication that gave her appearance a deliberate style.

马文老师瘦削而不软弱，就算她没有那么高，在人群中时还是一眼就能识别出来——因为她有着特别的镇静及教养，这些都使她有了一种严谨的风格。

2.In Marva’s opinion, it was important to have a unique imprint.

在马文老师看来，给人留下独特的印象是很重要的。

4.She was so determined.,0r just plain stubborn.

她意志坚定，或者说只是固执。

5.There were excitement building and Marva worked the momentum, like an entertainer who felt the pulse of an audience.

马文老师触动了孩子们兴奋的神经，她就像是一个能够触到观众脉搏的表演者。

Passage Two

1.I had a teacher once who called his students 'idiots' when they screwed up. He was our orchestra conductor, a fierce Ukrainian immigrant named Jerry Kupchynsky, and when someone played out of tune, he would stop the entire group to yell.

我曾经遇到过这样一位管弦乐指挥严师。当有人弹错时，他怒骂他为白痴，当有人弹走音时，他暂停指挥，怒吼。他就是杰瑞·卡帕奇斯基——乌克兰移民。

2.The conventional wisdom holds that teachers are supposed to tease knowledge out of students, rather than pound it into their heads. Projects and collaborative learning are applauded; traditional methods like lecturing and memorization -- derided as 'drill and kill' -- are frowned upon, dismissed as a surefire way to suck young minds dry of creativity and motivation.

传统的观念认为老师应该为学生梳理知识，而不是一味的把知识塞进他们的脑袋里。作业和小组学习都是倍受青睐的学习手段。传统的方法，如讲授和背诵，都被讥讽为“钻杀”，被人反对，被贬为是用正确的方法来蚕食年轻一代的创造力和积极性。

3.Rote learning, long discredited, is now recognized as one reason that children whose families come from India (where memorization is still prized) are creaming their peers in the National Spelling Bee Championship.

死记硬背现在被作为解释来自印度（印度人的记忆力让人赞不绝口）家庭的孩子在全国拼字比赛中大胜对手的一个原因。

4.The fear, of course is that failure will traumatize our kids, sapping them of self-esteem.

当然，我们也担心失败会给孩子造成精神创伤，削弱他们的自尊。

5.The researchers had assumed that the most effective teachers would lead students to knowledge through collaborative learning and discussion.

研究人员曾以为，最有效的教学方式是老师通过小组学习和讨论带领学生学习知识。

Unit2：Music

Passage One

1.In the workplace,music “raises performance levels and productivity by reducing stress and tension,masking irritating sounds and contributing to a sense of privacy.”

在工作场所，音乐“通过减少压力和紧张，遮蔽刺激的声音以及帮助产生隐私感提高业绩水平和生产率”。

2.Dr.Lozanov proved conclusively that by using certain Baroque pieces, foreign languages can be mastered with 85-100% effectiveness in 30 days, when the usual time is 2 years.

洛扎诺夫博士最后证明了运用某些巴洛克音乐作品，外语在30天之内被掌握的有效性达到85-100%，而通常需要2年时间达到这个程度。

3.These special music Mozart Effect pieces, recorded at just the right tempo, activate the left and right brain for the maximum learning/retention effect.

这些具备莫扎特效应的特殊音乐作品，用恰到好处的节奏进行录音，激活左脑和右脑就可以达到最大的学习/记忆效果。

4.For the first time, researchers also have located specific areas of mental activity linked to emotional responses to music.

研究者们还第一次将和对音乐的情感反应相关联的心理活动的特定区域进行定位。

5.Music is biologically part of human life, just as music is aesthetically part of human life.

音乐从生物学上说是人类生活的一部分，正如它在美学观点上是人类生活的一部分。

Passage Two

1.A new study dispels the notion cherished among certain classes of Americans that music improves a child’s intelligence.

一项新的研究消除了某些美国人所珍视的观点，即音乐能够提高孩子的智力。

2.To this point, only a few dozen studies have examined the purported mental benefits of studying music, and only five used randomized controlled studies, studies designed to isolate causal effects. 对于这一点，仅有几十项研究检讨过传闻中的学习音乐对智力的益处，其中只有5项采用了随机对照研究，即所设计的研究将因果效应分离出来。

3.Although lasting no more than 15 minutes or so, the effect was touted as a sustainable boost to general intelligence, with Georgia Governor Zell Miller in 1998 promising more than $100,000 in funding per year to provide every child in the state with a recording of classical music.

尽管这一效应只持续了15分钟，但却被吹嘘成智力有可持续的提高，乔治亚州州长泽尔·米勒就在1998年承诺每年拿出超过1000,000美元的资金用于给该州每位儿童提供一张古典音乐的唱片。

4.We don't teach kids Shakespeare because we think it will help them do better on the SATs, we do it because we believe Shakespeare is important.

我们教孩子莎士比亚不是因为我们认为这能帮助他们在大学入学考试中做得更好，我们这样做是因为我们认为莎士比亚很重要。

5.Throughout human history and antiquity, music has represented an integral quality of the human animal, a commonality in every culture of the world —including music for children.

在整个人类历史和古代，音乐代表了人类这一动物不可或缺的品质以及世界上每一种文化的共性——包括儿童音乐。

Unit3 Culture

Passage One

1.The Academie Francaise has for decades been the watchdog over the French Language.

几十年来，法兰西语言研究院已经成为法语的监督机构。

2.Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected.

遗憾的是（也许不是），英语却没有受到这样的保护。

3.One hopes that nobody took the advice literally.

人们希望没有谁会去死抠这些公告上的字眼儿。

4.I fear it can not be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages.

我恐怕还不能肯定地回答是否这些情况说明了英语运用的发展趋势或仅仅只是当地英语使用的反应。

5.Nevertheless, I prefer seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process.

尽管如此,我仍然宁愿看着英语在世界范围内向着混合语言的方向发展，而不愿看着英语被一些不明智的立法机构为了追求所谓的“净化”而受到扼杀。

Passage Two

1.It is estimated that 300 million Chinese read and write in English,but do not receive enough practice, but do not receive enough practice, thus fueling the often-ridiculed practice of Chinglish. 据估计，中国有3亿人用英语读写，但没有得到足够的练习，因此加剧了经常被嘲笑的中式英语的使用。

2.Just as the Raman saw the diffusion of their language over seized territory as a mark of dominance,the modern day equivalent is a language’s label as a lingua franca.

正如罗马人将他们的语言在占领地域内的传播看作是统治地位的标志，当今相当于将一种语言作为通用语言的标签。

3.With the interaction of various languages that utilize different phonetics and syntax structures,it is not surprising that the adaptation of English to other languages will lead to many hybrid languages that do not necessarily have “proper”English grammar and that emphasize different tones and intonations that are unique to the home languages.

通过采用有着不同的语音的语法结构的各种语言的互动，英语改编成其他语言会产生很多不一定有“正确的”英语语法的混合语，这强调了本土语言所特有的不同的声调和语调，这是不足为奇的。

4.The emergence of Chinglish, among other languages, and the efforts to rid the city of Chinese English are short term adjustment, but in the long run it would not be surprising to see the normalization of blended languages.

中式英语从其他语言的脱颖而出，和摆脱中式英语的努力是短期调整，但长期看来，看到混合语言的规范化不足为奇。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ef8630242.html,nguages are unique to cultural and historical context, and preserving what is left of the world’s linguistic heritage and witnessing the emergence of new ones are both important in expanding the linguistic melting pot.

语言对文化和历史背景来说是独一无二的，保留剩下的世界语言遗产，见证新的语言的出现，

都在扩大语言大熔炉的过程中至关重要。

Unit4 Film

Passage One

1.However, does Disney stand for pure and innocent entertainment, or does it carry alternative motives that seem to be well-hidden from the public eye?

然而, 迪士尼到底代表的是全然天真纯洁的娱乐,还是同时带有一些隐藏在大众视野之下的别有所图？

2.Critics mark the idea of negative social influences as one of Disney’s most ubiquitous problems. 评论家们着重提到迪斯尼最显而易见的一个问题是其所带来的一些负面的社会影响。

3.The quantitative disproportion of male characters in Disney animated films needs to be addressed if we expect children to be able to relate to appropriate role models.

如果我们期望儿童能对合适的榜样有所认同的话，就需要认识到迪斯尼电影男女角色在数量上的比例失调。

4.The prevalence of males in villainous roles “should be analyzed for its potential negative impact on children and their relationships with caring male adults”.

普遍的由男性扮演的反派角色“应该分析其潜在的对于儿童和有爱心的男性成年人之间关系的负面影响”。

5.Critics have discovered loopholes in the system that deserves proper examination.

批评家们就能够在其体系中发现漏洞，并已进行恰当的检查。

Passage Two

1.Part of this came from his unique view of risk and return,which defied the short-term outlook of his investors.

其中的一个原因归结于他独特的对于风险和回报的，而这个视角让投资者无法看到表面上的短线效益。

2.Disney’persona combined nostalgia for small-town American values with faith in the potential of modern science and technology to transform our lives.

迪斯尼个性中同时混合了美国小镇居民怀旧的价值观和对现代科技必将改变人类生活的信念。

3.The success of the film helped Disney promote the discipline of building a high performance business culture that would contribute to his company’s future triumphs.

这部电影的成功帮助迪士尼推动了建立高端企业文化的原则，对公司未来的成功起到了重要的作用。

4.Only through the talent, labour and the dedication of this staff could any Disney project get off the ground.

如果缺少了才华、劳动和员工的奉献精神，迪士尼的任何一个项目便都无法问世。

5.He knew that for intuition to mean anything it had to be implemented, and that this demanded a combination of stringent analysis and sheer hard work, backed up by the practical talents of the artists with whom he surrounded himself.

他知道要另直觉有意义，必须让它实现。而这需要一系列严密的分析及实打实的辛勤工作，同时需要他身边的那些艺术家的真正才华作为支撑。

Unit5 Internet

Passage One

1.The history of scientific discovery is peppered with breakthroughs that came about by accident.

科学发现的历史充满了各种偶然的突破。

2.But a side-effect of this awesome efficiency may be a shrinking, rather than an expansion, of our horizons, because we are less likely to come across things we are not in quest of.

但是这种惊人的效率的一个副作用就是我们的视界不但没有扩大，反而缩小了，因为我们和自己并没有在找的事物偶遇的机会变小了。

3.Twitter is better at leading us to the interests of people beyond our social circle, but our tendency to associate with others who think in similar ways —what sociologists call our “value homophily”—means most of us end up with a feed that feels like an extended dinner party.

推特我们很容易地接触到自己社交圈子以外的人，但是我们还是有倾向于与自己想法相似的人交往。社会学家称其为人类的“价值类聚”，这意味着我们中大多数所获得的信息流就如同参加了一个延时的晚宴。

4.Driven by the needs of advertisers keen to hit ever more tightly delineated targets, today’s internet plies us with “relevant”information and screens out the rest.

由于网络广告商努力根据需要个人喜好调整其服务，今天的互联网向我们强制灌输大量“相关”信息，把所有其它信息都屏蔽掉了。

5.To update the Rolling Stones, you can always get what you want. But you may not get what you need.

滚石的一句歌词可能需要改一改，你可以一直拥有你想要的，但是你想要的可能不是你所需要的。

Passage Two

1.The rise of 3D printing —in which designs are downloaded from the Internet and manufactured on a small scale —could herald the emergence of a new generation of producers, who will bring “an unprecedented variety to the products used in the developed world.”

3D打印机的兴起——通过互联网下载设计模型，小规模地生产出产品——预示着新一代生产者的出现，他们将“为发达国家带来空前多样化的产品”。

2.In the future, new technologies and information systems will streamline mundane, everyday tasks: Imagine a refrigerator that automatically orders groceries, or a washing machine that cleans, dries, and folds laundry, before “algorithmically”recommending the optimal outfit based on the weather and day of the week.

在未来，新的技术和信息系统将简化日常杂务：想象一下冰箱可以自动调整物品放置位置，或者洗衣机可以先根据本周的天气情况，通过“算法”推理，为主人推荐本周最佳着装，然后再完成清洗、甩干、折叠的程序。,

3.On the global stage, the most significant impact of the emergence of the Internet will be the

reallocation of power from states and institutions to individuals.

从全球范围来看,，互联网的崛起最重要的影响是权力的再分配，这种再分配体现在政府和机构到个人的再分配。

4.Unlike traditional media, in which reporters and editors place a premium on accuracy and context, Internet-based media allow anyone with a connection to publish inaccurate information, libel, or outright propaganda on a massive scale —frequently with few consequences to the author.

互联网不同于传统的媒体，传统的媒体记者和编辑将报道的准确性和背景放在首要的位置，而互联网则允许任何人都可以联网大肆发布不实信息，诽谤，或宣传——发布者通常无需承担任何后果。

5.Because technology permeates all of these areas, the next generation of experts, journalists, and policymakers will need to be well-versed in each, in order to understand how technology, the catalytic driver of change in today’s world, is radically transforming industries, governments, and the age-old dynamic at the heart of political science: the relationship between the individual and the state.

由于技术已渗透到各个领域，新一代的专家、记者和政策的制定者必须精通各个领域的知识，方能理解科技在当今世界可能发挥的真正作用：技术，作为当今世界的催化剂，正极大地改变着工业、政府和处于政治学核心的古老的动态关系，即:个人和国家之间的关系。

Unit6 Dictionary

Passage One

1.My dictionary never became very large and after a while I turned to making a football scrapbook like most other children of my age, but for a few months I put some effort in attempt to outdo the Oxford English.

我的词典一直没办法变得很大，所以一段时间后我就跟我的同龄儿童一样转而编写足球剪贴簿。但有几个月，我努力想超过《牛津英语词典》。

2.When a word occurs in such phrases, they are either indicated in a dictionary entry or they have entries to themselves.

当词出现在这样的短语中时，它们要么在词典的条目中标出，要么单独列为词条。

3.I reworded them of course-even at the tender age of 12, I was intuitively aware of the danger of plagiarism-but I saw my role as one of collating the wisdom of previous lexicographers.

当然我进行了改写——甚至是在12岁这么一个幼小的年龄，我从直觉上就意识到剽窃的危害。可是我只是起到了整理以前词典编纂家智慧的作用。

4.Now that all these new descriptive facts, including word frequencies, common patterns of collocation etc., are at our disposal, it is self-evident that they should be recorded in the dictionary to reflect accurately the state of the contemporary language.

既然所以这些新的统计数据已经在手，包括词频、常见词语搭配形式等，将他们收录在词典里准确地反映当代语言的状况也是理所当然的。

5.This means we are in better position than ever before to provide a description of English that reliably corresponds to the way that people speak and write the language.

这意味着我们现在处在比以往任何时候都更优越的地位，能够可靠地对英语进行描述，并与人们说或写这种语言的方式保持一致。

Passage Two

1.There were said to be something like two million of these slips already collected, tied together in rough order, no doubt covered in dust and lint, curled and yellow, and perhaps even crumbling themselves with age and decrepitude.

据说这些纸条研究收集了两百万条，粗略分类后捆在一起，不要说已经布满了飞尘。有的纸条已经卷曲发黄，有的因年久而破碎。

2.Our problem was that readers had never bothered to consider with much enthusiasm what might be called the ordinary words of the language-they had succumbed to an understandable temptation to send in slips for interesting words, but not for the prosaic ones.

问题之一是：志愿阅读者对于所谓“普通词语”的热情关注向来就不高；他们总是受到某种诱惑力的吸引，寄来一些令人感兴趣的词汇的引语，而不是日常词汇的引语。

3.Take special note of passages which show or simple that a word is either new and tentative, or needing explanation as obsolete and archaic, and which thus help to fix the date of its introduction or disuse.

有些段落要特别注意：它能显示一个词刚刚开始试用，或由于古老、过时而需要解释，这样的段落有助于确定那个词被引进或停止使用的时间。

4.One has to assume, if unkindly, that those living under the heel of firmly prescriptive linguistic authorities were a little unsure how prudent it might be to read for a book that would be so widely different in its constitution from those they were used to.

人们不禁会不太友善地猜测，这是由于坚持规定学语言学观点的权威学者的影响。在这些地方的人们也许囤于原来的习惯，对于为编写完全不同的词典进行文献阅读该如何审慎小心抱有一定的犹豫态度。

5.The sub-editors who did all these checking would pin together the slips that fed into each category of meaning and attach with the same pin a piece of paper that showed a first attempt at a definition of what the slips’quotations appeared to show the word to mean.

助理编辑把所有的核对做完后，用一根别针把属于同一类词义的纸条别在一起，并且根据引语所显示的词义，尝试写出定义的初稿，把初稿定义的纸条也别在这小捆纸条上。

Unit7 Education and Employment

Passage One

1.Fourteen years of higher education and a handful of Ivy League degrees, and there I was

stiff and stupid, struck dumb by my own dumbness. ”Ivy retardation,” a friend of mine calls this. 我十四年的大学教育和在几所常春藤大学工作的经历使得我傻乎乎站在那里，笨拙不堪，尴尬不已。有个朋友称这种现象为“常春藤错位”。

2.To consider that while some opportunities are being created, others are being canceled and that

while some abilities are being developed, others are being crippled is, within this context, not only outrageous, but inconceivable.

但在这个背景下，如果认为它创造了一些机会，却也毁灭了一些机会，培养了一些能力，却也削弱了一些能力，这不仅离谱，更是难以置信的。

3. There is nothing wrong with taking pride in one’s intellect or knowledge. There is something wrong with the smugness and self-congratulation that elite schools connive at.

对自己的智慧或者知识感到自豪没有任何不对的地方，问题在于名牌大学所纵容的沾沾自喜和自我吹捧。

4.Not the most abject academic failure,not the most heinous act of plagiarism,not even threatening

a fellow student with bodily harm—I’ve heard of all three—will get you expelled.

不管是最不幸的学业失败，还是最可恶的抄袭劣行，甚至用身体伤害威胁其他同学，这三种情况我都听说过，都不会让你被开除。

5. Long before they got to college, they turned themselves into world-class hoop-jumpers and teac her-pleasers, getting A’s in every class no matter how boring they found the teacher or how poin tless the subject, racking up eight or 10 extracurricular activities no matter what else they

wanted to do with their time.

在他们进入大学之前很久就已经把自己变成了世界一流的俯首帖耳、讨好老师的小爬虫，不管他们觉得这个老师多么乏味或者这门课多么没有意义，仍然会每门课上都得优秀，不管他们多么想用课余时间做些自己想做的事，他们还是尽量去参加八到十个课外活动。

Passage Two

6. Certainly many neurotic boomer parents—and their stressed-out, resume-building teenagers—assume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State University because of Harvard's presumably superior educational environment,better alumni connections,and more lucrative on-campus recruiting opportunities.

当然很多出生期高峰的父母—和他们过度紧张，忙着增加阅历的青少年孩子们—想当然的认为，选择哈佛永远比选州立大学好。因为哈佛大概有优越的教育环境，更好的校友圈子，以及更加诱人的校园招聘机会。

7.It’s true that big law firms, major teaching hospital, and investment banks—heck, even the office s of FORTUNE-are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers . It’s also true that if you want a career at what passes for the American establishment —Sullivan&Cromwell, McKinsey, Goldman Sachs—a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct

advantage.

事实上，大型法律公司，主要示教医院和投资银行，甚至是《财富》杂志的办公室人员都是来自常春藤的成员学校。这也是事实，如果你想在被当作美国经济基石的公司谋得一份职业，如苏利文·克伦威尔律师事务.麦肯锡、高盛等，那么一份镶金的学位证书无疑是一个独特的优势。

8. The advantages of Harvard, in other words, confer few benefits on the class slacker. Robert Ze

msky,

an education professor at the University of Pennsylvania, who believes a prestigious undergraduat

e degree does pay off, puts it in this way:”It’s like the brass ring on a merry-go-round. I

f you

g o to a high-priced, highly selective school, you have a better shot at the brass ring. But you have to grab it.”

换句话说，哈佛的优势在于不会让那些翘课的学生受益。一位宾州大学的教育学教授罗伯特泽姆斯基认为读有名的大学是划算的，他这样说：“这就好比是旋转木马上的铜环。如果你选择去一个昂贵的高选择性的学校，你就有更好的机会能够击中铜环。但是你必须得抓住它”。

9. So listen up, high school seniors: Your life is not over if you end up at the University of Oklaho ma. In fact, if you want to be governor of Oklahoma when you grow up, you're probably better of f graduating a Sooner.

所以，请高校的高年级学生注意听好了：如果你仅仅只是毕业于俄克拉荷马州立大学你的人生并没有完蛋。而事实上，如果你想长大后成为俄克拉荷马州的州长，你还能够近水楼台先得月。

10. Most studies use future income, the favorite yardstick of those dead souls called economists. B ut knowing the cost-benefit ratio of a purchase is not the same as knowing its value.

很多研究运用未来收入，因为这是那些被称为经济学家的老家伙们最青睐的计算标准。但是，知道一件所购之物的成本效益率并不等于知道了它的价值。

Unit8 Travel

Passage One

1.As darkness fell on the olive trees and the grazing deer, I slipped into the jacuzzi in my tree house and listened to the Pacific breakers roll in.

当夜幕降临在橄榄树和吃草的群鹿身上，在树屋中，我滑进按摩浴缸，听着太平洋的波涛滚滚的声音。

2. Kaikoura is not a name that trips off the tongue when you list those lucky places that offer encounters with nature and a touch of luxury.

与那些让游人接触大自然和获得奢侈享受的著名景点相比，凯库拉并不是人们耳熟能详的名字。

3.There’s a shock of cold water and a heave of ocean swell, even though we’re within sight of the mountains ,not half a mile from the shore.

尽管我们还能看到山峦，离岸边还不到半英里，却感到一股冰冷的水袭和湍急的海涌。

4.Today, the hunt is for thrills not kills.

今天，追踪鲸鱼是为了刺激而不是杀戮。

5.It’s a view that the modern world is starting to share .And here in Kaikoura, you can experience it for real.

这一个点当今世界渐达共识。在凯库拉这里，你可以真真切切体验到。

Passage Two

6.It often puts a strain on water resources and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.

它常常造成的水资源紧张的局面，迫使当地居民争夺紧缺资源。

7.Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to consume more water when on holiday than they do at home, the amount used can run up to 440 liters a day.

由于气候炎热，游客度假时倾向于使用比在家里更多的水，用水量可达到每天440升。

8.In areas with high concentrations of tourist and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenic areas and roadsides.

在旅游活动集中地区和颇具人气的自然景点，废物处理是一个严峻的问题，处置不当可能威胁到自然环境——河流、风景区、路边。

9.Often tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural features and indigenous architecture of the destination.

通常旅游业未能将其结构与当地自然特性和本土建筑相结合。

10.It can also cause loss of biodiversity when land and resources are strained by excessive use, and when impacts to vegetation, wildlife, mountain, marine and coastal environments and water resources exceed the carrying capacity.

当土地和资源被过度使用，植被、野生动物、高山、海洋和海岸环境和水资源超出其承载能力时，也会导致生物多样性的丧失。