建筑物下似膏体充填开采新工艺的探讨外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文原文
A New Mode of Coal Mining Under Buildings with Paste-Like
Backfill Technology
CUI Jian-qiang ,SUN Heng-hu , HUANG Yu-cheng
(School of Resources and Safety Engineering,CUMT,Beijing
100083,China)
ABSTRACT:The formation of the paste-like backfill technology was introduced briefly in this paper,from the actual cases of coal mines,a new mode of coal mining under buildings with the technology was proposed,and its specificity was analyzed,and a further introduction to the full-sand-soil solidifying material was given.The main parts of the backfill system,such as the backfill preparation system,the pipeline transportation system,the backfill systems in fully mechanized mining faces and the backfill process,were presented emphatically.
KEYWORDS:mining un der buildings;paste-like backfill;full-sand-soil solidifying material
1 Introduction
With the rapid increase of the demand of social and economic development,the conflict between coal shortage and economic development is becoming more and more conspicuous.More attention has been paid on coal mining technology under buildings.The present coal mining technology under buildings can not be widely applied for its some shortages ,such as the poor effect of surface subsidence and deformation cont rolling ,the serious pollution of underground operation environment and the low recovery of resources.Paste-like backfill technology has outstanding advantages,such as the wide supply of backfill materials,the low cost of backfilling,the easy preparation of slurry and the high strength of backfill body.It can control surface subsidence and deformation effectively,gain a high recovery,and does not pollute underground operation https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html,ing the new mode,harmless and non-pollution mining under buildings can be realized.
2 Proposal and Specificity of the New Mode
In all the modes of coal mining under buildings backfill mining is the most effective in the control of surface subsidence and deformation and the recovery of coal.The density of backfill body and its subsidence contraction influence the movement and deformation of surface and surrounding rock directly.The solidifying backfill mining technology has been widely applied in royal and nonferrous mines,for its backfill body has the following advantages such as high density,little subsidence contraction,and enough strength and stiffness.With the development of modern
science and technology,the solidifying backfill mining technology has been improved and developed greatly. Based on the development trend of solidifying backfill technology,Professor SUN Heng-hu proposed a new mode referred to as paste-like solidifying backfill.The new modes specificity is that it has not only the advantages of both hydraulic backfill and paste backfill,such as the good slurry fluidity and the easy pipeline gravity transportation for the former,and the great backfill body strength and the non-or little dehydrating for the later.
The traditional binder cement has the poor capability of fine particles solidifying.When the density of backfill slurry is lower than that of paste,the slurry is easy to transport through pipelines by gravity,which will result in the loss of fine particles (including cement particles) in the dehydrating process.So the subsidence contraction of it s backfill body increases and the strength decreases,which leads to the loss of binder and the serious pollution of underground operation sites.When the density of backfill slurry is close to that of paste,it s fluidity becomes poor and difficult to transport.Therefore,the key to the realization of paste-like backfill mode is to research and develop a new kind of binder.It is necessary for this binder to have the capability of solidifying fine particles and for it s backfill body to meet the need of strength.Meanwhile,it must have a wide range of backfill materials and a lower backfill cost.
The research group leaded by Professor SUN Heng-hu has developed a new generation binder, full-sand-soil solidifying material.With the new solidifying material, the paste-like backfill mode is forming gradually, which absorbs the advantages of the modern solidifying backfill and spurns it s disadvantages.
Based on the knowledge of solidifying backfill engineering practice, the actual situation of coal mines and the paste-like backfill technology, a new mode of coal mining under buildings is set up. So this new mode and it s system design have both something similar to the solidifying backfill technology in metal mines and it s own characteristics.
（1）Backfill material: The newly developed full-sand-soil material is adopted as binder, and debris(waste from coal mines) and flyash (waste from steam electric plants) are used as aggregate
（2）Backfill area: Coal deposit s takes the shape of seams, most of which have a low angle, so the area to backfill is great and backfill slurry have to be transported farther. Compared with metal deposits normally taking the shape of block orvein, the ratio of total length to height difference is larger
（3）Backfill capacity: Generally, fully-mechanized working faces in a coal mine has a larger productivity than a metal mine. So, a larger backfill capacity of the backfill system is needed.
（4）Selection of backfill preparation station sites : The backfill system must meet the demand of the ratio of total length to height difference of paste-like slurry transportation. Moreover, the transportation of backfill materials on the earth’s surface must be taken into account so as to lower the backfill cost farthest, for the backfill amount is great.
（5）Coordination: To assure the production of fully-mechanized working faces and the quality of backfill body, the processes of mining and backfill must be coordinated well. By now, there is no relative engineering experience.
3 The New Mining Mode Under Buildings and Its System Layout
3.1Full-sand-soil solidifying material
The full-sand-soil solidifying material is a kind of powder made of some industrial waste, such as blasting-furnace slag, smelter slag, and proper portion of natural minerals and chemical catalysts through milling and mixing. It has a powerful capability of solidifying sandy soil and industrial waste (such as tailings) containing a high percentage of clay. Hence comes it s name full-sand-soil solidifying material, called full-sand-soil material for short .
Compared with Portland cement, the full-sand-soil material has it s own specificity in the respects of technological property,production process and engineering applications. It has a super quality of solidifying fine particles. Under the condition of equal dosage, its strength is 2-3 times that of cement. Under the same strength demand, it s dosage is less than half that of cement. Compared with regular cement, its early strength is high , and 7-day，s strength and 282 days strength can reach that of 425 # and 525 # cement standards, respectively. The process of producing the full-sand-soil material is to ”engulf”a large amount of industrial waste , and to produce super binder with good property and wide uses at a low price. It s production cost is low, approximately 200 yuan per ton. Therefor, the full-and-soil material will not only find wide applications in mining, communication, construction, water conservancy and oil projects , but carve out a completely new way to reutilize industrial waste.
3.2The system layout of paste-like backfill mining under buildings
3.2.1Backfill preparation station system
（1）Location selection
Distinguished from paste backfill, one of the specificity of the paste-like backfill is that the fluidity of it s slurry is excellent. Without or with a little transportation pressure, its slurry can be transported to backfill sites. For this reason, when the location of a backfill preparation station is selected, the demand for the ratio of total
length to height difference should be met firstly so that the paste-like backfill slurry flow by gravity can be ensured. Secondly, the transportation work of a backfill materials on the earth’s surface should be minimized furthest. The capacity of a backfill preparation station should be about 2. 0 times that of the backfill mining face. Since a coal face usually has a large productivity per year, so lowering the backfill material transportation cost will be of outstanding sense.
（2）Layout of a backfill preparation station
Based on the capacity of a backfill preparation station, the specificity of backfill materials and the practical experience of solidifying backfill mining in metal mines, it is more suitable for a backfill preparation station to adopt a two-step mixing system , i.e. , the first step mixing drum prepares mortar ,made from debris , fly ash and water , with a density about 73 %; and the two second step mixing drum prepares paste-like backfill slurry with a density about 75 % made from the full-sand-soil material and the mortar produced by the first step mixing drum.
To ensure the reliable operation of a backfill preparation station, two mixing drums are set for each step. When one of the two first-step mixing drums is working normally, the other is alternate .Both of the two second-step mixing drums are working normally at the same time. When something is wrong with one of the second-step mixing drums,the other can produce backfill slurry by itself . The advantage of the layout is that when one of the mixing drums has something wrong , the production of slurry does not be influenced so as to ensure the continuity of the backfill process.
3.2.2The pipeline transportation system of paste-like backfill slurry
Firstly, the layout of the pipeline transportation system must meet the demand for the backfill capacity and make the backfill operation be high quality, efficient, safe and economic. It is not permitted for the backfill pipeline to be laid upward. Meanwhile too many turns should be avoided so as not to result in the natural pressure loss of backfill slurry and pipeline blocking. The pipeline to underground should be laid in the auxiliary shaft or air shaft as far as possible. Utilizing the existent shafts,roadways and ground installation can decrease the backfill pipeline laying cost and also make the pipeline conveniently inspected and repaired. The backfill pipeline layout in a coal mine can be seen in Fig. 1. It s backfill pipeline is laid through a backfill borehole, auxiliary shaft , main entry , return dip ,tail-entry to the backfill site.
Fig. 1 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period
1.Backfill preparation station;
2. Town buildings;
3. No. 6 shaft;
4. Filling pipe
5.Entry at - 570m level;
6. Entry at - 710m level;
7. Return dip; 8.Transportation dip; 9. Tail-entry;
10. Fully2mechanized mining face; 11. Head2entry
From the pipeline layout in Fig. 1, the actual ratio of total length to height difference can be calculated by the following formula:
N = L / H
where N is the ratio of total length to height difference, L is length of the backfill pipeline, L = | AB|+ | BC| + | CD | + | DE| + | EF| in m , and H stands for the height difference between the slurry entrance on the earth’s surface and the slurry exit at the underground backfill site , H = the height of point A - the height of point F in m.On the basis of the laboratory research on the paste-like slurry flow specificity and the similar engineering experience of metal mines , N = 326 is the most suitable value for the paste-like slurry to be transported through a pipeline by natural pressure.
3.2.3Backfill system in fully2mechanized working faces
The gob resulted from backfill mining is filled with backfill materials tightly. In the process of deformation with surrounding rock, the backfill body with certain strength and stiffness increases the capacity of surrounding rock effectively and gives someload-bearing capacity towards roof strata gradually.
A reasonable roof2cont rolling area can be obtained from a site test and the strata control theory so as to ensure the safety of backfill operation. Thus along the working face a row of hydraulic props should be set in the gob behind powered supports. The distances between hydraulic props and between hydraulic prop row and powered supports , and the width of each backfill strip can be obtained through-numerical simulation and in-situ test s on the basis of roof stability , mining depth , tectonic stress and soon. Thus, a backfill road is formed between hydraulic props and powered supports. Flexible shuttering is set up along a side of the gob against hydraulic props to support backfill slurry and filter water. It s layout can be seen in Fig. 2. The backfill
system’s advantages are that mining and backfill processes are independent of each other , it s large filtering area is good for the increas ing backfill body’s early strength , and the filtered water can flow to the head-entry directly and not result in polluting of the working face.
Fig. 2 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period
1.Head-entry;
2. Tail-entry;
3. Powered support;
4. Hydraulic prop;
5. Flexible shuttering;
6.Backfill road;
7. Preparatory backfill strip; 8. Complete backfill strip
3.2.4The process of backfill technology
(1)Preparation process
The preparation process of backfilling includes sealing of the flexible shuttering, linking of the backfill pipes, communicating between the backfill site and the backfill preparation station, cleaning up of the head-entry drainage ditch and so on.
(2)Backfill process
When the preparation operation is accomplished, the backfill preparation station begins the backfill operation. Firstly, the backfill pipes is washed by using clean water and the pipeline is inspected to determine whether it leaks or not. If all is OK, then slurry is transported down through the pipeline. In order to prevent the washing water from flowing into the gob , a valve should be set up before the pipeline is laid to the backfill site. By this way, the clean water resulted from the pipeline washing may be drained to the head-entry ditch directly.
Backfill workers operate at the T junction of the tail-entry when backfill begins. Attention should be paid intently on backfill operation. When abnormal cases occur, relative measures should be taken at once.
While the gob is being filled with slurry during the backfill period, little water can be dehydrated from the seams or the flexible shuttering and is drained to the head-entry, which prevent s it from flowing to the working face and causing pollution to the operation environment.
(3)Closing process
When backfill slurry reaches at the predate rmined position, the backfill preparation station stops producing slurry. To prevent the backfill slurry from detaining and solidifying in the pipes to block the filling pipe or make it s radius decrease, the backfill pipeline is washed using clean water for a further use when there is no slurry flowing out at the end of the backfill pipeline.
4 The Estimation of Surface Subsidence
Probability integration is the traditional method to estimate surface subsidence resulted from coal mining under buildings. Take the feasibility research on one coal mine’s paste-like backfill mining under buildings as an example. The calculation scope is the full subsidence area. Based on the mining area’s empirical values of the parameters for the probability integration, surface subsidence is estimated
It s mining depths are 971, 1241 and 701 m in trend direction of the main section, at the lower boundary and at the upper boundary, respectively. The seam thickness, including 5 coal seams, is 10.6m, and the average seam dip is 21. According to the relevant literatures on solidifying backfill technology, subsidence coefficient q=0.02~0.05,tangent of the main influence angle , taken by medium stable strata , tanβ= 1. 7 and horizontal moving coefficient b = 0. 3. The calculation results are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 The estimation of surface subsidence induced paste-like
backfill mining under buildings in a coal mine
From Table 1, both surface movement and deformation values are smaller than the deformation standards of No. 1 protection regulation for masonry structure buildings in China, that is , max dipping coefficient i≤3. 0mm/ m , max curvature K≤0. 2×10 - 3/ m , max horizontal deformation ε≤2. 0mm/ m.
5 Conclusions
Based on the existent backfill modes and the trend of modern backfill development, a new backfill mode, paste-like backfill technology, is put forward. It s binder has good quality and low price, and it can also reutilize a large amount of industrial waste. These advantages will make the backfill cost decrease greatly. Consequently, the paste-like backfill mode will carve out a new way for coal mining under buildings. With the paste-like backfill technology, the new mode of coal mining under buildings will certainly find application in solving the environment pollution resulted from debris and flyash, and recover a large amount of coal under buildings. Therefore, to
the sustainable development of Chinese coal mining, the new mode will have a great and far-reaching strategy meaning.
References
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by using sialite
for coal mining safety and environment protection[A].Progress in Safety Science and Technology.
Beijing: Science Press, 2005
[2]Qian Ming-gao, XU Jia-ling, Miao Xie-xing. Green technology in coal mining
[J].Journal of
China University of Mining & Technology, 2003
[3]Hu Hua, Sun Heng-hu. Development of backfill technology and the new backfill
process using
paste-like material [J]. China Mining, 2001,
[4]Sun Heng-hu, Li Huajian, Li Yu. Establishment of silica-alumina based
cementitious
system—Sialite. Rare metal materials and engineering 2004
中文译文
建筑物下似膏体充填开采新工艺的探讨
崔建强，孙恒虎，黄玉成
中国矿业大学，能源与安全学院，中国，北京100083
摘要:在这篇文章中简略的介绍了似膏体充填技术，从采煤实例中提出了在建筑物下采煤的新模式，并从分析其特征，进一步介绍了砂土固化材料，并着重介绍了该项似膏体充填模式的的主要系统：如充填准备系统、管线运输系统、综采工作面充填系统、充填步骤。
关键词：建筑物下采煤，似膏体充填料，砂土固化材料
1简介
随着社会和经济发展的要求，煤炭资源短缺和经济快速增长之间的冲突越来越显而易见。建筑物下采煤技术得到了更多的关注，眼下建筑物下采煤技术得不到广泛的应用，是因为它有一些缺陷，比产生如地表沉陷与不断变形、地下运行环境污染严重和地下资源回收率极低等负面影响。似膏体充填技术具有杰出的有利条件，如广泛的充填材料来源，成本低、容易制备充填浆体和充填体强度较高。它可以很好的控制地面沉降和有效变形，获得较高的回收率，不污染地下水运行环境。使用这个新技术，无害的无污染的建筑物下采煤可以被实现的。
2新模式的提出和特点
在所有的建筑物下采煤方法中，充填采煤是控制地表下沉和变形、提高回采率最有效的方法。充填体的密度及其沉淀收缩率的大小直接影响着围岩与地表的移动和变形。固体充填技术曾广泛应用于有价值高有色金属矿山，因为充填体有以下特征，比如高密度、小沉淀收缩率和足够的强度和硬度。随着现代科学和技术的发展，固体充填采矿技术得以很大的改进和提高。在固体充填技术发展趋势的基础上，孙恒虎教授提出了一种类似于膏体固体充填的新方法，这种新方法的特点不仅是充填浆体流动性好，易于实现管道的自流运输，而且对于早期来说，充填强度高，晚期没有或只有很小的可能致使脱水丧失充填能力。
传统的粘合剂水泥胶结细颗粒能力较差。充填浆体的密度低于膏体密度时，在自重应力作用下，充填浆体很容易随着管道流动，这将造成充填材料中的细粒级颗粒(包括水泥颗粒)在脱水过程中流失，充填体的沉缩率增大和强度降低，这会导致粘合剂流失与地下操作场所的污染。当充填浆体密度与膏体密度相似时，它的流动性又使其运输变得困难。所以，似膏体充填新模式的实现是要研究和发展出一种新的粘合剂。对于这种粘合剂来说，既要具备胶结细颗粒的能力，又要使充填体达到需要的强度，同时，还必须有一个广泛的充填材料来源和一个低的
充填成本。
由孙恒虎教授领导的研究小组已经研制出新一代的粘结剂，砂土固化剂。伴随着这个新的固体材料的产生，似膏体充填模式逐渐形成，这种方式吸收了传统固体充填的优点，并屏弃了它的缺点。
在以膏体充填为基准，结合煤矿实际情况的基础上，建立了一个建筑物采煤的新模式。这种新模式和其系统的设计和金属矿山充填采矿有很多相似，但又有其自身的特点。主要表现在：
（1）充填材料:新发展的全砂土固化材料被当着粘合剂使用，煤矸石（来自采煤）和粉煤灰（来自发电厂）当着骨料用。
（2）充填范围：煤炭以层状赋存，大多数倾角都很小，所以充填地方比较大且充填料浆需要输送很长的距离，与呈块状或脉冲状的金属矿床相比，充填路线大。
（3）充填能力：一般的，煤矿综采工作面的生产能力大于金属矿山。因此一个大容量的充填系统是必要的。
（4）充填位置选择：充填系统必须达到不同膏体充填运输总长度与高度的比例。更要综合考虑充填原料在地上的运输，尽量降低运输成本。
（5）协调:确保综采面的生产能力和充填质量，采煤程序和充填必须相协调。到目前为止，没有相关的历史工程经验。
3建筑物下开采新工艺及系统布置
3.1全砂土固化材料
全砂土固结材料是由一些工业废料制成的粉末，比如炉渣、冶炼渣、自然矿物质加入一些化学催化剂磨成粉末混合而成。它有很强的能力将砂土和工业废料（比如尾砂）以一个很高的百分率胶结在一起，因此叫做全砂土固化材料，简称全砂土材料。
与波特兰水泥相比，全砂土材料在生产成本、生产程序和工程应用都有自身的特点。它在胶结细粒上有一个极好的质量。在同等剂量的条件下，它的强度是2-3倍于其他水泥。在同等强度要求下，它的剂量比其他水泥少一半不止。与普通水泥相比，其7天早期强度达到425＃水泥标准，28天强度可以达到525＃水泥标准。全砂土固化材料的生产过程是“吞没”了大量的工业废物，以低的价格生产出极好性能和广泛应用的超级粘合剂。它的生产成本很低，近似于每吨200元。因此，全砂土材料不仅可以广泛应用在采矿、通讯、建筑、水利工程和石油工程，而且开拓出一个全新的方式再利用工业废料。
3.2建筑物下开采似膏体充填系统
3.2.1充填制备站系统
(1)位置的选择:
似膏体充填区别于膏体充填的特点之一就是料浆的流动性好，不需要或者只需要一点压力即可到达充填地点。由于这个原因，当一个充填准备站的位置被选中以后，充填总长度与高度的比值需满足似膏体自流的要求；其次地面充填材料
的运输距离必须尽可能的短。充填准备站的能力必须是需充填开采工作面生产能力约2倍。
由于综采工作面年产量大，所以降低地面充填材料的运输费用具有很大的经济优点。
(2)充填准备站的布局：
根据充填准备站的容量、充填材料的特性和金属矿山固体充填采矿实践经验，充填准备站充填准备采取两个步骤：第一步混合搅拌，由煤矸石、粉煤灰、水组成的浓度约73％的砂浆；第二步是制备由全砂土材料和来自第一步的砂浆混合形成的浓度约75％的似膏体充填料浆。
为确保充填准备站运行可靠，每级搅拌桶均设置备用搅拌桶。第一步搅拌桶一个正常工作，另一个是备用；正常工作情况下，第二步搅拌桶2个同时工作，当其中一个发生故障时，另一个第二步搅拌桶单独制浆。布局优点的在于，当一个搅拌桶发生故障时，浆体生产没有受到影响，能确保充填的延续性。
3.2.2似膏体充填料浆管道运输系统
首先，充填管道运输系统的布局必须满足充填能力的需求，使充填运作是高质量、有效、安全和经济。充填管道向上敷设是不被允许的，同时也应该尽量避免转弯，以免导致管道堵塞和自然压力损失。由地面向下铺设管道应尽量在在副井或风井。利用存在的井筒、巷道和地面装置能减少充填管道铺设成本，也使这条管道的检查和维修变得方便。某煤矿充填管道布置如图1。其充填管道经充填钻孔、副井井筒、水平运输大巷及石门、采区下山、区段回风平巷进入回采工作面。
图1 充填初期管道布置示意
1一充填制备站；2 一城镇建筑物；3一六号井筒；4一充填管道：
5一570 m大巷；6 一710 m大巷；7 回风下山；8一运输下山；
9一区段回风平巷；l0一回采工作面；ll一区段运输平巷从图1中管道的布局可以看出，总长度比实际高度差可以通过下列公式计算：
N=L/H
其中N是总长度比高度差，L是在充填管道长度，L=|AB|+|BC|+|CD|+|DE|+|EF|，m；H为地表料浆人口与充填工作面料浆出口之高
差，H=A点标高一F点标高，m。根据似膏体料浆流动特性的试验室研究及金属矿山的类似的工程实践，N=326是自然压强下似膏体料浆通过管道的最合适值。
3.2.3综采工作面充填系统
采用充填法开采的采空区被充填体材料充填得很结实。在围岩的变形过程中，充填体具有一定的强度和硬度来有效提高围岩的能力，并且给顶板围岩一定的支撑能力。
一个合理的控顶范围可以用用现场实测和地层控制理论相结合的方法来确定，从而确保一个安全的充填操作范围。在液压支架后的采空区中沿工作面方向布置一排单体液压支柱，单体液压支柱之间的距离、及与液压支架的排距、每次充填条带的宽度可根据煤层顶板的稳定性、煤层埋藏深度、构造应力的大小等因素，通过数值模拟和现场试验的方法确定。这样，一条充填工作通道在单体液压支柱与液压支架之间就形成了。在单体液压支柱靠采空区一侧设置一个柔性挡板，支撑充填料浆和滤水，它的布置见图2。这个系统的优点是采煤与充填是两个互相独立的过程。它的大的脱水面积有利于提高充填体的早期强度且滤过的水能直接流入区段运输平巷直接排出而不出污染工作面作业环境。
图2 综采工作面布置示意
l一运输腰槽；2一回风腰槽；3一液压支架；4一单体液压支柱；
5一柔性模板；6一充填通道；7一拟充填条带；8一已充填条带
3.2.4充填技术的程序
（1）准备过程
充填准备的过程包括柔性模板的密封、充填管道的连接、充填地点与充填准备站的通讯和清理区段运输平巷水沟等。
（2）充填过程
当充填准备完成后，充填准备站开始充填操作。先用，用清水清洗充填管道以检查管线是否漏液。若果一切正常，便开始下浆。为避免冲洗管道的清水进入采空区，必须在充填管道进入充填地点时设置一个阀，将清水直接排入区段运输平巷的水沟中。
当充填作业开始后操作人员在区段回风平巷上端头进行操作。在充填操作上必须集中注意力，如发现异常情况，必须立即采取相应措施。
当充填过程中充填料浆进入采空区后，有少量的水会从缝隙或柔性档板渗出，引至区段运输平巷排出，避免流入回采工作面，污染工作环境。
（3）收尾工序
当充填料浆达到拟的充填位置后，充填准备站停止制浆。为了防止管道里的浆体凝固导致充填管道阻塞或内径变小，当充填管道末端不出浆时就用清水清洗充填管道。
4地表沉陷预计
概率积分法是建筑物下开采沉陷预计的常用方法，这里以某煤矿建筑物下似膏体充填开采的可行性研究为例，估计范围是整个下沉面积，根据该矿区概率积分法参数的经验参考值，对地表下沉进行预计分析。
该煤矿开采深度971m，沿走向方向下山边界的开采深度1241 m，上山边界开采深度701m；共5层煤可采，总厚计10.6m；煤层平均倾角21?。下沉系数参照有关文献对胶结充填采矿法取值范围q=0.02—0.05；主要影响角正切按中性覆岩tan 8=1.7；水平移动系数按中性覆岩b=0.3。地表沉陷计算结果见表1。
从表1可以看出，对应胶结充填开采的下沉系数q=0.02 ~0.05，用概率积分法算得的地表移动和变形值均小于我国砖石结构建筑物I级破坏(保护)等级的变形要求，即最大倾斜率i≤3.0(mm/m)，最大曲率值K≤0.2(10 /m)，最大水平变形s≤2.0(mm/m)
表1 某煤矿建筑物下似膏体充填开采地表沉陷预计
结语
在存在的充填模式极其发展的趋势基础上，一种新的充填模式，即似膏体充填技术被提出。它的粘合剂性能好、价格低，且对工业垃圾进行了利用，这些优点都可以使充填成本大大降低。因此，似膏体充填模式将为建筑物下采煤开创一条新的途径。伴随着似膏体充填，建筑物下采煤的新模式将解决煤矸石和粉煤灰带来的环境污染，也可以在建筑物下回收大量的煤。因此，这种新的开采模式对中国煤炭资源的可持续发展开采具有重大意义。
参考文献
[1]孙文标，孙恒虎，赵龙生等。似膏体料浆流变特性及其影响因素分析.北京：
科学出版社，2005
[2]钱鸣高，许家林，缪协兴等.绿色开采技术[J].中国矿业大学出版社.2003
[3]胡华，孙恒虎.矿山充填工艺技术的发展及似膏体充填新技术[J].中国矿
业,2001.
[4]孙恒虎，李化建，李宇等。凝石材料：原理与意义清华大学, 2004.
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
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https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
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中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
英文文献及翻译
Research Article Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Containing Surfactant Y oo-Jae Kim, Jiong Hu, Soon-Jae Lee, and Byung-Hee Y ou Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Y oo-Jae Kim, yk10@https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html, Received 21 June 2010; Accepted 24 November 2010 Academic Editor: Tarun Kant Copyright ? 2010 Y oo-Jae Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete (FALC) was developed to reduce concrete’s density and to improve its fire resistance, thermal conductivity, and energy absorption. Compression tests were performed to determine basic properties of FALC. The primary independent variables were the types and volume fraction of fibers, and the amount of air in the concrete. Polypropylene and carbon fibers were investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% volume ratios. The lightweight aggregate used was made of expanded clay. A self-compaction agent was used to reduce the water-cement ratio and keep good workability. A surfactant was also added to introduce air into the concrete. This study provides basic information regarding the mechanical properties of FALC and compares FALC with fiber reinforced lightweight concrete. The properties investigated include the unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness index. Based on the properties, a stress-strain prediction model was proposed. It was demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts the stress-strain behavior of FALC. 1. Introduction In the last three decades, prefabrication has been applied to small housing and tall building construction, and precast concrete panels have become one of the widely used materials in construction system. Recently, much attention has been directed toward the use of lightweight concrete for precast concrete to improve the performances, such as dead load reduction, fire resistance, and thermal conductivity, of the buildings. Additionally, the structure of a precast building should be able to resist impact loading cases, particularly earthquakes, since resisting earthquakes of these buildings under the performances is becoming an important consideration [1, 2].Many efforts have been applied toward developing high performance concrete for building structures with enhanced performance and safety. V arious types of precast concrete products, such as autoclaved aerated lightweight concrete (AALC), fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), and lightweight concrete, have been developed and experimentally verified. A number of them have been applied in full-scale build-ing structures. AALC is well known and widely accepted, but its small size and weak strength limit its use instructural elements [3]. Lightweight aggregate concretes offer strength, deadload reduction, and thermal conductivity,
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Original Article Impact of crack width on bond: confined and unconfine d rebar David https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html,w1, Denglei Tang2, Thoma s K. C.Molyneaux3 and Rebecca Gravina3 (1)School of the Built Environment, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (2)VicRoads, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (3)School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia David W. Law Email: https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html,w@https://www.360docs.net/doc/f32384710.html, Received: 14January2010Accepted: 14Decemb er2010Published online: 23December2010 Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project comp aring the effect of surface crack width and degree of corrosi on on the bond strength of confined and unconfined deforme d 12 and 16mm mild steel reinforcing bars. The corrosion was induced by chloride contamination of the concrete and