网关的定义和解释

网关的定义和解释
网关的定义和解释

计算机主机网关的作用是什么?

设你的名字叫小不点,你住在一个大院子里,你的邻居有很多小伙伴,在门口传达室还有个看大门的李大爷,李大爷就是你的网关。当你想跟院子里的某个小伙伴玩,只要你在院子里大喊一声他的名字,他听到了就会回应你,并且跑出来跟你玩。

但是你不被允许走出大门,你想与外界发生的一切联系,都必须由门口的李大爷(网关)用电话帮助你联系。假如你想找你的同学小明聊天,小明家住在很远的另外一个院子里,他家的院子里也有一个看门的王大爷(小明的网关)。但是你不知道小明家的电话号码,不过你的班主任老师有一份你们班全体同学的名单和电话号码对照表,你的老师就是你的DNS服务器。于是你在家里拨通了门口李大爷的电话,有了下面的对话:小不点:李大爷,我想找班主任查一下小明的电话号码行吗?李大爷:好,你等着。(接着李大爷给你的班主任挂了一个电话,问清楚了小明的电话)问到了,他家的号码是211.99.99.99

小不点:太好了!李大爷,我想找小明,你再帮我联系一下小明吧。

李大爷:没问题。(接着李大爷向电话局发出了请求接通小明家电话的请求,最后一关当然是被转接到了小明家那个院子的王大爷那里,然后王大爷把电话给转到小明家)就这样你和小明取得了联系。

至于DHCP服务器嘛,可以这样比喻:

你家院子里的居民越来越多了,传达室李大爷那里的电话交换机已经不能满足这么多居民的需求了,所以只好采用了一种新技术叫做DHCP,居民们开机的时候随机得到一个电话号码,每一次得到的号码都可能会不同。

你家门口的李大爷:就是你的网关

你的班主任:就是你的DNS服务器

传达室的电话交换机:就是你的DHCP服务器

同上,李大爷和王大爷之间的对话就叫做路由。

另:如果还有个小朋友叫做小暗,他住的院子看门的是孙大爷,因为小暗的院子刚盖好,孙大爷刚来不久,他没有李大爷和王大爷办公室的电话(李大爷和王大爷当然也没有他的电话),这时会有两种情况:

1、居委会的赵大妈告诉了孙大爷关于李、王两位大爷的电话(同时赵大妈也告诉了李、王关于孙的电话),这就叫静态设定路由

2、赵大妈病了,孙大爷自己到处打电话,见人就说:“我是小暗他们院子管电话的”,结果被李、王二位听到了,就记在了他们的通讯录上,然后李、王就给孙大爷回了个电话说:“我是小明(小不点)他们院子管电话的”,这就叫动态设定路由

然后有一天小不点要找小暗,结果自然是小不点给李大爷打电话说:“大爷,我找小暗”(这里省略了李大爷去查小暗电话的过程,假设他知道小暗的电话),李大爷一找通讯录:“哦,小暗的院子的电话是孙大爷管着的,要找小暗自然先要通知孙大爷,我可以通知王大爷让他去找孙大爷,也可以自己直接找孙,那当然是自己直接找孙方便了”,于是李大爷给孙大爷打了电话,然后孙大爷又把电话转到了小暗家。

这里李大爷的通讯录叫做路由表。

李大爷选择是自己直接找孙大爷还是让王大爷帮忙转接叫做路由选择。

李大爷之所以选择直接找孙大爷是有依据的,因为他直接找孙大爷就能一步到位,如果要王大爷转接就需要两步才能完成,这里的“步”叫做“跳数”,李大爷的选择遵循的是最少步骤(跳数)原则(如果他不遵守这个原则,小不点可能就会多等些时间才能找到小暗,最终

结可能导致李大爷因工作不力被炒鱿鱼,这叫做“延时太长,选路原则不合理,换了一个路由器”)

当然,事情总是变化的,小不点和小明吵架了,这些天小不点老是给小暗打电话,小明心里想:“操,他是不是在说我坏话啊?”于是小明决定偷听小不点和小暗的通话,但是他又不能出院子,怎么办呢?小明做了这样一个决定:

首先他告诉自己院里管电话的王大爷说:“你给李大爷打个电话说小暗搬到咱们院子了,以后凡是打给他的电话我来接”,王大爷没反映过来(毕竟年纪大了啊!)就给李大爷打了电话,说:“现在我来管理小暗的电话了,孙已经不管了”,结果李大爷就把他的通讯录改了,这叫做路由欺骗。

以后小不点再找小暗,李大爷就转给王大爷了(其实应该转给孙大爷的),王大爷收到了这个电话就转给了小明(因为他之前已经和小明说好了),小明收到这个电话就假装小暗和小不点通信。因为小明作贼心虚,害怕明天小不点和小暗见面后当面问他,于是通信断了之后,又自己以小不点的名义给小暗通了个电话复述了一遍刚才的话,有这就叫数据窃听再后来,小不点还是不断的和小暗联系,而零落了小明,小明心里嘀咕啊:“我不能总是这样以小暗的身份和小不点通话啊,外一有一天露馅了怎么办!”于是他想了一个更阴险的招数:“干脆我也不偷听你们的电话了,你小不点不是不给我打电话吗!那我让你也给小暗打不了,哼哼!”,他怎么做的呢?我们来看:

他联系了一批狐朋狗友,和他们串通好,每天固定一个时间大家一起给小暗院子传达室打电话,内容什么都有,只要传达室的孙爷爷接电话,就会听到“打雷啦,下雨收衣服啊!”、“人是人他妈生的,妖是妖他妈生的”、“你妈贵姓”等等,听的脑袋都大了,不听又不行,电话不停的响啊!终于有一天,孙爷爷忍不住了,大喊一声:“我受不了拉!!!!”,于是上吊自杀了!

这就是最简单的DDOS攻击,孙爷爷心理承受能力弱的现象叫做“数据报处理模块有BUG”,孙爷爷的自杀叫做“路由器瘫痪”。如果是我,就会微笑着和他们拉家常,例如告诉他们“我早就听了天气预报,衣服10分钟前已经收好了”或者“那你妈是人还是妖”或者“和你奶奶一个姓”等等,我这种健全的心理叫做“健壮的数据报处理,能够抵御任何攻击”

孙爷爷瘫了之后,小不点终于不再给小暗打电话了,因为无论他怎么打对方都是忙音,这种现象叫做“拒绝服务”,所以小明的做法还有一个名字叫做“拒绝服务攻击”。

小明终于安静了几天,...几天后,小明的院子来了一个美丽的女孩,名字叫做小丽,小明很喜欢她(小小年纪玩什么早恋!)可是小丽有个很帅的男朋友,小明干瞪眼没办法。当然这里还是要遵循上面的原则:小丽是不能出院子的。那个男的想泡小丽自然只能打电话,于是小明又蠢蠢欲动了:还记得王爷爷是院子的电话总管吗?他之所以能管理电话是因为他有一个通讯录,因为同一个院子可能有2个孩子都叫小明,靠名字无法区分,所以通讯录上每一行只有两项:

门牌电话

一号门1234567 (这个是小明的)

二号门7654321 (这个是小丽的)

王爷爷记性不好,但这总不会错了吧(同一个院子不会有2个“二号门”吧)?每次打电话人家都要说出要找的电话号码,然后通过通讯录去院子里面敲门,比如人家说我找“1234567”,于是王爷爷一比较,哦,是一号门的,他就去敲一号门“听电话”,如果是找“7654321”,那他就找二号门“听电话”。

这里的电话号码就是传说中的“IP地址”

这里的门牌号就是传说中的网卡的’MAC‘地址(每一块网卡的MAC地址都是不一样的,这是网卡的制造商写死在网卡的芯片中的)

小明心里想“奶奶的,老子泡不到你也别想泡”,于是他打起了王爷爷通讯录的主意,经过细心的观察,周密的准备,他终于发现王爷爷有尿频的毛病(毕竟是老人啊...),终于在一个月黑风高的白天,王爷爷去上厕所了,小明偷偷的摸进传达室,小心翼翼的改了王爷爷的通讯录......

过了几天,小丽的男朋友又给小丽打来了电话,对方报的电话是“7654321”,王爷爷一看通讯录,靠:

门牌电话

一号门1234567 (这个是小明的)

一号门7654321 (注意:这个原来是小丽的,但是被小明改了)

王爷爷不知道改了啊,于是就去找一号门的小明了,小明心里这个美啊,他以小丽父亲的口吻严厉的教训了那个男的和小丽之间不正当的男女关系,结果那个男的恭恭敬敬的挂了电话。当然小丽并不知道整个事情的发生...

这里小明的行为叫做“ARP欺骗”(因为在实际的网络上是通过发送ARP数据包来实现的,所以叫做“ARP欺骗”),王爷爷的通讯录叫做“ARP表”

这里要注意:王爷爷现在有两个通讯录了,一个是记录每个院子传达室电话的本本,叫做“路由表”,一个是现在说的记录院子里面详细信息的本本,叫做“ARP表”。

有句命言是“人们总是在追求完美的,尽管永远也做不到”(请记住这句话,因为这是一个大名人--也就是我,说的)

王爷爷的制度中有一条是这么写的“每个月要重新检查一下门牌号和电话的对应本(也就是ARP表)”,这个动作叫做“刷新ARP表”,每个月的时间限制叫做“刷新ARP表的周期”。这样小明为了让那个男的永远不能找到小丽,之后每个月都要偷偷改一次那个通讯录,不过这样也是不得不做的事啊!

补充一点,小明是很聪明的,如果通讯录(ARP表)被改成了这样:

门牌(MAC)电话(IP)

一号门1234567 (这个是小明的)

二号门1234567 (注意:这个被小明改了,但是他一时头晕改错了)

就会是计算机就会弹出一个对话框提示“出现重复的IP地址”,最终会导致王爷爷不知所措,于是通知一号门和二号门,你们的电话重复了。这样小丽就知道有人在破坏她的好事,这个现象叫做“骗局被揭穿了”

小不点知道了小明偷听他和小暗的电话,于是就和小暗约定好了密码。小不点在家里把要说的加密了之后告诉小暗。土豆-〉星期三,地瓜-〉请客,笨蛋-〉小不点家。于是小不点告诉小暗:土豆笨蛋地瓜。小明听了???不懂。。。。郁闷了。。。这是加密。

除此之外,小丽也知道了小明改他家的电话号码了。于是王爷爷就登门一个一个把电话和门牌号记下来。并且藏起来不允许外人修改,只能自己有钥匙(密码)。这是ip地址和MAC 地址绑定。当有人改了电话号码的时候,就得找王爷爷改。麻烦是麻烦了,但是安全了。不过小明偷偷的把王爷爷的钥匙偷配了一把(盗窃密码成功),于是他还可以修改。这样么,就这样了。

词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得 本篇文章分为二个部分,第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获,第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。 一.学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获 对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了,早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到,并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前,就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难,在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难,如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了,原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念,即确定词的的一般方法,尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论,老师讲解,自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题,但通过一学期的学习,自己也有很多收获。 首先来谈谈教材,我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理,内容很详细,每章后都附有练习,有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题,另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意,这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题,如何确定述补结构(吃饱打倒)等是不是词的问题,这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念,拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。 其次,我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师

有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验,所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识,更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程,老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们,而是时不时的给我们提一个问题,让我们去思考,虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意,但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书,要学会思考,这本书固然有它的优点,也存在一定的缺点,我们要取其精华,剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上,老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学,对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊,但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处,基本词汇具有普遍性,稳固性和构成新词的基础,这一点很可取。 再者,学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性,词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展,包括新事物的出现,旧事物消灭,阶级斗争的发展;人的思想意识的发展;语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义,它让我们意识到词汇的重要性,提高我们的表达能力、语言能力,而且有助于语文教学,词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语,正确理解词语的意义,正确运用词语,就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此,一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。 最后,通过这门课程的学习,我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束,但学问是无穷无尽的,这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口,在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习,因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

建筑工程专业术语及名词解释

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词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)

Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word

词汇学1

总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. (At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns) a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d). Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by origin 1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character (most important)– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays, Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor 2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions. Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number.

GMP术语名词解释

GMP术语名词解释 1、药品:是指用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理机能并规定有适应症或者功能主治、用法用量的物质,包括中药材、中药饮片、中成药、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素、生化药品、放射性药品、血清、疫苗、血液制品和诊断药品等。 2、GMP: GMP是在药品生产全过程中,用科学、合理规范的条件和方法来保证生产优质药品的一整套系统的、科学的管理规范,是药品生产和质量管理的基础准则。 3、物料:用于生产药品的原料、辅料、包装材料等。 4、批号:用于识别“批”的一组数字或字母加数字。用以追溯和审查批药品的生产历史(,表示2010年5月第8批生产的药品。) 5、待验:物料在进厂入库前或成品出厂前所处的搁置等待检验结果的状态。 6、批生产记录:一个批次的待包装品或成品的所有生产记录。 批生产记录能提供该批产品的生产历史以及与质量有关的情况。 7、物料平衡:产品或物料的理论产量或理论用量与实际产量或用量之间的比较,并适当考虑可允许的正常偏差。 8、标准操作规程:经批准用以指示操作的通用性文件或管理办法。 9、生产工艺规程:规定为生产一定数量成品所需起始原料和包装材料的数量,以及工艺、加工说明、注意事项,包括生产过程中的控制等一个或一套文件。 10、工艺用水:药品生产工艺中使用的水,包括饮用水、纯化水、注射用水。 11、纯化水:为饮用水经蒸馏法、离子交换法、反渗透法或其它适宜方法制得供药用的水,不含任何附加剂。 12、注射用水:为纯化水经蒸馏所得的水。 13、饮用水:达到饮用标准,可供人饮用的水。 14、洁净室(区):空气悬浮粒子浓度受控的房间。它的建造和使用应减少

词汇学 名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页

第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding(Compositon)-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.

词汇学

lexicology 题型: 1.填空(30*1=30) 2.解释(10*1=10) 3.主观题(2*10=20) 4.分析词汇学现象(10) 5.翻译(15*2=30) 考点: Chapter 2 Language proper 1.Genetic classification p15: English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. 2.Structural classification: synthetic language & analytic language p22 A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections(变音,转调). An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections. Old English (OE 450-1100)synthetic language The history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD. Characteristics of Old English: 1)They had complex inflectional systems for nouns, pronouns, articles, verbs, and adverbs. 2)They had great flexibility in sentence word order made possible by the extensive sets of inflections. Middle English (ME 1100-1500) The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Middle English developed rapidly toward becoming an analytic language. Modern English analytic language The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. Characteristics of Modern English 1)Great Vowel Shift ※ 2)Inflections continued to disappear, making Modern English an analytic language. 3)The word order of English sentences became more and more firmly fixed.

建筑工程专业术语及名词解释教学文稿

建筑工程专业术语及 名词解释

建筑工程专业名词及解释 1、基坑:基坑是指为进行建筑物(包括构筑物)基础与地下室的施工所开挖的地面以下空间。≥5米的基坑叫做深基坑,基坑分为三个等级:一级:开挖深度大于10米。三级:开挖深度小于或等于7米。二级:介于一、三级以外的基坑。 2、建筑工程意外伤害保险:《建设工程安全生产管理条例》第38条规定:“施工单位应当为施工现场从事危险作业的人员办理意外伤害保险。意外伤害保险费由施工单位支付。实行施工总承包的,由总承包单位支付意外伤害保险费。意外伤害保险期限自建设工程开工之日起至竣工验收合格止。”根据这个条款,分包单位的从事危险作业人员的意外伤害保险的保险费是由总承包单位支付的。 3、工程质量保证金:建设单位全部或者部分使用政府投资的建设项目,按工程价款结算总额5%左右的比例预留保证金,社会投资项目采用预留保证金方式的,预留保证金的比例可以参照执行发包人与承包人应该在合同中约定保证金的预留方式及预留比例。 4、墙裙:墙裙,又称护壁,很直观、通俗的说就是立面墙上像围了裙子。这种装饰方法是在四周的墙上距地一定高度(例如1米5)范围之内全部用装饰面板、木线条等材料包住,常用于卧室和客厅。 5、勒脚:勒脚是建筑物外墙的墙脚,即建筑物的外墙与室外地面或散水部分的接触墙体部位的加厚部分。勒脚的高度不低于700mm。勒脚部位外抹水泥砂浆或外贴石材等防水耐久的材料,应与散水、墙身水平防潮层形成闭合的防潮系统

6、普通烧结砖泛霜:原材料黏土中含有的硫酸镁或硫酸钙等可溶性硫酸盐受潮吸水溶解,随着砖内的水分的蒸发而在砖的表面产生盐析现象,一般为白霜。呈晶体析出时,使砖面剥落,抗冻性减小,影响工程质量。 7、水泥凝结时间:初凝时间(不得小于45分钟);终凝时间:硅酸盐水泥不得大于390分钟/普通硅酸盐水泥不得大于600分钟。(混凝土凝结时间:初凝时间不小于45分钟;终凝时间不大于10h) 8、堆积密度:疏松状(小块、颗粒纤维)材料在堆积状态下单位体积的质量。砂的松散堆积密度:>1350kg/m3;碎石的堆积密度:1480kg/m3。 9、表观密度:在自然状态下,单位体积材料质量。砂的表观密度:> 2500kg/m3;碎石的表观密度:2700kg/m3。 10、和易性:砼拌合物易于施工操作(工作性)包括流动性、粘聚性和保水性三方面的含义。 11、砂率:指混凝土中砂的质量占砂、石总质量的百分率。 12、砼抗压强度:150mm的立方体试件,标养室(20±2℃,相对湿度95%以上),养护28天龄期,测得抗压强度,fcu表示,单位N/m㎡或MPa。普通砼强度范围C15—C80。 13、砼表观密度:普通砼的表观密度2000-2800kg/m3,一般工程中设计的砼密度为2350-2450之间,可以取2400kg/m3。 14、砖的单位(经验)用量:标准砖512块/m3(529块)。每块砖的实际体积是(240*115*53)=0.00146立方米,加砂浆的体积是(0.24)*{(0.053+灰缝0.01)}*{(0.115+灰缝 0.01)}=0.00189立方米.那么每立方米墙体用砖是1/0.00189=529块.砂浆用量是 1/0.00146=684块.684-529=155块*0.00146=0.226立方米(计算没考虑损耗)

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion(转换)is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms(新词用法)are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology(词汇学)is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning(词义的升格)refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy(类比)is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation(理据)deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor(隐喻)is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix(后缀): an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche(提喻)means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix(前缀): an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism(首字母连写词): a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning(词义的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation(逆成法): is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation(派生): the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding(复合): the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.

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