译国译民：国际贸易合同翻译
译国译民翻译公司：
SALES CONFIRMATION
销售确认书
S/C NO.: 02QTIE05
DATE: JUNE 5, 2002
The Seller: QIQIANG TEXTILES IMP & EXP CO. LTD.
卖方：
Address: 105 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China 地址：中国安徽省合肥市长江路105号The Buyer: TIVOLI PRODUCTS PLC 买方：
Address: 1002 Cambridge Street, London, U.K.
地址：英国伦敦坎布里奇街（剑桥街）1002号
We hereby confirm having sold to you the following goods on terms and conditions as stated below:我们在此确认已出售的货物符合下列所述的条款及条件：
PACKING:（包装）
PORT OF
LOADING&DESTINATION:（港口&装卸&目的港）
TIME OF SHIPMENT：（装运期限）
TERMS OF PA YMENT:（付款方式）
INSURANCE:（保险）Goods to be packed in cloth bales of 10 pcs. of 100yds each. Total 8000 bales（货物被包在10个布包内，每个布包里面有100码，总共8000包。
From Shanghai China to London with partial shipment and transshipment allowed （从中国上海运至伦敦，允许分批装运及转运）
To be effected during SEPT/OCT 2002 in equal monthly（有效期至2002年的9月至10月，按月平均）
The buyer shall open through a bank acceptable to the seller an irrevocable sight L/C to reach the seller 30 days before AUGUST 15, 2002, valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment （买方应通过银行开立卖方接受的不可撤销的即期信用证，在2002年8月15日前30天到达卖方，中国议付的有效期至出运日期后的第15天）
Insurance to be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People's Insurance Company of China dated 01/01 1981（保险由卖方按照发票金额的110%投保一切险和战争险，符合中国人民保险公司1981年颁布的运输货物条款）
REMARKS:（备注）
1.The buyer shall have the covering letter of credit reach the Seller 30 days before shipment, failing
which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to regard as still valid whole or any part of this contract not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses thus sustained, if any.（买方应在出运前30天给卖方开具信用证，否则，卖方有权取消本合约全部或部分内容，而不另行通知，并保留因此而发生的一切损失的索赔权。）
2.In case of any discrepancy in Quality, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 130 days after the
arrival of the goods at the port of destination; while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 150 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.（如发生任何质量不符，买方应在货物抵达目的港130天内提出;对于数量不符，买方应在货物抵达目的港150天内提出。）
3.For transactions concluded on C. I. F. basis, it is understood that the insurance amount will be
for 110% of the invoice value against the risks in the Sales Confirmation. If additional insur- ance amount or coverage required, the Buyer must have the consent of the Seller before shipment, and the additional premium is to be borne by the Buyer.（基于CIF的贸易条款，保险金额将定为发票总价值的110%以此来应对销售合同中的风险，如果要加保，买方必须在出运前取得卖方的同意，额外的投保费用由买方支付。）
4.The Seller shall not hold liable for non-delivery or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of
the goods hereunder by reason of natural disasters, war or other causes of Force Majeure .
However, the Seller shall notify the Buyer as soon as possible and furnish提供the Buyer within
15 days by registered airmail with a certificate issued by the China Council for the Promotion of
International Trade attesting such event(s).（卖方不负有在自然灾害，战争或任何不可抗力导致的没有递送或延误的全部或部分责任。然而，卖方应尽快通知买方并在15天内提供由中国国际贸易促进委员会授予的可以证明该事件发生的证明书。）
5.All disputes arising out of the performance of, or relating to this contract, shall be settled
through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration in accordance with its arbitral rules. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties. （凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的争议，双方应先协商解决，如若双方无法协商解决，则应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会，依照其仲裁准则进行仲裁，该仲裁需发生在上海，仲裁结果对双方都具有最终效益。）
6.The Buyer is requested to sign and return one copy of this contract immediately after receipt of the
same. Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within 3 working days, otherwise it is understood that the Buyer has accepted the terms and conditions of this contract.（在收到合同后，买方必须签署并返还合同的复印件，如有任何异议，买方应在三个工作日内提出，否则，默认为买方接受合同的条款及条件。）
7.Special conditions: (These shall prevail over all printed terms in case of any conflict. )( 特别条
件：如若有任何冲突，以上将胜过任何印刷的条款。)
CONFIRMED BY
THE SELLER THE BUYER
QIQIANG TEXTILES IMP. & EXP. CO. LTD. TIVOLI PRODUCTS PLC 华浪JUOYE
项目管理(全英文)试题 - 有翻译
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外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: https://www.360docs.net/doc/f311628948.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
英国合同法复习资料
英国合同法复习资料 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
Lecture 1 Offer and acceptance I What is an offer? Key principles: An offer is a statement which objectively indicates that the offeror is prepared 900 pounds”P:“We agree to buy for the sum of 900 pounds asked by you” D refused to sell. Held: D is not b ound. P’s first telegram asked two questions and D answered only the second. D had made no promise, express or implied to sell. A statement of the minimum price at which a sell the house to you” and invited Gibson to fill in a form. Gibson filled in but council refused to sell. Held: No contract. The words “may be prepared to sell” are fatal to this. The Council did not make an offer but only invited offers and the tenant made a firm offer which was rejected by the Council. The tenant’s application was an offer rather than an acceptance. Recognized instances of invitations to treat Advertisements Key principles: Advertisements are normally invitations to treat because it is clear that the each. No details as to quantity. Held: The ad did not amount to an offer to sell. after using the smoke ball as directed and that to show its sincerity it had deposited ￡1000 in a bank account. P used the smoke ball, but nevertheless caught flu. Held: the ad was an offer to the world which was accepted by P when she used the smoke ball as directed. She was entitled to the ￡100. Shop displays Key principles: the display of goods for sale on a supermarket shelf is an invitation to treat, and Held :As a general rule, display of flick knife in a shop window is an invitation to treat and not supervision of a registered pharmacist. In this shop, the pharmacist could refuse to allow the purchase at the cash desk.
浅谈英文外贸合同条款的文字处理
摘要出口是拉动中国经济起飞的重要引擎。对于许多希望从事外贸的中小企业而言，每每涉及英文合同时常一筹莫展，不知如何下笔；有的缺乏重视，简单援用标准合同或直接使用国外客户发来的合同。为解决企业签订英文外贸合同中存在的问题，本文针对外贸合同中的常用条款一一进行了风险分析，就起草和签订英文外贸合同应注意文字处理提出了建议。 关键词外贸合同条款风险规避 据国家统计局2009年1月22日发布的信息①，2008年中国外贸进出口总额25616亿美元，同比增长17.8%，贸易顺差约2955亿美元，是世界数一数二的出口大国。然而，许多企业在对外贸易的过程中，有的忽视了合同的订立，只在合同中列出原则性意向，对有些重要交易条件不做具体规定；有的因语言水平以及人力、物力条件的限制，要么援用标准合同，要么要求外方起草英文合同。殊不知，这样对自身权益的保护带来了极大隐患。跨国贸易中，不仅有专业的国际骗子和无良商人骗取钱财，即使是正规的公司在遇到市场变化、财务恶化或其他情势变化时也可能利用合同的漏洞作出于己方有利的举措。因此，本文旨在通过对国际货物买卖合同条款的剖析，为企业订立英文外贸合同提供文字处理方面的参考性意见。 1合同标题 合同标题可以省略，但如果有标题，为避免对合同效力产生争议，不要以“备忘录M emorandum”、“建议书Proposal”以及“意向书Letter of Intent”等其他名称命名。 2“鉴于”条款（Whereas Clause） 合同中的鉴于条款，主要介绍缔约双方签订合同时的目的或背景。它不是合同的必备条款，对合同双方也不具有约束力，但是简洁、清晰的鉴于条款在争议产生时能帮助法官了解当事人的真实意图。因此重大合同中的鉴于条款应注意： 1）避免规定具体的权利和义务以避免造成对己方不利的约束。 2）避免出现与事实相反或与合同条款矛盾的文字表述。3合同当事人（Parties of Contract） 合同当事人说明合约当事人的姓名或名称、当事人的国籍与住所或主营业所等等。在英文中要注意注册所在地（Registered address）与主营业所（Principal address）的区别。当事人的名称与其信息应保持一致，防止不法分子虚构合同主体或进行无资格主体诈骗。仔细核对对方当事人的名称，许多大公司的名称和子公司名称很相似，如Johnson In-dustries Inc.和Johnson Industrial and Co.Ltd.就不是同一家公 司，它们的经济实力和履约能力的差别可能很大。如果担心对方的履约能力,可以要求其母公司提供担保或支持函。② 4品名（Name of commodity）和品质（quality of goods）条款 品名应使用国际通用名称，如苹果酒国际上通用cidre，就不要用apple wine。如果进口商要求改变品名以逃避关税或商检，不应予以支持。 商品描述必须明确、具体，有些出口商不重视品名的具体化也没有品牌意识，该注明品牌的不注，甚至仿古制品也省略仿制二字，极易造成争议。如何具体化？可加入具体的品种、等级或型号的概括性描述。如Sewing M achines,M odel NkBI-1”；“Fresh Egg,Grade A：50-55gm per egg”；“Bed Sheets,200x230cm,White”；“Philips Brand Vacuum Flask”. 品质条款应注意： 1）不要出现“大约about”、“左右approximate”、“合理误差reasonable allowance”等模糊语。 2）切勿将品质定得过高，超出自身的履约能力。 3）凭样品买卖时，给出样品的编号，必要时列出样品寄送的日期。尽量确认多个样品显示可接受的品质偏差范围。最好规定“品质与样品大致相同”。如果样品仅供对方参考品质，应注明“sample only for reference”。 4）凭文字说明买卖时，应明确规定商品的品名、规格、等级、标准、品牌或产地名称等内容。在凭说明书和图样表示商品品质时，应列出说明书、图样的名称、份数等内容。 5）尽量规定品质机动幅度（quality latitude）或品质公差（quality tolerance），给出幅度的上下限或公差的允许值。规定买方无权拒收未超出机动幅度或品质公差范围的货物，也不得要求调整价格。对于品质低于规定者也应给出具体的减价方案。 6）品质标准的约定要明确国家和版本，也不得低于法定商检规定的标准。 7）尽量不要使用多重标准。注意各品质指标之间的内在联系和相互关系。给出各指标的检验方法，防止外商设定某一过高指标或利用不同的检验方法得出不同品质指标进行诈骗。 5数量条款（Quantity Clause） 数量条款要求准确、具体，不应出现不同的计量单位。重量应明确是毛重、净重、理论重量，还是公量等。如果货物受本身的特性或包装和运输以及计量工具的限制，难以精确达到合同规定的数量，如大宗散装货物，可采用M ore or Less Clause—— —溢短装条款：The seller has the option of ship-ping4%more or less on contracted quantity.设立溢短装条款时 （中南财经政法大学外国语学院湖北·武汉４３００７０） 中图分类号：H31文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7894（2010）07-201-03 ２０１
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编号：QJ-HT-0465委托翻译合同样本(官方版) In order to clarify their rights and obligations, sign contracts to ensure that their legitimate rights and interests are not harmed. 甲方：_____________________ 乙方：_____________________ 日期：_____________________ --- 专业合同范本系列下载即可用---
委托翻译合同样本(官方版) 说明：该合同书适用于甲乙双方为明确各自的权利和义务，经友好协商签署合同，在合同期限内按照合同规定或者依照法律规定履行义务，保证权利双方合法权益不受损害，文档可下载收藏或打印使用（使用时请先阅读条款是否适用）。 委托翻译合同范文一 甲方:xx 乙方:xx 经甲乙双方友好协商，现就甲方委托给乙方完成的xx申报中文材料翻译成英文材料事项签订如下合同。 一、翻译稿件名称：xx材料。具体包括：1、拟建xx考察报告(含建设发展规划及规划图册);2、xx申报书;3、xx申报自评报告;4、xx风光片解说词。 二、工作时间：甲方于x年x月日前将需翻译的中文定稿材料交付乙方。乙方应于x年x月x日前将翻译好的英文成稿交付甲方。 三、交稿方式：乙方应向甲方提供英文成稿打印件及电子文本(文件格式：coredraw9.0排版)各一份。
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外贸合同翻译
CONTRACT N 合约号 SELLER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码BUYER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码 Seller 卖方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: Buyer 买方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机:
EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理:
THE LEGAL OFFICE IS : 法律的办事处 PRESIDENT : THE OFFICIAL AGENT IS : 职务上的代理商 PRESIDENT : INVOICE NUMBER : 发票号码 COMMERCIAL INVOICE NUMBER : 商业发票号码 WHEREAS, The parties mutually desire to execute This Contract which shall be binding upon, and to the benefit of, the parties, successors and assigns, in accordance with the jurisdictional law of the negotiated and fully executed Contract with terms and provisions hereunder agreed upon. 鉴于双方均有意履行本合同并接受 其及于各方承继人和受让人的约束及利益，根据管辖法，各方按照约定的条款予以履行义务
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外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/f311628948.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
合作协议(中英文翻译)
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 合作协议(中英文翻译) 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________ 说明：本合同资料适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与 义务，同时阐述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用 时请详细阅读内容。
Technical Cooperation Agreement 甲方：XX油脂化学有限公司 Party A: XX Grease Chemical Co. , Ltd. 地址：XX高新技术工业园 Address: XXHigh-tech Industrial Park 法定代表人：XXX Legal Representative: XXX 乙方： Party B: 地址： Address: 本协议合作双方就组建技术研发团队事项，经过平等协商，在真实、充分地 表达各自意愿互惠互利的基础上，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，达成如下协议，并由合作各方共同恪守。 This Agreement, concerning the setting up of a technical research and development team, is made according to the Contract Law of PRC regulations and entered into through equal negotiation by both Parties as the free and full expression of their own wishes to mutual benefits, and to this end both Parties shall abide by this Agreement as following. 第一条、甲方同意雇用乙方为新产品研发技术顾问。乙方同意为甲方提供技术顾问服务。 Article 1: Party A hereby agrees to employ party B as the technical consultant for the new product research and development. Party B hereby agrees to offer technical consultation service to Part A. 第二条、甲方同意每月支付乙方的研究费用，包括：薪资、办公费、检测费、差旅费以及其他相关费用。 Article 2: Party A hereby agrees to pay Party B for the research each month, including salaries, administrative expenses,detection cost, traveling expenses and other cost associated. 第三条、乙方有责任为甲方提供相关国内外技术及市场信息，并及时答复甲方技术上所遇到的问题。 Article 3 : Party B is responsible to provide relevant technical and market information home and abroad and is ready to answer any technical problem frequently asked by Party A. 第四条、乙方有义务向甲方提供有关个人简历和相关证明材料，甲方要尊重乙方个人隐私，有义务妥善保管相关材料。 Article 4: Party B shall has the obligation to provide Party A with any relevant personal resume and reference documents as necessary.Party A shall respect the personal privacy of Party B and has the obligation to properly keep those materials. 第五条、乙方同意所研发的产品所有知识产权归甲方所有，乙方不得将相关技术信息泄露给任何第三方，否则需要承担一切法律后果。
外贸合同常用条款中英文对照
外贸合同常用条款中英文对照 1)买方须于____年__月__日前开到本批交易的信用证(或通知售方进口许可证号码),并须售方有权;不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部分,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。 The Buyer shall have the covering Letter of Credit reach the Seller(or notify the Import License Number) before failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice. (2)凡以 C.I.F条件成交的业务，保额为发票价的100%,投保险别以本售货确认书中所开列的为限,买方如要求增加保额或保险范围,应于装船前经售方同意,因此而增加的保险非由买方负 责。 For transaction concluded on C.I. F.basis,it is understood that the insurance amount will be for 100%,of the invoice value against the risks specified in the Sales Confirmation.If additional insuranceamount or coverage is required, the Buyer must have the consent of the Seller before Shipment,and the additional preminum is to be borne by the Buyer. (3)品质/数量异议: 如买方提出索赔,凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起3个月内提出,凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出, 对所装货物所提任何异议属于保险公司,轮船公司其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者,售方不负责任何责任。 QUALITY/QUANTITYDISCREPANCY:
工程项目管理中文翻译资料
工程项目管理 12 成本控制，监视和会计 12.1 成本控制问题 在项目的实施过程中，项目控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为项目经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具。这些工具提供了两个作用，它记录了项目相关的财务往来，同时给项目经理提供项目的进展情况和存在的问题。项目控制的问题在项目的一个老的定义中总是被总结为“结束预算后大部分模糊相关的活动的汇集”。⑴项目控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示。 在这章中，我们讨论与项目过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题。在这次讨论中，我们强调会计信息在项目管理中的作用。项目账户的解释在项目完成之前通常不是很直接的。正因为这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响项目管理，甚至到了项目结束之后，会计结果可能还是不清晰的。因此，为了成本管理的目的，项目经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息。然而，在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约，尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查。 项目控制目标的局限性应该作为重点。项目控制程序主要是为了辨析实际与项目计划的偏差而不是建议可能的办法来节省成本。这个特征是项目控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映。项目成本的节省主要是在项目计划和设计期间，在实际建筑阶段，变动可能会推迟项目进度并代之费用的无节制增加。实际上，项目控制的重点是履行原定计划或说明实际与计划的偏差，而不是成本的重大改善和节省，它只是在建筑计划过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为。 最后，要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题。项目管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的，尽管许多情况下技术不能促进项目活动的全面或联合的考虑。
例如，项目进度表和成本账户通常是被分离的，结果项目管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的观察角度来综合一个全面的观点。特别是，经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加，而不是获得为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用，虽然他在项目控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。 12.2 项目预算 为了项目的成本控制，建筑计划的伴生的现金流动估计可以为税后的项目监控提供参考依据。为了进度表，可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比，以监控项目的进展程度。合同和施工规范为估计和保证建筑所必须的质量提供标准。最终或详细的成本估计为项目期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据。在将费用列为详细成本估计的基础上，可以认为项目是在财政控制下的。特定类别成本的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题提出确切的提示。建筑计划和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终成本估计所包括的类别，这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为适宜。 为了控制或监测的目的，原始的详细成本估计被特地转换成方案预算，并且在随后被作为管理的指南。详细成本估算中的具体项目成为工作成本因素。项目过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体成本账户以便于于是成本比较。因此，单独的成本账户一般代表成本控制的基本单元。不可避免地，成本账户也许被分开也许被划入那些与特殊预定活动和特殊成本账户相关的工作元素中。 除了成本数额之外，关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保留在方案预算中。通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比较。结果，可以分析出特殊项目上的费用超支或节约的原因，或许是单价的变化，或许是劳动生产率变化或材料消耗的变化。
国际贸易、市场营销类课题外文翻译——市场定位策略(Positioning_in_Practice)
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique