语言学教程PPT文字版1
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
-- Our textbook (widely-accepted definition) ( 2001)
Key words:
system; arbitrary; vocal;
symbol; human communication
Language is a system: Elements of language are combined according to rules.
Language is arbitrary: There is no close connection between a word and the object it refers to. Language is symbolic: Words are associated with objects, actions, ideas, concepts etc. by nothing but convention.
Language is vocal: sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages.
Language is human: in the sense that language is human specific.
1.2 Design Features of Language
Arbitrariness （任意性）
Duality （二重性）
Creativity （创造性）
Displacement（移位性）
Arbitrariness:
The forms of language signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
(Saussure)
Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:
The dog barks wow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.
"A rose by any other name wold smell as sweet."
Duality:
Language has 2 levels of structures: sounds & meanings.
A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning. The units of meanings can be grouped and regrouped into an infinite number of sentences.
(Lyons)
Creativity:
We can understand and create sentences that we never heard before.
It comes from 2 features: duality & recursiveness (递归性)
e.g. He got the present from his teacher who taught him a lesson that…
Displacement:
Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present ( in time and space) at the moment of communication.
1.4 Functions of Language
Informative (ideational)（信息功能）
Interpersonal function （人际功能）
Performative （行事功能）
Emotive function （情感功能）
Phatic communion （寒暄交际）
Recreational function（消遣功能）
Metalingual function (元语言功能)
Informative( descriptive) :To tell the fact and describe the material world. e.g :I have a book.
Interpersonal function: To establish or maintain social status. e.g: Dear Sir
Performative : To perform certain action by uttering certain words or sentences. e.g: the priest says:” I announce you husband and wife.”
Emotive function( expressive): To express immediate feelings or the reaction to the immediate situation. e.g: “god!”
Phatic communion: To create an atmosphere, or maintain social contact. e.g: greetings, comments and farewells.
Recreational function: To recreate. e.g: poetry writing gives them the pleasure of using language for its sheer beauty.
Metalingual function: To make the language infinitely self-reflexive.
Phatic communion: To create an atmosphere, or maintain social contact. e.g: greetings, comments and farewells.
Recreational function: To recreate. e.g: poetry writing gives them the pleasure of using language for its sheer beauty.
Metalingual function: To make the language infinitely self-reflexive.
1.5 What is linguistics?
“Linguistics is the scientific study of language.”
1.6 Main branches of linguistics
Phonetics (语音学)
Phonology(音系学)
Morphology (形态学)
Syntax (句法学)
Semantics (语义学)
Pragmatics (语用学)
Phonetics and Phonology (the sounds and the sound system or patterns)
Morphology (the structure of words)
Syntax (the structure of phrases and sentences and the constraints on well-formedness of sentences)
Semantics (the meaning of words and sentences)
Pragmatics (the way language is used to communicate)
1.8 Important distinctions in linguistics
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
描写式VS 规定式
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
共时性VS历时性
Langue vs. Parole
语言VS 言语
Competence vs. Performance
语言能力VS语言运用
Etic vs. Emic
非位学（素学）VS 位学
Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, not prescriptive. Why?
--Objective description helps to see the nature of language.
--Language changes through time: new words and structures arise to satisfy up-to-date communication.
The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription
Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker, it is usually abstract, stable, systematic.
Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics, it is usually specific and changeable.
The Distinction between Langue and Parole
Langue: Parole:
--potential --actual
--social --individual
--language in general --language behavior
--a set of conventions --concrete use of the rules
--abstract --specific
--stable --situational
Saussure?s purpose to distinguish …langue? and …parole?: To discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of the study of linguistics.
《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)
语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？
(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程胡壮麟主编
Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?
语言学教程[第一章语言学导论]山东大学期末考试知识点复习
第一章语言学导论 复习笔记 Ⅰ．语言的定义 语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。 Ⅱ．语言的定义特征 语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。 1．任意性 任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。 2．二重性 二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。 3．创造性 创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。 4．移位性 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。 5．文化传递性
语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6．互换性 互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。 Ⅲ．语言的起源 1．圣经的记载 语言是上帝的恩赐。 2．“汪汪”理论 语言是模仿自然的声音，例如动物的叫声，如 (鸭子)的刮刮声，嘎嘎声，布谷鸟的叫声。 3．“噗噗”理论 语言来源于人本能的情感声音，表达疼痛或喜悦。 4．“哟一嘿一吼”理论 语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。 5．进化理论 语言起源于劳动的过程，满足了社会的需求。 Ⅳ．语言的功能 1．信息功能 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。 2．人际功能 人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能。人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版
第一章：绪论 1．什么是语言学？ 1．1定义 语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有的语言。为了揭示语言的本质，语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察，并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设，这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验，最终形成一条语言理论。 1．2语言学的研究范畴: 语言学研究有不同的侧重。对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究，它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介，而是所有语言的声音媒介。音系学与语音学不同，它主要研究特定语言的语音体系，即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构，及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。语义学以研究语义为目的，传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义，独立于语境之外的意义，语用学也是研究语义，但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。 语言不是一个孤立的现象，而是一种社会现象，各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理，如人是如何习得母语的，人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。狭义上，应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学，在广义上，它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。 1．3语言学研究中的几对基本概念 1．3．1规定性和描述性 语言学研究是描述性的，不是规定性的。这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析，而不是对语言的使用作出规定。传统语法是规定性的，它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上，旨在规定一系列的语法规则，并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。一切符合规定规则的被认为是“正确的”，否则就被冠为“错误的”。 1．3．2共时性和历时性 对语言的研究分为共时研究和历时研究。共时研究是对语言的静态特征的研究。它主要对某个时间点上的语言状态的描述。历时研究主要是对语言变化和发展的研究。现代语言学研究主要是共时性研究。 1．3．3口头语和书面语 现代语言学把书面语看作是口头语的记录，认为口头语是第一性的，是语言交际最基本的方式。这是因为从人类社会交际的发展来看，口头语先于笔头语，笔头语是对口头语的记录。从交际的功能来看，人们交际主要采取口头形式。此外，即使是在当今世界，仍然有不少语言只有口头形式，没有
语言学教程课后习题答案第一章
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1. Define the following terms: design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal). synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time. diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters). displa cement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. metalanguage: a language used for talking about language. macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc. competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. l angue: the language system shared by a “speech community”. parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker. 2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After careful ly comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differences
语言学教程第四版 练习 第一章
Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. languages’have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics. A. morphology B. lexicogrammar C. syntax D. meaning of the following words is entirely arbitrary function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___. Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation) A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. What language function does the following conversation play(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.) A：A nice day, isn’t it B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A.Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal refers to the a ctual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. C. Langue D. Parole a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- . A. Reference B. Productivity C. Displacement answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%) 1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first. 2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.
胡壮麟第四版语言学教程第一章大题总结
Chapter1 Invitation to Linguistics 1.Why study language? 2.What is language? Explain it in details. 3.What makes language unique to human beings? 4.What are the design features of language? List out at least three of them. 5.In what sense we say linguistic is a science? 6.Explain the different levels of the arbitrariness. 7.What is the function of language? 8.Do you understand the distinction between the langue and parole introduced by Saussure? 9.Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 10.Synchronic vs. Diachronic https://www.360docs.net/doc/f14767030.html,petence vs. Performance
1.Why study language? First, language is such an integral part of our life and humanity that too muchabout it has been taken for granted. For some people, language may not even be considered a worthy job for academic study. They take it as a tool for access to other fields of knowledge rather than as a subject in and of itself. However, it is indeed necessary to reconsider how much we really the nature of language and its role in our life. And you may be surprised to realize that some of our most damaging racial, ethnic, and socio-economic prejudices are based on our linguistic ignorance and wrong ideas about language. Second, for a student learning language, some knowledge of language is of both interest and important. To know the general properties of language can help the student have an overview of its. No necessary question to ask for human language, they can understand the details of its different features thereof. Third, let us mention the broader educational concerns. We can note that language plans a central role in our lives as individuals and social beings. If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. The understanding of language should not be confined to linguistics, as language is a vital human resource that of us share. 2.What is language? Explain it in details. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human https://www.360docs.net/doc/f14767030.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has captured the main features of language, i.e. systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic, human-specific. It is system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense(从某种意义上说) that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to. This explains and explained by the fact that different language have different “books”: “book”in English, 书in Chinese, “check”in Korean. It is symbolic,because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human language, developed or “new”.The term” human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 6.Explain the different levels of the arbitrariness Arbitrarinessis the core feature of language. Saussure holds the idea that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.There seems to be different levels of arbitrariness: 1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its means. You may object to this when you think of words with different degrees of onomatopoeia, namely, words that sound like the sounds they describe. e. g. in Chinese 叮咚,轰隆,叽里咕噜. These linguistic
语言学教程chapter 1
Chapter 1 Invitation to linguistics 1.1 Why study language? There are a few ignorance and wrong ideas about language, such as "language is only a means of communication", "language has a form-meaning correspondence". So if we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. The understanding of language should not be confined to linguists, as it is a vital human resource that all of us share. 1.2 What is language? Webster's New World Dictionary's several most frequently used sense of the word "language" Primary sense: a, human speech b,the ability to communicate by this means c,a system of vocal sounds and combinations Definition: language is a means of verbal communication. It's instrumental in that communication by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psychological, and environmental factor. 1.3 Design features of language 1, arbitrariness Saussure: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning (1) arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning (2) arbitrariness at the syntactic level--the most strictly arbitrary level language exists in the distinctive units of sounds (3) arbitrariness and convention--the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention 2,duality Lyons: By duality is meant that the property of having two levels of structures , such as that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the level has its own principles of organization. Language is hierarchical. Syllable 《语言学教程》重难点学习提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。 1. 语言的普遍特征： 语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第一章） Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4.In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. 7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14.Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21.Chomsky defines “ competence ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________________________ of the rules of his language. 22._________________________ L angue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.________ D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the(完整版)胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解
语言学教程复习题与答案