船舶企业成本控制外文翻译
Shipping Cost Control
In accordance with the thinking of the whole life cycle cost of developing green shipbuilding shipbuilding in the increasingly fierce market competition, with the idea of life cycle cost control costs more and receive your agreement. Throughout the ship life cycle cost information consistent with a comprehensive cost management and management accounting requirements of enterprise information integration can become the core of shipbuilding, ship cost analysis of the more accurate and comprehensive.
Green ship is in its design, manufacture, operation, dismantling scrapped the entire life cycle, through the use of advanced technology that can economically ship product to meet user functional and technical performance requirements, saving resources and energy, reduce or eliminate environmental pollution, and good for producers and users of advanced construction techniques to protect. I believe that the following two aspects should be carried out green ship:
(1) from the choice of materials to consider, in the ship construction of the whole life cycle, the greatest impact on the environment during the first shipbuilding welding, painting, and second, after the dismantling of ships abandoned cabin insulation, so choice of materials is particularly important.
(2) from the ship and the manufacturing process to consider, in the ship's design and manufacturing process, various factors should be considered to optimize the various design aspects, improving the entire manufacturing system resource utilization, conserve resources.
1 control strategy
Around the world shipbuilding power in strategic cost management. Ship manufacturing cost control to a strategic level should be up to. 2010 China's shipbuilding capacity will be more than 40 million dwt, which is almost equal to the total amount of shipbuilding orders worldwide each year, but with the greatest shipbuilding capacity of the large and powerful ship in the world are two totally different concepts.
Shipbuilding power can not be simplified to yield power, as power, its industry and the overall strength of the influence of the international industry and market position to be first-class, mainly in brand reputation, product development and process
technology innovation, marketing and market coverage capability. These countries need to shipbuilding shipbuilding enterprises in the international market with strong competition.
A strong competitive culture need to be considered strategic. A shipping industry, strategic cost management system in construction, shipbuilding enterprises from the perspective of strategic cost management, shipbuilding industry is an important position in our national economy and the structural contradictions in the current shipbuilding industry and the urgent need to foster disharmony shipbuilding enterprise competitive advantage demands a decision to ensure that the development strategy of shipbuilding enterprises in China do not deviate from the strategic goal of world shipbuilding power.
2 control tactics
To target costing and cost control wears integrated shipbuilding costs. Target costing and activity-based costing integration, you can target cost as a starting point, according to market research, combined with long-term development plans and the recent corporate business strategy, determine the market price and corporate profit goals, and then determine the target cost, divided by horizontal FINE technology, cost pressures will be passed to the different responsibility centers, all of the different responsibility centers in turn by the target share of the cost of further vertical refinement, the pressure is passed to the next level of commitment to responsible departments, until the pressure part of the transmission costs to raw materials or parts suppliers.
Integrated cost management system after the job analysis and evaluation can be the result of revised target cost, thus making target costing and activity-based costing to form a closed loop system.
Target costing and activity-based costing integration is reflected in:
(1) The target cost setting and the decomposition
In this part of the full use of target costing strong market-oriented, making the cost of the expansion areas ranging from manufacturing to product design stage. Application of target costing to calculate the cost to set up and decompose, providing objective, real, comprehensive and accurate cost information in advance of effective control.
(2) Cost Analysis and Improvement
Costing enables designers to reduce the production of new products, production
concentrated in the composition of operations activities. Then, designers will work activities in particular the cost of the improvement in the attempt to make the expected cost of new product and its target cost consistent.
Target cost-effective application of the law must also be combined with value engineering, activity based costing and total quality cost management. Necessary functions to meet the product under the premise of function caused by removing unnecessary unnecessary operations and reduce costs. The combination of cost-effectively control the flow of things.
(3) cost control and performance evaluation
The real goal of achieving cost control also depends on the ex post control and motivation. The main purpose is to control and guide the staff help complete the target cost of action, demands corporate responsibility report as the basis to analyze the differences in the causes, control and regulate the activities of each responsibility center, strict reward and punishment system, motivate staff to achieve the target cost and effort. Motivation and work through the analysis of the target cost control is more effective to make performance evaluation more objective.
Ship manufacturing industry is a complicated system, the shipbuilding industry chain is very long. Many shipbuilding companies at this stage the project manager is responsible for most of the main scope of the project's construction phase, the project's preliminary decision and the contract is signed and most advanced stage of after-sales service from the company's other departments, cost-effective in the control of the most significant decision-making and design phase, project managers rarely intervene. This led to the division of project cost control rather than letting the project manager in decision-making and design of prior control on the effect of greatly discounted.
Cooper R, Kaplan RHarvard Business Review, 2009,(5): 96-103.
船舶企业成本控制
摘要
作业成本法是西方国家于上个世纪八十年代末开始研究、九十年代在制造企业首先应用起来的一种全新的企业管理理论和方法。作业成本法相比传统的制造成本法有更准确的成本信息、更好的产销模式、更合理的内部管理及战略等优点，但是在中国现阶段的大环境下实际的应用仍然有许多问题。本文经调研汇总提出船舶制造业应用作业成本法的主要难点及优势，并对作业成本法在中国船舶制造业的应用加以深入的分析。以劳动密集、技术密集、资金密集为主要特征的造船企业在应用作业成本法实施成本管理时，与一般制造企业有着较大差异。基于对目前造船业受金融危机的影响，订单减少，一般造船业现行成本核算存在诸多缺陷等现状，结合作业成本法的特点和适用性分析作业成本法在造船业中实施的可行性分析，我们应尽快采用确定造船业涉及的主要资源；确定造船业涉及的作业，建立作业中心；确定作业动因，建立作业成本库，将作业成本分配至作业对象等步骤及建议，确保造船业的顺利发展。
关键词：作业成本法；造船业；可行性
第一章绿色造船
按照全生命周期成本思想开展绿色造船在日趋激烈的船舶制造市场竞争中,采用全生命周期成本的思想控制成本越来越得到大家的认同。贯穿整个船舶生命周期的成本信息符合全面成本管理和管理会计的要求,可以成为造船企业信息集成的核心,对造船成本的分析更加准确、全面。
绿色造船是指在其设计、制造、营运、报废拆解的全生命周期中,通过采用先进的工艺技术,能够经济地满足用户对船舶产品使用功能和技术性能的要求,节省资源和能源,减少或消除环境污染,并且对生产者和使用者具有良好保护的先进建造技术。笔者认为应从以下两个方面来开展绿色造船:
(1)从材料的选择上考虑,在船舶建造的全生命周期中,对环境影响最大的一是船舶制造过程中的焊接、涂装作业,二是船舶拆解后废弃的舱室绝缘材料,因此材料的选择尤其重要。
(2)从船舶及制造工艺上考虑,在船舶的设计及制造过程中,应综合考虑各种影响因素,优化各个设计环节,提高整个制造系统的资源利用率,节约资源。
第二章控制
1．1控制战略
围绕世界造船强国进行战略成本管理。船舶制造企业的成本控制应该提升到战略层次上来进行。2010年我国造船能力将超过4000万载重吨,这几乎相当于全世界每年船舶订单的总量,然而具备最大生产能力造船大国和世界造船强国是两个完全不同的概念。
造船强国不能简单化为产量大国,作为强国,其行业整体实力以及在国际行业中的影响力和市场地位必须是一流的,主要表现在品牌声誉、产品开发和工艺技术的创新水平、营销和市场覆盖能力等。这些需要造船国家的造船企业在国际市场具有强大的竞争能力。
强大竞争力的培养需要从战略上进行考虑。进行船舶行业战略成本管理体系的构建,从船舶制造企业角度进行战略成本管理研究,是由船舶工业在我国国民经济的重要地位与目前船舶工业存在结构性矛盾的不协调以及迫切需要培育船舶制造企业竞争优势的要求决定的,以保证船舶制造企业的发展战略不偏离我国世界造船强国的战略目标。
1.2控制战术
以作业成本法与目标成本法相集成控制造船成本。目标成本法与作业成本法集成,可以目标成本为起点,根据市场调查,结合企业中长期发展计划以及近期经营战略,确定产品市场定价和企业目标利润,进而确定目标成本,通过横向的分割进行细化,将成本压力传递给各个不同的责任中心,各个不同的责任中心又将所分得的成本目标进行进一步的纵向细化,将压力传递给下一级责任部门承担,直到将成本压力部分传递给原材料或零部件的供应商。
集成后的成本管理系统可以用作业分析与考核的结果修正目标成本,这样就使得目标成本法和作业成本法形成一个闭环系统。
目标成本法与作业成本法的集成点体现在:
(1)目标成本的设定和分解
在这一环节充分利用目标成本法强烈的市场导向性,使得成本的分析范围从生产制造环节扩大到产品设计阶段。应用作业成本法进行目标成本的计算、设定和分解,为企业提供客观、真实、全面和准确的成本信息,进行有效的事前控制。
(2)成本的分析与改进
作业成本法能使设计者减少新产品的生产过程,将生产集中在组成作业的活动中。然后,设计者就会在特定的作业活动中尝试成本的改进,以使新产品的预期成本和其目标成本保持一致。
目标成本法的有效应用也必须结合价值工程、作业成本法和全面质量成本管
理进行。在满足产品必要功能的前提下,剔除不必要功能所引起的不必要作业,降低成本。两者的结合可有效进行成本流程的事中控制。
(3)成本的控制与业绩评价
成本控制目标的真正实现还有赖于事后的控制与激励。控制的主要目的在于引导员工采取有利于完成目标成本的行动,要求企业以责任报告为依据,分析差异产生的原因,控制并调节各责任中心的活动,实行严格的奖惩制度,激励员工为实现目标成本而努力。通过动因分析及作业分析,使目标成本控制更加有效,使业绩评价更加客观。
船舶制造业是一项复杂的系统工程,造船业产业链很长。现阶段很多船舶制造企业的项目经理负责的范围大多主要为项目的建设阶段,而项目的前期决策及合同签订和后期阶段的售后服务等大多由企业的其它部门负责,在对于控制成本效果最显著的决策和设计阶段,项目经理很少插手。这样就造成了项目成本控制的分割,而不让项目经理参与决策和设计就对事先控制的效果大大的打了折扣。注：图标、致谢及参考文献已略去（见原文）
本科毕业论文内部控制外文文献翻译完整版中英对照
A Clear Look at Internal Controls: Theory and Concepts Hammed Arad (Philae) Department of accounting, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Barak Jamshedy-Navid Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Kerman-shah, Iran Abstract: internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. It comprises the plans, methods, and procedures used to meet missions, goals, and objectives and, in doing so, support performance-based management. Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes. In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed. Keywords: Internal Control, management controls, Control Environment, Control Activities, Monitoring 1. Introduction The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over his/her organization. Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something. he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth. One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the cost-benefit of each control. Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud. We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise, established by the management for the smooth running of business; it includes internal cheek, internal audit and other forms of controls. COSO describe Internal Control as follow. Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective. In accounting and organizational theory, Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization's structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks). At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g., how to ensure the organization's payments to third parties are for valid services rendered.) Internal control
企业成本控制外文翻译文献
企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润 摘要： 根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。首先，必须有足够的资源，必须创造了有利的价值投资，同时还需要基于客户价值活动链，以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。其次，消耗的资源必须尽量减少，使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润，这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践，它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链，包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点，创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平，具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链，从创造顾客价值开始；第二个因素是加强有利的价值链，从供应或生产客户价值开始。因此它是一个新型的理念，去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。 关键词：成本控制，价值链，收益，支出，收入，成本会计 1、介绍 根据价值链理论，企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值；和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户，作为低成本可能的。这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值，和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。然而，竞争一直以“商品”（或“产品”）作为最直接的载体，因此，传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。很显然，这不能解决企业的问题，企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。换句话说，这至少不能从根本上解决它。 因此，企业必须首先投入足够的资源，以便他们能够创建客户值取向，然后提供它以最少的资源费用。所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本，它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制，也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点，解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。基于此，本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略，也就是说，“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。 2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念 2.1基于价值链的成本观念 根据价值链理论，如果企业是要被客户接受，它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。因此，成本（价值或资源支付费用）这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动，其活动的价值链。因此，我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。
成本管理外文文献及翻译
成本管理外文文献 China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other's interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline. In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
内部控制透视：理论与概念 摘要：内部控制是会计程序或控制系统，旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。它包括计划、方法和程序使用，以满足任务，目标和目的，并在这样做，支持基于业绩的管理。内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的，但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务，不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。 关键词：内部控制，管理控制，控制环境，控制活动，监督 1、介绍 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1，另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线，维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制，我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊，内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论，内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构，工作和权力流动，人员和具体的管理信息系统，旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段，其中一个组织的资源被定向，监控和测量。它发挥着无形的（重要的作用，预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源，包括生理（如，机械和财产）和乙二醇，声誉或知识产权，如商标）。在组织水平，内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告，及时反馈业务上的成就，并遵守法律，法规。在具体的交易水平，内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标（例如，如何确保本组织的款项，在申请服务提供有效的。）内部控制程序reduce程变异，导
物流成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译 原文 Logistics costs and controlling Abstract Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002). Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002).
管理 审计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 内部控制爆X炸
外文出处：Maijoor S. The Internal Control Explosion[J]. International Journal of Auditing, 2000, 4(1):101–109. 内部控制爆炸① 摘要：Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审计制度和内部控制，它已内部控制爆炸然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 关键词：机构理论；公司治理；外部审计；内部审计；内部控制制度；管理控制 1 概述 Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审计制度和内部控制，它已然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。例如，在最近的对于欧洲联盟内外部审计服务的内部市场形成的辩论中，监管建议建立关于内部控制和内部审计制度。虽然对有关内部控制的价值期望高，但Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制是对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 在审计和公司治理的公共政策辩论中，内部控制的概念越来越得到重视。公共越来①Maastricht Accounting and Auditing Research and Education Center (MARC), Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universiteit Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands s.maijoor@marc.unimaas.nl Fax: 31-43-3884876 Tel: 31-43-3883783
成本控制【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Cost Control Material Source:Encyclopedia of business,2 and ed. Author:Anthony, Robet N 1 Cost Control Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of peripheral activities, mass layoffs, or outsourcing, cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level. Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management. A complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful,
外文翻译--如何监测内部控制
附录A
附录B 如何监测内部控制 内部控制是任何组织有效运行的关键,董事会、执行长和内部审计人员都为实现这个企业的目标而工作;该内部控制系统是使这些团体确保那些目标的达成的一种手段。控制帮助一个企业有效率地运转。此外,运用一种有效的风险系统,风险可被降低到最小。同时,控制促进经营和与经营有关的信息的可靠性。全美反舞弊性财务报告委员会发起组织(COSO；1992) 在它发布的具有开创性的文件《内部控制整合框架》中,将内部控制定义为：企业风险管理是一个过程，受企业董事会、管理层和其他员工的影响，包括内部控制及其在战略和整个公司的应用，旨在为实现经营的效率和效果、财务报告的可靠性以及法规的遵循提供合理保证。该委员会还指出,一个的内部控制的系统包括五个要素。它们是：控制环境、风险评估、信息和沟通、控制活动、监控。 COSO的定义及五个要素已被证明确实对不同的团体,如董事会和首席执行官起到作用。这些群体对内部控制系统的监管以及系统设计与运行有责任。而且,内部审计人员已经发现COSO的指导是有用的。这群人员可能会被董事会或管理层要求去测试控制。COSO最近发布的一份讨论文件，指出五个要素监控,其中的五个要素的确定在1992 frame work COSO原本。中国发展简报的题为《内部控制-整合框架：内部控制体系监督指南》(COSO，2007)。在文件中,COSO 强调监控的重要性，以及这些信息常常被没有充分利用。 因为董事会、执行长,和内部审计人员都在一个公司的内部控制中扮演着重要角色，内部控制的各要素,包括监测,都对所有的团体有着非常重要的意义。同时,外审计人员对监测有兴趣。《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》（2002）为外部审计师创建了一个新的监督体制。所有的五个要素,包括监测,必须加以考虑。另外,内部控制审计必须结合对财务报告的检查。在一体化审计之前，在首席执行官的领导下，也许也在内部审计活动的支持下的管理，评估了内控制体系的有效性。随后外部审计人员对控制出具意见。起监督角色的董事会，将阅读内部审计、管理层和首席执行官出具的报告。文件关于监测对每一个团体的指导起了帮助,因为他们分别为各自的角色而劳动。 第一，什么是监测。监测的组成可评估内部控制系统在过去一段时间发挥效用的质量。其对控制功能的评估有助于企业确定其控制在有效地运作中。在执行监测活动时，相关人员参与审查系统的设计及其运行效果。这种检查必须进行及时,目的是为了提供给企业最大的利益。管理层负责做出适当的行动以回应这些结果。当事人对内部控制有兴趣,可以充分依赖这个内部控制系统,如果合适的监
成本控制和成本管理战略【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Cost-Containment and Cost-Management Strategies Material Source: Author: Alan f. Goldberg ,William P. Fleming The leadership and boards of trustees of all healthcare organizations are the ultimate stewards of the limited resources available to best meet community needs. The strategic planning process leads the organization down a clear path of setting priorities, making choices, and taking action. The day a new cancer center opens or the latest technology arrives is an exciting one for the community. After the ribbon cutting, these new programs become the responsibility of the hospital's service line directors or clinical managers. Their staffing is based on projections and other assumptions that may or may not be on point but have a direct impact on the operations and finances of the organization. As part of normal decision making for a hospital's new initiatives, a payer mix and revenue stream were predicted. Now two significant environmental events have made projections more uncertain and put aggressive cost management on center stage: the economic downturn and payment reform. The economic downturn affecting hospitals began in the fall of 2008. Its broad impact on the organization was described by Goldberg and Petasnick (2010): With credit markets drying up, unemployment rising, consumer confidence eroding, and employee morale shaken, healthcare system executives had their hands full. The combined result of the turmoil made the old adage "cash is king" truer than ever. As consumers pulled back and individuals lost health insurance, hospitals experienced losses in volume for elective, nonemergent healthcare. Financial operating results suffered. Meanwhile, losses in investment values eliminated the safety net reserves created by nonoperating income. Many hospitals and healthcare systems were forced to consider or enact layoffs and postpone or cancel capital-intensive projects. All were required to rethink their strategic plans. Because of the economic downturn and high unemployment, which led to income declines and individuals losing job-based healthcare coverage, Medicaid enrollment is projected to increase 10.5 percent in fiscal 2010.
ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) ERP系统在财务报告内部控制的作用 【摘要】：萨班斯-奥克斯利法案法例中强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用内部控制反映公司的基本建设，为此 ERP系统软件开发供应商也增加了对内部控制的应用。他们认为，这些内置的控制和其他功能将帮助企业改善其财务报告内部控制就如萨班斯法案要求的那样。这项研究测试，通过检查萨班斯法案第404条在1994年和2003年之间实施ERP 系统的公司合规内控数据。其结果表明，应用ERP 的公司相对于未应用ERP的样本公司较少报告内部控制弱点。它还发现，这种差异存在一般控制和特别控制中。
关键词：企业资源规划；ERP；萨班斯-奥克斯利法案；萨班斯法案第404条；内部控制1简介 2002年的萨班斯法案要求企业将其内部控制的有效性的报告与财务报告作为一个整体努力，以减少欺诈和恢复完整的财务报告过程的一部分。ERP系统软件开发供应商已强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用“内置”控制反映公司基本建设。他们在营销理念强调了产品的功能，声称这些系统将帮助企业按萨班斯法案所要求提高内部控制的有效性。 这些供应商的声明激发了关于ERP系统对内部控制的影响一项有趣的实证问题研究。具体来说，是不是实现ERP系统的企业或多或少可能比未实现ERP系统的公司较少在其年度报告报告内部控制弱点？已经进行过这特定区域研究的经验/档案相对较少的，因为之前萨班斯法案内部控制的数据并没有被公开报道。这项研究的方法通过在文献资料检查一个已经宣布实施ERP系统和一个还没有类似的公司控制样本公司的抽样调查的内部控制数据来发现差距。 内部控制是在公司使用的以解决代理问题的许多机制之一。其他的机制还包括财务报告，编制预算，审计委员会和外部审计（Jensen和佩恩2003）。研究表明，内部控制降低了代理成本（Abdel-khalik 1993；Barefield 等，1993），有些甚至争辩说，即使没有萨班斯法案的要求，企业也有经济诱因报告内部控制（Deumes和Knechel，2008年）。他们的论点假定这些额外提供给有关的代理行为主体的信息可以减少了信息不对称和降低投资者的风险以及权益资本成本。其他的研究发现，内部控制报告与公司盈余质量有关, （Chan 等， 2008；Ashbaugh-Skaife等，2008） ERP系统提供了一种机制，运用内部控制，旨在保证控制的准确性和快速，准确的财务报告财务信息的可靠性报告给股东。 除了提供有关代理行为的外部委托人的增加保证，ERP系统也应有助于减轻大型企业各层次之间的管理的代理问题。使用内建控制以增加透明度的应该使各级代理商从中不可观察的行为中受益变得更加困难。这是可能的，但是，企业实施ERP系统可能无法利用的所有的内建的控制功能，无论是对经营合法的原因或者是因为管理层为了操纵盈余希望避免增加透明度的目的。通过这些控制措施的成效的检查，这项研究不仅扩展了研究机构的理论流，还考察这种盈余管理与内部控制、一般控制和特别控制之间相关的整体检验假说。 这项研究使用了108家在1994年和2003年之间宣布实施ERP系统的样本公司，与
工程管理专业外文翻译--项目成本控制剖析(可编辑修改word版)
项目成本控制 1施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 1.1成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 1.2全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 1.3动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动 态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确定成本目标、编制成本计划、制订成本控制的方案，为今后的成本控制作好准备。而竣工阶段的成本控制，由于成本盈亏已基本定局，即使发生了偏差，也已来不及纠正。 1.4目标管理原则。目标管理的内容包括：目标的设定和分解，目标的责任到位和执行，检查目标的执行结果，评价目标和修正目标，形成目标管理的计划、实施、检查、处理循环，即 PDCA 循环。 1.5责、权、利相结的原则。在项目施工过程中，项目经理部各部门、各班组在肩负成本控制责任的同时，享有成本控制的权力，同时项目经理要对各部门、各班组在成本控制中的业绩进行定期的检查和考评，实行有奖有罚。只有真正做好责、权、利相结合的成本控制，才能收到预期的效果。
Costcontrol成本控制外文翻译
Reference for business,Encyclopedia of Business.2nd ed,Cos Des Cost control Roger J. Binder Abstract Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Control of the business entity, then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function. Control consists of those actions necessary to assure that the entity's resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives, goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizes the quality and quantity of output, and provides managers with objective information about employee performance. Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards. Keywords: Cost control；Applications；Control reports；Standards；Strategic Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of