云南普通专升本公共课(公共英语)语法精讲

云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）

语法精讲（七）：强调句、倒装句和反义疑问句

1. 掌握常见的强调方法，特别是强调句型。

2. 掌握部分倒装和全部倒装的用法。

3. 熟练运用常考的反义疑问句。

在句子中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强感情色彩或加强对比，需要改变句子结构来实现。以下几种常用结构可以用来表示强调：1．Do(does/did) + 动词原形

它用来强调谓语动词，往往只用于“一般现在时/过去时”的肯定陈述句或祈使句。如：

This tax driver does know the city well.

The adopted children do hope to go to college.

She did come yesterday.

Do come and visit us!

Do shut up!

Do be careful!

2（重点掌握）David bought a walkman from a store yesterday. 陈述句。该句可以按照强调句型改为下面四个强调句：

→It was David who/ that bought a walkman from a store yesterday.

It was a walkman that David bought from a store yesterday.

It was from a store that David bought a walkman yesterday.

It was yesterday that David bought a walkman from a store.

3．用what 引导的名词性从句来强调

Her indifference hurt me most.→What hurt me most was her indifference.

I need some rest.→What I need is some rest.

They lack experience.→What they lack is experience.

4．改变语序，将所强调的状语置于句首

1> 为了加强语气或使上下文的衔接通顺。如：

On his desk I found a book about love story.

Suddenly the rain stopped.

Under her arm she was carrying a great album.

2> 谓语是不及物动词come, sit, lie, stand, walk等时，为了强调状语，将其

置于句首，动词在前，主语在后。如：

In a corner of the room sat a little girl.

Down the street marched the band.

Here comes the devil.

3> 否定词never, not only, hardly, no sooner, seldom, at no time, on no

account, in no way 等开头的句子表示强调。如：

Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our

lives.

Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone started to ring. 5．very, only, single, such + 名词

That’s the very classroom he had classes 20 years ago.

I am the only person here who can speak Italian.

Not a single customer has been in the shop this morning.

How dare you buy such expensive jewels?

6．介词短语in the world, on earth, at all 等常用于疑问句

Where in the world could he be？

What on earth is it?

Do you know it at all?

7．If 从句

? If从句+ I don’t know who/ what…

? If从句+ nobody/ everybody…

? If从句+ it be 主句

例如：

If he can’t do it, I don’t know who can.

If John is a coward, everybody is.

If anyone knew the truth, it was Peter.

If there is one thing he loves, it is money.

英语句子的顺序通常是主语在前，谓语在后，这叫自然语序。但有时出于对语法或修辞的需要，要把谓语放在主语之前，这种语序叫做倒装。将谓语完全移至主语之前，为完全倒装。如果仅仅把be动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，则为部分倒装。

★部分倒装

1．含有否定意味的词置于句首时，需要倒装。

常见的有：no, not, never, seldom, little, scarcely, barely, hardly, rarely, nowhere, few, not only…but also, hardly… when, no sooner… than, by no means, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account, under no circumstances, not… until, neither… nor 等。如：

Scarcely did he speak about the difficulties in his work.

Never in my life have I seen such a thing.

Not only did he refuse the gift, but also severely criticized the sender.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.

Under no circumstances can we accept checks.

2．“Only + 状语”位于句首，需要倒装。

Only when the war was over could people live with peace and happiness.

Only then did I realize that I was seriously wrong.

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the wedding.

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.

注意：only 后的状语可以是副词、介词短语或状语从句，但是从句不倒装。3．so/such…that句型中，如果so/such位于句首，需要倒装。

So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.

Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.

So hard was the work that all of us got tired out that evening.

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

4．as 引导的让步状语从句的倒装

结构为“(adj / adv/ v / v-ing / v-ed / n )+ as + 主谓”。

Strong as you may be, you cannot lift it.

Late as it was, they continued to study.

Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress.

Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.

Call as you may, he will not come.

Published as it was such a time, his work attracted much attention.

5．if虚拟语气的倒装

在if 虚拟语气中，可以将were, had, should 提到主语之前，省略if。如：

Had you come earlier, you would have seen the wonderful performance.

Were I you, I would try it again.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

6．so, neither, nor 在句首时的倒装

I’m quite willing to help and so are other students in my class.

He doesn’t care for sweets. Nor / Neither do I .

Tom can speak French. So can John.

If you won’t go, neither will I .

这里有一点需要特别注意，当so 不作“也”讲，而是表示对于对方所述内容的肯定时（相当于indeed, certainly），译为“的确如此”，句子不要倒装。

如：

→“He is a liar.”

→“So he is.”

→“It is raining hard.”

→“So it is.”

Eric asked me to go to play table tennis and so I did.

★完全倒装

完全倒装是将句中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见结构如下。

1．以地点副词here/ there/ in/ out/ under/ below/ away/ up/ down 和时间副词now/

then开头的句子。此结构表示强调。

Here comes a bus.

There stands a monument in the center of the square.

There goes the bell.

Down came a light from the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.

On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.

Then follows the fashion show.

In came the teacher and the class began.

Away flew the birds.

cf. Away they went.

Out they rushed.

Here we are.

2．分词+ be +主语+ 其他

Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.

Glowing in the test tube on the table was the mysterious thing which they had been working so hard to find, radium.

3. 当表语被置于句首时，系动词要放在主语前。表语可以是介词短语、形容词、副词或分词。如：

Next to it is another restaurant where we can have Italian food.

More important is to keep calm.

Nearby are houses built by the farmers themselves.

Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver and copper.

Lying across the river is a long bridge built in 1990.

反义疑问句由两部分构成，前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。一般处理原则是八个字：前肯后否，前否后肯。

1．陈述句的谓语如果是情态动词，就由相应的情态动词构成反问句部分。

She can swim, can’t she?

We might win the game, mightn’t we?

You should be proud of that, shouldn’t you?

You ought to be punished, shouldn’t you?

2．陈述部分有never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few, little, nothing, not, no, none, neither, no one, nobody, too…to等否定词时，反问句要用肯定形式。

She is too surprised to say anything, is she?

He seldom comes here, does he?

He will never let me down, will he?

She seldom goes there, does she?

Few people recognize her, do they?

You know little French, do you?

3．如果陈述句部分的主语是不定代词someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody 等，反问句部分的主语通常用they.

Everyone is having a happy time, aren’t they?

No one was hurt in the accident, were they?

4．如果陈述句部分有that 引导的宾语从句时，反问句部分应该和主句的主谓保持一致。如：

He says that I wrote it, doesn’t he?

如果陈述句是I /we think/believe/ suppose 等接从句时，反问句部分应该与从句保持一致。如：

I think he’ll be back in 3 days, won’t he?

I don’t believe that they have known it, have they?

We don’t think he cares, does he?

I suppose that he has finished his homework, hasn’t he?

5．如果陈述句部分由neither… nor… 或both… and … 连接两个主语，其反问句部分的主语要用复数形式。

Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?

Both John and Mary are new here, aren’t they?

6．陈述部分谓语是used to,反问句谓语可用didn’t + 主语/ usedn’t + 主语/ used+主语+not.

He used to work late, usedn’t he / didn’t he / used he not?

There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street, didn’t there?

7．祈使句的反意疑问句有以下几种情况：

→“肯定祈使句+ will you?”表示邀请、请求；也可以用其他“肯定祈使句+ won’t you”表劝诱/提醒。也可以用can you, would you.

Pass me the book, will you?

Have a cup of tea, won’t you?

Stop talking, can you?

→否定祈使句+ will you/ can you?

Don’t open the window, will you?

Don’t be late again, can you?

→Let’s…, shall we / shan’t we? ; Let us/ me/ him..., will you/ won’t you?

Let’s begin our class, shall we?

Let’s get down to our business, shan’t we?

Let us have a rest, will you / won’t you?

Let me have a try, will you?

8．陈述部分用so 开头，反问句用“同向”反问形式，表示惊讶、不满、怀疑等情绪。

So you are getting married, are you?

So you don’t want to go with us, don’t you?

9．当陈述部分带有must 时，需要看情况。

→当must 表示“必须、一定要”等强制命令时，反问句用mustn’t.

You must do it by yourself, mustn’t you?

→当must 表示“有必要”是，反问句用needn’t.

You must see him tonight, needn’t you?

You must leave for Beijing next week, needn’t you?

→当must 表示推测时，反问句由must 后的动词的相应形式构成。

He must be crazy to do so, isn’t he?

She must have been there for a long time, hasn’t she?

They must be having a meeting now, aren’t they?

You must have waited for a long time, haven’t you?

10．陈述部分是had better, 反问句多用shouldn’t, 间或也用hadn’t.

You’d better finish the task before tomorrow, shouldn’t you？

We’d better stop the discussion, shouldn’t we?

11．陈述句是I wish…,反问句应为may I .

I wish I were a bird, may I ?

I wish I had known you before, may I ?

12．陈述部分谓语是have，需要看情况。

→have 表示“有”时，反问句多用have. 如：

You have a new dictionary, haven’t you?

He has a foreign friend, hasn’t he?

→如果表示其他意思，则用don’t. 如：

John has to go there on foot, doesn’t he?

We have got to answer all these questions, don’t we?

云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）

语法精讲（二）：名词及主谓一致

学习目标：

1.掌握名词的数与格

2.掌握主谓一致的概念及其在实践中的运用。

一. 名词的种类

名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物以及抽象概念，可分为以下类别。

1. 可数名词和不可数名词（Countable and Uncountable Noun）（掌握）

个体名词和集体名词大多为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词大多为不可数名词。可数名词有单复数之分，在其前或加a/an,或加s/es。不可数名词没有复数概念，不需要变化。

2．普通名词（Common Noun）

普通名词是表示某一类人或事物共有的名称。它具体又可分为四类：

1>个体名词表示人或事物中可以数清的单个体。如：student, desk,

classroom, book, air-conditioner, window 等。

2>集体名词表示若干人或事物的总称的名词。如：family, committee,

crowd, police, government等。

3>物质名词表示无法分成个体的实物名称的名词。如：water, air, ice,

cotton, paper, petrol等。

4>抽象名词表示动作、性质、状态、情感等抽象概念的名词。如：work,

anger, love, poverty（贫困）, time, death等。

3. 专有名词（Proper Noun）

它是表示人、机构、场所等特有的名词。如：Laura, Europe, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization.

二．名词的数

1. 复数名词

一般情况在名词词尾加-s; 以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的在词尾加-es; 构成复数形式。以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词，需先变y为i，再加-es。

名词由单数变复数的其他几种特殊情况可归纳如下：

4> 单复数同形的名词

常见的有：sheep, deer, fish, means, species, jin, li, mu, yuan, jiao, fen等。

5> 需改变单数名词中的元音字母，构成复数形式的情况

foot------feet goose------geese man------men tooth------teeth

6> 需改变词干，构成复数的情况

child------children ox------oxen mouse------mice louse------lice虱子

7> 缩写、数词、字母、引语变复数时要在后面加-s或-’s

如：Ph Ds/ Ph D’s CDs/ CD’s VIPs/ VIP’s the 1980s/ 1980’s

two f’s and two e’s in the word “coffee”

2. 单数名词

1> 以-s结尾但用作单数的名词

如：economics, electronics, physics, politics, mathematics, mechanics, statistics, means, news, works, the United Nations, measles等。

2>常用的一些不可数名词

advice, information, knowledge, equipment, furniture, luggage, coffee, tea, bread, butter, rice, oil, sand, soap, paper, air, music, fun, peace, poverty, honesty, equality, progress, courage, virtue, luck, light, etc.

3>有些不可数名词也可以在词尾加s，但其意义发生变化。

papers, two coffees, three beers, teas, airs, virtues, lights, fruits, hairs, greens, times, sands, spirits, forces, customs, looks, manners, etc.

3. 单位名词

不可数名词通常没有复数形式，但可以借助单位词来表示一定的数量。如：

a piece of paper/ information/ advice/ luggage

a pair of glasses/ scissors/ shoes

a bar of chocolate/ soap a drop of water/ rain

a set of equipment a cake of soap

a loaf of bread a slice of bread

a spoonful of salt a bottle of ink

a sum of money a bag of flour

a ton of coal

三.名词的属格

名词的属格表示所有关系，它有两种形式：’s 属格和of 属格。

1. ‘s 属格主要用于表示有生命的名词

1> 一般的名词后加’s

men’s wear his father’s study the professor’s speech

2> 以s 或es 结尾的复数名词，只需加’ 即可

the students’ reading room the workers’ club

the masses’ advice the three boys’ mother

3> 复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加’s

his son-in-law’s photo the commander-in-chief’s report

4>如果一样东西为两人共有，在第二个名词后加’s, 如果不是共有，则要在

两个名词后分别加’s

Helen and Tom’s mother Mary and Jane’s bedroom

Mary’s and Jane’s room

5>在“店铺”或“某家人”的名词所有格中，通常省略其后的的名词，以’s

结尾即可

the barber’s the tailor’s the doctor’s the grocer’s

the baker’s the butcher’s the stationer’s her aunt’s

Mr. Green’s

6>表示时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词其所有格也应加’s来构成

Shenzhen ‘s companies China’s agriculture

an hour’s speech half an hour’s drive

2. of 属格主要用于表示无生命的名词

1> of + n 表示的属格

the front gate of the school the offices of the firm

the cover of the novel the contents of the textbook

the windows of the meeting room

2> 如果名词过长或名词带有较长定语，有生命的名词也需用of 属格。

the story of Dr. Norman Bethune

the name of the teacher sitting over there

3. 名词的双重属格

当of + n 前面的名词有修饰词a(an), a few, some, any, no, this, that, these, those等时，需要用双重所有格，of 后面的名词一般是人而不能是物。如：some inventions of Edison’s that little daughter of your sister’s

四.名词修饰名词

在英语中，一个名词可直接修饰另一个名词，作定语，通常表示材料、用途或内容等。有的甚至已经构成了复合词。常见的有：

alarm clock bank account blood type birth control blood pressure can opener color film credit card customs officer case study commodities fair dress shop dining room death penalty welfare state fire engine family planning fish pond gold watch generation gap hair style head nurse health center heart attack heart failure human race human rights identity card inquiry office information desk luxury goods mineral water package holiday peace talks pocket money zebra crossing press conference race relations road works savings bank sign language show business science fiction seat belt toilet paper weather forecast welcome party emergency room

主谓一致指的是谓语动词在“人称”和“数”两方面与主语保持一致关系。

一.指导原则

主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致关系对我们中国学生来说，掌握起来有一定的难度，因为这种关系常为三种不同的原则所支配，它们是语法一致（Grammatical Concord）、意义一致（Notional Concord）和就近原则（Principle of Proximity）。

1.语法一致

通俗的说就是：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

1> Everyone has his own rights.

2> Most students are diligent.

3> Much money is wasted.

2.意义一致

有的时候，主谓的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式，而是取决于主语的单复数意义，这种一致关系叫做意义一致。如：

1> The committee are unable to reach a decision.

2> Thirty dollars is too expensive for this dictionary.

3> Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.

3. 就近原则

即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语（主要指名词）的单复数形式。

1> Either my brothers or my father is coming.

2> Not only the teacher but also his students like playing badminton.

二．以-s 结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致问题

1. 以-s 结尾的地理名词

某些以-s结尾的地理名词，如果是国名，作单数用。若不是国名，而是指群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。例如：

1> The United States is a country of people with varied origins.

2> The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.

2. 以-ics 结尾的学科名称

某些以-ics结尾的学科名词，如physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics, tactics 等，通常作单数用。例如：

1> Acoustics is the science of sound.

2> Tactics is an important study for the soldier.

3> Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.

4> The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless. (为何本题用复数？)

5> The economics of the project are still being considered.(为何本题用复数？)

3. 其他以-s 结尾的名词

1>英语中有一些成双成对的名词通常是以-s 结尾，谓语动词通常用作复数，这类名词有：shoes, trousers, pants, clothes, gloves, shorts, pajamas, jeans, suspenders, chopsticks, scissors, glasses, scales, sunglasses, shears, spectacles等。如：Joe’s new trousers are black and white.

One pair of scissors isn’t enough.

Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.

2> 英语中有些词如arms, clothes, contents, fireworks, goods, minutes, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages, ashes, congratulations, dregs, fumes, funds, outskirts, particulars, regards, troops等，通常作复数。例如：

High wages often result in high prices.

The contents of this book are most fascinating.

3> 由-ings结尾的名词，如clippings, diggings, earnings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings, belongings, doings, savings, findings, winnings等，通常用作复数。例如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.

The sweepings of the godown have been disposed of.

三．以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题

1.通常作复数用的集体名词

有些集体名词如police, folk, youth, people, militia, cattle, poultry, vermin 等，通常作复数，随后的动词也有复数。如：

1> Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.

2> Such vermins as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.

2. 通常作不可数名词用的集体名词

这类名词包括：foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise等。

1> The merchandise has arrived undamaged.

2> All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

3.既可作单数也可作复数用的集体名词

这类集体名词如果被视为一个整体，则用作单数；如果把中重点放在集体中的成员上，则用作复数。常见的包括：audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等。例如：

1>The government is losing control of the situation.

2>The government are resigning.

四．以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题

1. 主语+ as much as/ as well as 等

当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构或者由as well as, in addition to, like, besides, except, but, with, together with, along with, including, combined with等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决于主语本身的单复数形式。例如：

1>My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.

2>The father, as well as his sons, is going to enroll.

3>No one except two girls was late for dinner.

4>Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident.

2. 由and/both…and 连接的并列主语

如果表示的是单数意义，谓语动词用单数；如果是复数意义，谓语动词用复数。例如：

1>Both Peter and his son Bob have gone fishing on the lake.

2>Ham and egg is a good breakfast.

3>The secretary and treasurer is absent.

4>What I say and think are no business of yours.

★当and 连接的并列名词词组带有each, every, many a 等限定词时，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：

5>Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.

6>Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need. 3.由or / nor / either… or 等连接的并列主语

除此以外，还有neither…nor, not only… but also等做主语，通常按照“就近原则”处理。

1> My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.

2> Either my father or my brothers are coming to visit.

五．数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

数量概念分为两类：一类是确定数量，如three months, six kilos, six quarts等；另一类是非确定数量，如all of…, some of…, none of… , enough of…等。

1>以确定数量的名词词组作主语

◆如果被看作一个整体，动词用单数；如果强调一个个的个体，动词就

用复数。例如:

Ten miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.

There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.

◆如果名词词组由“分数或百分数+ of-n”构成，其动词形式由of-n

中的n 决定。如：

Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming.

Thirty-five percent of the doctors were women.

◆如果由“one in / one out of + 复数名词”构成，动词一般用作单数。

One in ten students has failed the exam.

One out of twenty was badly damaged.

2> 以不确定数量的名词词组作主语

◆如果主语是all of…, some of…, none of…, half of…, most of…等名词

词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。如：

Most of the money has been stolen.

Most of the members were there.

Some of the books were lost.

Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.

Half of the students are girls.

◆如果主语由“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of + n”构成，不

管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数。如：

A substantial portion of the reports is missing.

A series of accidents has been reported.

◆如果主语由“many a + n”or “ more than one + n”构成，其意义为多数，

但是其后的动词仍然遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。如：

Many a man has done his duty.

More than one game was lost.

六. 其他方面的主谓一致问题

1> 名词性分句做主语

由what, who, why, how, whether等wh-引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词一般用单数。若由两个and 连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如：

* What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

* What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to

us.

2> 非限定分句作主语

非限定分句，主要指不定式to do和-ing 分词，作主语，随后的动词常用单数。两个由and 连接的并列非限定分句作主语，如果指的是两件事，动词用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。例如：

* To climb mountains requires courage.

* Increasing their wages has raised the crew’s morale.

* Reading Ibsen and solving a quadratic equation are entirely different assignments.

3> 关系分句中的主谓一致问题

关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式，通常由先行项的形式而定。主要讲一下“one of + 复数n + 关系分句”中，关系分句中动词的单复数问题。在这种结构中，关系分句的动词通常依照语法一致原则用复数形式。但有时为了强调one或者在之前有定冠词the 或有the only 等限定词时，动词形式用单数。如：* I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy.

* Selfishness is the one of her many faults which defeats itself.

* He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）

语法精讲（六）：名词性从句、定语从句与状语从句

1. 掌握四大名词性从句，特别是引导词的选择。

2. 掌握限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

3. 掌握常见的状语从句及其引导词的选用。

在主从复合句中，根据其语法作用可以分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。引导从句的关联词有三种，分别为：

1. 连词

that, whether, whether…or(not), if. 连词只起到连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。不可以省略。

2. 连接代词

who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等。它们既起到连接作

用，又在从句中起到代词的作用。

3. 连接副词

when, where, why, how. 它们既起连接作用，同时也在从句中作状语。

在句子中起名词作用的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。它具体又包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

1．主语从句

整个句子做主语，放在主语的位置就叫主语从句。引导词有that, whether, what, how等如：

That he will come to the discussion is certain.

That mathematics is one of the most useful and fascinating divisions in human knowledge is widely accepted.

Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.

How he managed to accomplish the job is of interest to us all.

Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.

Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting.

主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此常把它移到句子末尾，用it作形式主语。其中that引导的尤为多见。可有以下几种搭配，请同学们掌握，达到熟练运用于实战中，特别是作文部分。如：

1> It + be + adj + that-clause

It is necessary that…

It is important that…

It is strange that…

It is obvious that…

2> It + be + v-ed + that-clause

It is believed that…

It is known to all that…

It has been decided that…

It is hoped that…

It is supposed that…

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可有毫不夸张的说…

It must be admitted that…

It must be pointed out that…

It is asserted that…

It is generally considered that…

It was told that…

It is estimated that…

3> It + be + n + that-clause

It is common knowledge that…

It is a surprise that…

It is a fact that…

It is good news that…

4> It + vi + that-clause

It appears that…

It happens that…

It occurred to me that…

It has turned out that…

2．表语从句

1> 位于连系动词之后，整个句子在主句中作表语的即是表语从句。表语从句

对主语进行解释、说明，使其内容具体化。常见的连系动词有be, seem, appear, remain, look, sound等。如;

My idea is that you should make good use of your time.

That is why she had a day-off yesterday.

The reason I didn’t go to Shanghai was that I got a new job in Hefei.

2> 它还可以由as if/ though, because, as 引导。如：

It looks as if it is going to snow.

It may be because he is too young.

Things are not always as they seem to be.

3．宾语从句

宾语从句就是整个从句做及物动词、介词和少数形容词的宾语。理解起来不难。请同学们牢记于心。

1> 作及物动词的宾语。如：

I know that he is friendly and hospitable.

Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time.

Do you know when we shall have a meeting?

The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work.

2> 作介词宾语。如：

He was interested in whatever he saw in Hefei.

I was surprised at what he said to his ex-wife.

I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.

有时我们会碰到“prep + it + that…”结构，这时，it 可以看作是that 从句的先行词。如：

You may depend on it that they will support you.

I’ll see to it that everything is ready on time.

3> 作形容词的宾语。如：

I’m sure that she will come and join us.

I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time.

He is pleased that he has passed a tough test.

4．同位语从句（重点掌握）

1> 它(整个从句)一般紧跟在名词之后，用来表达名词的内容，对其前面的名

词内容加以解释。能跟同位语从句的往往是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词。

常见的有：belief, conclusion, decision, dream, evidence, fact, idea, information, instruction, message, news, order, promise, question, rumor, thought, truth, warning 等。

We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold

medals.

The fact that the contract was signed was important.

I don’t believe the rumor that he has killed his step mother.

2> 同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。这

是一种独特的形式，务必注意。如：

We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way.

The rumor spread that a new hospital would be built here.

The story goes that they are divorced each other.

在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个一句话，叫做定

语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做“先行词”。定语从句通常跟在先行词之后，由关系词引出。关系词有两类：

关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose等。

关系副词：when, where, why等。

1．关系代词引导的定语从句

1> 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，但如果跟在介词之后作介词宾语时不

能省略。如：

The boy (whom) I mentioned is the principal’s son.

This is the girl with whom he worked.

2> 在下面几种情况下必须用that引导定语从句（必背）

☉先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing, anything, none等。如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.

☉先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如：This is the best movie that I’ve ever seen.

☉先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some,等修饰；或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。如：

I have read all the books that you gave me.

He is the only person that I want to talk to.

Please send us any information that you have about the subject.

☉当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如：

They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.

☉在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复。如：Who is the girl that is crying ?

Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours?

☉用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等，代替when.如：

It happened on the day that(when) he was born.

☉如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已经用了which，则另一个用that.

The country built up a factory which produced things that have never

been seen before.

☉主句以there be 开头。如：

There is a seat in the corner that is still free.

2．由关系副词引导的定语从句

At the time when I saw him, he was well.

He showed me the place where he lived.

Do you know the reason why he was late?

I still remember the days when I stayed in Shanghai.

This is the reason why we must go earlier now.

3．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1> who, whom, whose, which, when, where引导的非限制性定语从句。如：

Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.

Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.

They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.

2> 介词在非限制性定语从句中不能后置；关系代词也不能省略。

Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.

3> 非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which 有时并不代表主句中某一确定的

词，而是指代整个主句的意思。如：

In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was

understandable.

4> Noun + of + which/whom 引导的定语从句。如：

Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300,000 kilometers

per second.

There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.

4．As 引导的定语从句

1> 引导限制性定语从句

as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中做主语、宾语、表语或状语，构成the same… as, such… as, so… as 等结构。如：

Here are such questions as are often asked by the college students.

This is the same computer as I have bought.

Here is so easy a question as everybody can answer.

2> 引导非限制性定语从句

as 引出非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。As 有“正如……, 就像……”如：

As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.

He is absorbed in work, as he often was.

As we all know, the earth is round.

状语从句就是整个句子在复合句中做状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词和副词等。所以，我们习惯上又把状语从句称为副词性从句。常见的有如下几种：1．时间状语从句

1> when, whenever, as, while, before, after, till, until, since等。

When he was young, he was a good singer.

While I was doing my homework, he was listening to music.

2> as soon as, immediately, presently, the instant/ minute/ moment/ second,

directly “一……就……” 如：

I’ll come to see you as soon as I finish my homework.

I want to see him the minute he arrives.

3> no sooner… than, hardly(scarcely)…when (before) 意为“一… 就…”。

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard voices.

Scarcely had he gone out when it started to snow.

2．地点状语从句

The doctor advised me to live where the air is fresher.

She found her calculator where she lost it.

He is the center of attention wherever he goes.

3．原因状语从句

1> because, since, as, for. 它们都引导原因状语从句，但程度不同。because

最强，常用于回答why 引导的疑问句；since 表示附带原因；as 只是对主句的附带说明，一般放在句首；for 引导的原因状语从句不说明行为发生的直

接原因，而是提供一些补充说明，不位于句首。如：

He was late because he missed the bus.

Since you say so, I suppose it is true.

As I didn’t know the way, I asked a policeman.

She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast.

2> now(that), considering (that), seeing(that), in that 由于，既然。

Now that you are here, you’d better take up in the party.

Seeing(that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.

4．条件状语从句

连词有：if, unless, provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose(that), as/so long as, on condition that, in the event that, in case等。

You will be late unless you leave immediately.

Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.

5．让步状语从句

连词有：though/ although, even if/ though（语气较强），as。

1>使用though, although时，避免与but连用。

2>whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever…) / no matter what( who,which,

when…);两者引出的让步状语从句意义无明显差别，常译为“无论…”

Whatever / No matter what happens, we shall never lose hope.

Whoever / No matter who you are, you must obey the school regulation.

3> as 虽然，尽管。

as 引导让步状语结构如下：“(adj / adv/ v / v-ing / v-ed / n )+ as + 主谓”。

Strong as you may be, you cannot lift it.

Late as it was, they continued to study.

Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress.

Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.

Call as you may, he will not come.

Published as it was such a time, his work attracted much attention.

4> whether…or… 不管，无论。

Whether it rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.

Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful.

6．方式状语从句

1> as , as… so… 如：

She enjoys all kinds of music, as I do.

You must do the homework as the teacher says.

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

Like me, she enjoys all kinds of music.（比较as与like）

2> as if / as though

首先，注意其引出的句子是真实还是虚拟。

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

They looked at me as if I were mad.

其次，它们还可以引出一个分词短语，不定式短语或无动词短语，形成一

种特殊结构。如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time.

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

7．比较状语从句

1> than

She likes reading better than going to parties.

He has lived here longer than I .

They love the girl than him.

He has more friends than she.

2> as… as or not so/ as… as

We were as fortunate as them.

I hope she will make as much progress as you.

She runs as fast as a boy does.

3> the…, the…

The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

The more pictures I take, the more skilled I become.

8．目的状语从句

1> so, so that, in order that, 引导的从句谓语常用can, could, may, might, shall,

should, will, would等情态动词。如：

She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.

They stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.

They started early so that they might arrive in time.

2> in case, for fear that, lest 通常用虚拟语气。

She explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her.

Lest anyone should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true. 9．结果状语从句

1> so…that, such… that; so后面接adj or adv. such后面接n. 如果在n 前有

many, much, few, little修饰时，要用so… that. 如：

She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.

He made such rapid progress that he soon began to write articles in English.

There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it later.

He told us such a story that we all laughed.

2> so that

She phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound.

Suddenly it began to rain heavily, so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.

云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）

语法精讲（三）：动词的时态和语态

学习目的：