大学词组及翻译
词组
Unit 1
1. （因工作）累死work to death
2. 休息on one’s day off
3. 坐上头把交椅move to the top spot
4. 业余爱好extracurricular interests
5. 与…竞争compete with
6. 打零工do odd jobs
7. 抓住不放grab at
8. 彻夜不眠stay up night
9. 正视…look … in the eye
10. 整顿；处理straighten out
11. 优先认股权stock option
12. 诸如此类and all that
13. 辨别出pick out
14. 四处打听ask around
Unit 2
1. 设身处地put oneself in sb’s shoes
2. 不合脚的鞋ill-fitting shoes
3. 变质的牛奶sour milk
4. 腐坏的食物spoiling food
5. 慢性贫血chronic anemia
6. 矫治手术corrective operation
7. 开裂的手cracked hands
8. 继续受苦suffer on
9. 葬身火海die in flames
10. 挂着鼻涕的孩子children with runny noses
11. 倒苦水spilling the shame
12. 辍学quit school
13. 考勤官attendance officer
14. 断断续续off and on
15. 失业保险unemployment insurance
16. 避孕措施birth control
17. 针线needles and thread
18. 黑暗的未来black future
19. 沉迷于酒精和毒品turn to the freedom of alcohol or drugs
20. 难以自拔find oneself enslaved
21. 充其量at best
22. 营养不良suffer from malnutrition
23. 卫生所health clinic
24. 毁掉最后一点尊严eat away the last bit of pride
Unit 3
1. 顽固不化的罪人hardened sinners
2. 激增increase by leaps and bounds
3. 面容黝黑jet-black faces
4. 双手粗糙work-gnarled hands
5. 在祈祷声和歌唱声中摇晃rock with prayer and song
6. 歌声萦绕着我songs swirl all around me
7. 一阵有力的哀号 a mighty wail of moans and voices
8. 耽搁hold up
9. 咧着嘴冲我笑grin down at me
10. 致他于死地strike him dead
11. 对……不敬take one’s name in vain
12. 避免更多的麻烦save further trouble
13. 爆发出雷鸣般的欢呼声break into a sea of shouting
14. 喜悦的狂潮waves of rejoicing
15. 互相提醒不要出声in a hushed silence
16. 得到了上帝的赐福be blessed in the name of God
Unit 4
1. 过一会儿才笑laugh a delayed laugh
2. 兴奋异常be so wired
3. 消耗掉过剩的精力shake out one’s nerves
4. 批改作业grade papers
5. 在沙发上小睡nap on the couch
6. 短短两三个星期的恋爱a brief two- or three-week courtship
7. 一排破旧的公寓 a row of broken apartment buildings
8. 穷学生college poor
9. 口袋里漂亮的成绩单good report cards in our pockets
10. 拎着…像灯笼一样晃着swing … like a lantern
11. 起落的节奏the rhythm of rising and falling
12. 从二楼窗户往外看peek from our two-story window
13. 盆栽的植物potted plants
14. 冲到楼下race downstairs
15. 躲在树篱后stay behind the hedge
16. 一直走到make one’s way to
17. 为自己犹豫不决而生气be troubled by one’s indecision Unit 5
1. 最早的记忆first memories
2. 俯身bend down
3. 举到空中sweep sb. into the air
4. 仰着的脸upturned face
5. 蓬乱的一堆头发 a shock of hair
6. 并排side by side
7. 躲在厨房门后lurk behind the kitchen door
8. 屏住呼吸hold one’s breath
9. 心照不宣的微笑the conspiratorial smile
10. 忍住眼泪hold back tears
11. 单臂扼颈 a half nelson
12. （做某事）没有意义there is no point in (doing sth.)
13. 直视某人的眼睛look sb. straight in the eyes
14. 温和地看了一眼throw a mild glance
15. 自讨苦吃ask for it
16. 寻找时机seek an advantage
17. 困惑的眼神 a look of bewilderment
18. 一罐混浊的水 a jar of cloudy water
19. 偶尔朝窗外张望occasionally look out the window
20. 向…吹嘘…brag about sth. to sb.
21. 平淡像白云white as clouds
22. 逛二手店browse at a thrift shop
23. 漫无目的地转弯turn corners aimlessly
24. 偶然的会面 a chance meeting
翻译
Unit 1
他死了,是累死的.他在星期天凌晨3点整离开人世,在一个他本该休息的日子里.
对此,他的朋友和熟人并不怎么吃惊.在他们看来,他是典型的A型行为者,一个工作狂,一个典型的工作狂.
菲尔每周工作6天,其中5天工作到晚上八九点,而公司上下除了主管经理外已经实行每周4天工作制了.他一个月打一次高尔夫,但这是工作需要,除此之外,他没有什么＂业余爱好＂．他的＂遗属＂包括妻子海伦和３个孩子．４８岁的海伦多年前就决定不再和他的工作争宠．他＂深爱的＂子女中，长子不了解他，女儿跟他没什么共同语言．只有２０岁的小儿子想方设法把父亲抓住不放，想方设法让父亲看重自己，好让这个人待在家里．
葬礼上，６０岁的公司总裁说，５１岁的死者对于公司来说举足轻重，将会难以取代．而当天下午５点，总裁已经开始询问接替他的人选．
He died. He worked himself to death, precisely at 3:00 a.m. Sunday morning, on his day off.
His friends and acquaintances were not really surprised. To them, he was a perfect Type A, a workaholic, a classic.
Phil worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives. He played a golf game every month but it was work. Other than this, he had no outside "extracurricular interests."
His survivors included his wife Helen and three children. Helen, forty-eight years old, had given up trying to compete with his work years ago. Among his "beloved" children, the eldest son didn't know him well, and the daughter had no shared topics with him. Only the youngest son who was twenty, tried to grab at his father and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home.
At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president said that the fifty-one-year-old deceased had meant much to the company and would be missed and would be hard to replace. And by 5:00 p.m. The afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun to make inquiries about the replacement.
Unit 2
贫穷是什么?看看一位有三个孩子的单亲妈妈的生活,你就会明白了.
她结过婚,但后来丈夫失业了,生活越来越拮据.生下最后一个孩子后,她的婚姻走到了尽头.
为了孩子们不再受苦,她鼓起勇气去申请救助.
她得到每月78美元,一家四口就靠这笔钱生活.除了房租以外,剩下的钱几乎都要用来买食物. 冰箱坏了没钱修,牛奶变酸了;没钱用热水,冬天也只能用冰冷的水洗东西.她因营养不良而患有慢性贫血,还有严重的肠虫病,需要做矫正手术,却没钱买补铁药、没钱改善饮食、没钱买肠虫药,更不用说动手术了.没钱请保姆,没钱买纸巾,只能看着自己的孩子总是挂着鼻涕.尽可能用最少量的电.寒冷的晚上整夜不合眼,因为她得看着火,生怕一个火星弹到墙上糊的报纸上,熟睡的孩子就要葬身火海.
她看不到光明的未来.儿子们迟早会走进囚笼,或沉迷于酒精和毒品无法自拔.而等待女儿的,充其量也只是像母亲这样的生活.
的确,贫穷是滴在自尊上的酸液,一滴一滴地滴穿自尊.贫穷是削在尊严上的凿子,一点一点地凿去尊严.
What is poverty? Read the story of a single mother of three, and you'll understand what it means. She was married once, but later her husband lost his job and life became increasingly difficult. After giving birth to the last baby, her marriage came to an end.
In order to save her children from suffering, she summoned up her courage and went to ask for help.
She got seventy-eight dollars a month for the four of them. After the rent, most of the rest went for food.
There was no money left to get the refrigerator fixed and the milk went sour; no money for hot water, and even in winter she had to do washing in icy cold water. She had chronic anemia caused from poor diet, a bad case of worms, and needed a corrective operation, but there was no money for iron pills, or better food, or worm medicine, to say nothing of having an operation. She had no money for grannies; no money for paper handkerchiefs and her children were seen with runny noses all the time, she tried her best to use only the minimum electricity. She stayed up all night on cold night, because she had to watch the fire, for fear that one spark on the newspaper covering the walls would cause a fire and the sleeping children would die in flames.
She saw no bright future. Sooner or later, the boys would end up behind the bars of their prison or turn to the freedom of alcohol or drugs and find themselves enslaved. And what awaited the daughter was, at best, a life like that of the mother.
Indeed, poverty is an acid that drips on pride until all pride is worn away. Poverty is a chisel that chips on honor until honor is worn away.
Unit 3
休斯快满13岁时,姑妈带着他去教堂参加一场福音布道会,希望他的灵魂能够得到耶稣的拯救.姑妈告诉他,当他的灵魂被拯救时,他会看到一道光,内心会发生变化!还说他的灵魂会看到、听到、感受到耶稣.小休斯相信了这些话的字面意思,于是坐在燥热而拥挤的教堂里静静等待着耶稣的到来.
听完牧师的布道,孩子们一个接着一个奔向圣台,这就意味他们被拯救了.休斯却一直坐在那里一动不动.他仍旧在等待耶稣的到来,还在渴望身上有什么事发生.所有的人都在为他一个人祈祷.休斯感到压力越来越大,开始为耽搁这么久而感到惭愧了.为了避免更多的麻烦,休斯决定撒谎,说耶稣来了.他站了起来,终于得到拯救.那天晚上,休斯躺在床上痛苦不止.他为当众撒谎而感到内疚,他不再相信耶稣了.
When Hughes was going on thirteen, his aunt took him to the church for a revival meeting, hoping that his soul would be saved by Jesus Christ. His aunt told him that when he was saved, he would see a light, and something would happen to him inside. She also said he could see and hear and feel Jesus in his soul. Young Hughes believed in the literal meaning of these words. He
sat there calmly in the hot, crowded church, waiting for Jesus to come to him.
After the sermon by the preacher, all the children went to the altar one after another. This meant that they were saved. But Hughes kept sitting there. He was still waiting for Jesus to come, wanting something to happen to him. Now the whole congregation was praying for him alone. The pressure on him was increasing and he began to feel ashamed of himself, holding everything up so long. In order to save further trouble, Hughes decided to lie and say that Jesus had come. So he got up and was saved finally. That night, lying in bed, Hughes cried in agony. He felt guilty because he had lied in public and he didn't believe in Jesus any more.
Unit 4
人生际遇真的很奇妙.有时,一次偶遇就能成就一桩幸福的婚姻.
20岁的他是个穷大学生,有天出去买啤酒,回来的路上看到邻家的日本女孩在门廊上用锤子敲胡桃.他走得很慢,她抬头向他微笑.他也微笑说声你好,然后拎着啤酒回到住处,却把自己的心留在了女孩身边.
于是,他又冲下楼去,却在快到女孩房前时突然停住了,因为不知道该说什么.等了一会儿,他装作随意地经过正在清扫胡桃壳的女孩身边,只真诚的地说声你好就走开了,心里却懊恼自己的犹豫不决.然后,又走回来,再次经过她身边,彼此微笑,他又什么也没说就回到自己的住处.
后来,他们开始聊天,一起坐在门廊上吃她亲手烤的甜面包.再后来,他们牵手了.最后,他和某天下午看见在敲胡桃的这个女人结婚了.
如果那天他没有去买啤酒,如果那天下午碰见的不是她,而是另外一个人,他的人生就会完全不同.
Life is full of miracles. Sometimes, a chance meeting can lead to a happy marriage.
When he was twenty, he was college poor. One day, he went to buy some beer and on his way back he saw his neighbor, a Japanese woman, cracking walnuts on her front porch. He walked slowly and she looked up, smiling. He smiled back and said hello, and returned with the beer to his apartment, his heart still with the girl.
So he raced his heart downstairs, but stopped short of her house, because he didn't know what to say. After a while, with studied casualness he walked past the girl who was cleaning up the shells, but he only came up with a hearty hello and walked away. He was troubled by his own decision. The he returned, walking past her again. They smiled to each other, but again nothing was said before he returned to his apartment. Later, they began to talk, sit together on the porch, and snack on the sweet bread she baked personally. Then they held hands. Eventually, he married the woman he found cracking walnuts on an afternoon.
Had he not gone for the beer, or had he met someone else instead of her, his life would have been totally different.
Unit 5
他小的时候,父亲会服下伟岸的身体把他举到空中,但他从不会害怕,有父亲的手握着他就不会害怕.在他的心目中,父亲是世界上最强壮、最睿智的人.
长大些,他会在父亲下班进屋前躲在厨房门后,在父亲问起他时突然跳出来.
上学后,他们会一起在地板上摔跤,每次父亲都能轻松地把他制服,对此他心里半是忿恨半是开心.
上高中时,他惊奇地发现自己的本事更大了,可以俯视母亲了,不过摔跤时仍然不是父亲的对手.
有一天晚上,他突然发现,父亲看起来不像以前那么高大了.现在他甚至可以直视父亲的眼睛了.他再次向父亲发出挑战.这次,认输的是父亲.母亲把父亲扶起来,她眼里有隐隐的痛楚.
父亲说下次,母亲没有反对,因为三个人都知道,不会再有下一次了.
他冲过厨房的那道门,站在台阶上,任泪水刺痛双眼,滑过脸颊.
When he was little, his father would bend down from his great height to sweep him into the air. But he was never afraid, not with his father's hands holding him. To him, no one in the world was as strong, or as wise, as his father.
As he grew, he would lurk behind the kitchen door when it was time for his father to come home at night. He would leap out when his father asked about him.
After he went to school, they would wrestle on the floor together. Every time, his father would master him with ease, leaving him half resentful and half mirthful.
In high school he was surprised to find that there was so much more of him, and he could look down on his mother. But when it came to wrestling, he was still no equal of his father.
One night, he suddenly found that his father didn't look nearly as tall as he used to. He could even look his father straight in the eyes now. He challenged his father once more and this time, it was his father who said,"I give." His mother helped his father to rise, and there was baffled pain in her eyes.
His father spoke of a next time, and his mother did not contradict, because the three of them knew that there would never be a next time. He ran through the kitchen door, stood on the steps and let tears burn his eyes and run down his cheeks.
综合英语(一)课文及翻译
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
英语美文欣赏带翻译
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步进电机的知识 什么是步进电机： 步进电机是一种把电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。通俗的说：当驱动程序收到一个步进脉冲信号，将驱动步进电机轴旋转一个固定的角度（步进角）。您可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移，从而达到准确定位的目的;同时，你可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机的旋转速度和加速度，实现速度控制的目的。 步进电机的种类： 步进电机分为三种：永磁式（PM），反应式（VR）和混合式（HR）永磁式步进电机一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一步7.5度或15度;反应式一般有三相可以实现大转矩输出，步进角一般是1.5度，但噪声和振动大。在欧洲和美洲80个国家已被淘汰;混合式步进是混合了永磁式和反应的优势。它由两相和五相：一般两相的步距角是1.8度，而的五相步距角为0.72度。是使用最广泛的的步进电机。 步进电机允许的最高表面温度 步进电机温度过高首先会的磁性材料退磁，导致转矩降低甚至失步，电机表面温度允许的最大值取决于的磁性材料退磁点;一般来说，磁性材料退磁点在摄氏130度以上有些材料甚至高达摄氏200度高，所以步进电机表面温度在摄氏80-90度是正常的。 步进电机精度为多少？是否累积 一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%，且不累积 如何确定步进电机驱动器直流电源 A.电压确定 混合式步进电机驱动器的电源电压范围较广（比如IM483的供电电压12?48VDC），电源电压通常根据电机的转速和响应要求来选择。如果要求较快的运行速度较高的响应速度就选用较高的电压，但注意电源电压的峰值不能超过驱动器的最大输入电压，否则可能会损坏驱动器。 B.电流确定 电源电流一般根据输出相电流I来确定。如果采用线性电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.1?1.3倍;如果采用开关电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.5?2.0倍。 步进电机的主要特性 在步进电机关机时要确保没有脉冲信号，当电机运行时 如果加入适当的脉冲信号，它会转过一定的角度（称为步距角是）。转速与脉冲频率成正比。 2龙式步进电机步距角7.5度，旋转360度，需要48个脉冲来完成。 3步进电机具有快速启动和停止的优良特性。 4只要改变脉冲，可以很容易地改变电机轴旋转的方向。 因此，目前的打印机，绘图仪，机器人设备以步进电机作为动力核心。 步进电机控制的例子 我们以四相单极步进电机为例： 四个相绕组引出四个相和两个公共线（连接到正极）。一相接地。会被激发，。我们使用四相八拍控制，即第1阶段第2阶段交替反过来，会提高分辨率。步距角0.9°，可以转移到控制电机励磁是为了转移如下： 如果电机反转的要求，传输的激励信号可以逆转的。2控制方案 控制系统框图如下