四六级翻译 王冬青

一、京剧Peking Opera

京剧，号称东方歌剧，是地道的中国国粹，可以追溯到1790年。那年，4个徽剧戏班子奉诏进京表演。京剧的一大特点是在人物的脸上涂上各种颜色，以象征这个人物的性格和品质。简单的讲，红脸含有褒义，代表忠勇；黑脸代表智慧；蓝脸和绿脸代表草莽英雄；黄脸和白脸代表奸诈；金脸和银脸代表神秘或超自然力量。现如今，京剧也成了颇受人们欢迎的艺术形式之一，广受推崇。

Peking Opera，known as the Eastern Opera，is purely one of best parts of Chinese culture，and it can date back to the year of 1790. In that year，four local opera troupes of Anhui province came to Beijing on a performance tour. For the painted roles, a special feature of Peking Opera, the different colors of the faces represent different characters and personalities. Generally speaking, red stands for uprightness and loyalty, black means wisdom, blue and green indicate the vigorous and rebellious heroes, yellow and white represent cunning，and gold and silver represent mystic or super-natural power. Nowadays, Peking Opera has become one of the most popular arts among people and wide spread all over the country.

二、丝绸之路TheSilk Road

丝绸之路实际上是很多条中国通往古罗马商路的总称。古代丝绸之路的起点是中国当时的古都长安（现在的西安），终点在地中海东岸，几乎有一半路程穿越新疆。丝绸之路始于汉武帝时期，不仅是佛教进入中国的通道，而且路上商旅往来络绎不绝。元朝时，丝绸之路逐渐被日益繁荣的海上贸易所取代。丝绸之路还是一条友谊之路，在政治、经济、文化方面发挥了纽带的作用。

The Silk Road is the joint name given to a number of trade routes linking China and ancient Rome. The ancient silk road had its start in Chang’an(nowXi’an), the capital of China then, and its terminus on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, with nearly half of it running across Xinjiang. The Silk Road began during the time of emperor Wudi of the Han dynasty, is not only an important route for Buddhism to enter china, but also an endless stream of merchants and business travelers. In the Yuan dynasty, the Silk Road gradually gave the way to the rapidly developing sea trade. The Silk Road was also a road of friendship, linking the west and the east economically, politically and culturally.

三、中国新年ChineseNew Year

中国的新年，又称春节。这是合家欢聚的日子，家里人都要赶回来，就像西方的圣诞节一样。不过，我们是在农历的一月一日过新年，一般会比阳历晚一个月。过年的时候，小辈们先向父母和祖父母祝贺新年快乐，之后就会收到红包。我们还可以在见面的时候互相说：“恭喜发财，新年快乐，生意兴隆”等问候语以衬托过年喜庆的节日气氛。

The Chinese New Year, also called the spring festival, is an occasion of reunion for family members. The same thing happens in the west for the Christmas. However, the Chinese New Year falls on January 1st of the lunar calendar, which comes usually later than the same date of the Gregorian calendar. There is money in the red envelop, given by parents and grandparents to kids as New Year gift after they wish the elders a happy new year. We also can deliver some words like “wish you a good fortune，wish

you a happy new year，wish you a prosperous business” to add the joyous atmosphere for the spring festival.

四、中国少数民族

中国是一个统一的多民族国家，有56个民族。目前，中国共有55个少数民族，人口一亿多，占全国总人口的12%左右；民族自治地区面积超过600万平方公里，占国土总面积的64.2%。由于独特的自然环境，社会条件和经济发展水平，我国各民族人民发展了各自独特的风俗习惯，包括饮食、服饰和礼仪。一般来说，汉族人主食喜欢吃大米、白面，吃蔬菜、豆类及鱼肉蛋，并十分注重烹调艺术。

China is a unified multi-ethnic country with 56 ethnic nationalities. More than 100 million of population, or about 12 percent of China’s total population are from 55 ethnic minorities. Ethnic autonomous regions cover over 6 million square km, making up 64.2 percent of China’s territory. China’s different peoples have developed individual customs regarding food, clothing and etiquette, in response to their own particular environments, social conditions and levels of economic development. Generally speaking, the Han people take rice and flour as their staple diet. They love to eat vegetables, beans, meat, fish and eggs, and pay particular attention to the art of cooking.

五、工艺品

中国的民间手工艺有很悠久的历史。首当其冲的就是玉，在中国，玉器有七八千年的历史。公元前3,500年左右开始，中国就有玉雕工艺了。常见的玉器有花、鸟、兽和人物，特别是传说里漂亮的仙女。还有很多别的工艺品，比如各种各样的刺绣、地毯、泥人儿和面人儿、剪纸、风筝、彩灯等等。为了继承和发扬我国优秀的传统工艺，全国成立了两百多所专门的工艺美术学院和职业学校。

China’s folk arts and crafts have a very long history. First we should come to the jade which has a history of seven to eight thousands years in china. The art of jade carving has been in existence in china since around 3500B.C. the common Jadewares includes the jade of flowers, birds, animals and human figures, especially the beautiful women from fairy tales or legends. There are lots of other arts and crafts such as embroidery，carpet，clay and dough toys，paper cuts，kites, and colored lanterns and so on. In order to inherit and carry forward our fine traditional arts and crafts, over 200 colleges and specialized vocational schools of arts and crafts have been set up nationwide.

六、中国老龄问题

我国目前60岁以上人口超过一亿五千万，约占总人口数的12%。这个数字超过世界上任何一个国家。老龄人口正以 3.2%的平均增长率增长。到本世纪中期，老年人总人数将超过四亿，占当时总人口数的30%以上。为了改善老年人的生活，政府和社会已经做了大量的工作。目前工作的重点是改革和完善社会保障体系，争取使所有的退休老人都能及时拿到退休金。

In China, the population over 60 years old totals more than 150 million, nearly occupies 12 percent of the total, a figure bigger than that of any other countries in the world. China’s aging population is growing at an average rate of 3.2 percent, and it

will exceed 400 million by the middle of this century, or cover more than 30 percent of the total population. In order to improve the life of the elderly, the government and the society as a whole have made great efforts. Currently, the priority is to reform and improve the social security system in order to ensure all retired people receive their pensions on time.

七、青少年教育

关于青少年教育，有两个问题特别值得注意：一是独生子女的教育问题，二是青少年犯罪问题。对于家长来说，怎样教育孩子是一门大学问。我们为父母提供咨询服务，反应一直很好。另外，青少年犯罪是另一大大问题。去年，全国抓获青少年犯罪分子近7万人，占全国所有犯罪人数的9.1%。国家通过了新的《未成年人保护法》，就是要求家庭、学校、社会、司法部门几个方面齐抓共管，以保证青少年的健康成长。

There are two major concerns in the education of teenagers that deserve our attention: the education of the only child in a family and the issue of juvenile delinquency. For us parents, there is much to learn in the education of our children. The counseling service we have provided to parents has been well received. Juvenile delinquency is another major concern. Last year, nearly 70,000 juvenile delinquents were arrested, accounting for 9.1 percent of the total criminal suspects arrested nationwide. The newly revised “Law on the Protection of Minors” expects families, schools, society and judicial departments to work together to ensure a healthy development of the youngsters in China.

八、妇女权益

我们国家一贯重视培养妇女教育工作者，积极改善她们的工作和生活条件，支持她们从事教育工作。但是我们要看到，在经济快速发展过程中，有出现了许多新问题，如一些企业的妇女被迫下岗；一些妇女因为专业资历不够，无法胜任新的工作；一些用人单位提高招收女性的条件等。我们希望能够通过各种会议讨论这些问题，以应对新的挑战，真正保护好妇女权益。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to training women educational workers and makes earnest efforts to improve their working and living conditions. Yet, we have to realize that many new problems have emerged in the course of rapid economic development. Some women workers are laid off from enterprises. Some women find themselves unable to take those newly created jobs because of their lack of professional qualifications. Some employers set a higher standard for women when recruiting employees. Our conference will focus on these issues so as to face new challenges and truly protect the rights and interests of women.

九、农民生活变化

农村改革之后，农村的农业生产和乡镇企业都有了很大的发展，村里家家户户都有了存款，都有了自己的新房子。都购置了彩色电视机、vcd机、卡拉ok 机，还有的年轻人买摩托，这些可都是他们以前从来没有想过的。另外一个非常显著的变化就是农民的身体都越来越健康，越来越硬朗。子女接受的教育也越来越好，使家庭的未来以及自己的未来更加有保障。

Since the rural reform, the agricultural production and the village and township enterprises have had a big growth, and every family hastheir own houses and some savings. They also enjoy the color TV sets, VCD players, Karaoke machines and some young people buy Motorbikes, of which they had never dreamed. Another obvious change is that the farmers have been enjoying a better physical condition. Their children have received a better education which can make sure a wonderful future to both their families and children.

十、铁路提速

近来，中国又一次进行了全国铁路提速，这是第五次。并且列车上为乘客增设了最新设施，如液晶电视机、宽带连接口。实际上，以往铁路提速之后，一些在中小城市车站停靠的列车数量便减少了，给当地居民造成了一些不便。他们必须到大一些的站才能坐上较舒适的列车。当然，现在我们铁路部门也为他们提供更多的列车，以照顾中小城市居民的利益，目的就是合理利用资源。

Recently, China once again increased train speeds on nationwide railway lines, t he fifth of its kind. As you’ve noticed, the trains provide passengers with some latest facilities, such as LCD TV sets and Internet access. In fact, previous train speed accelerations have decreased the number of trains that call at small and medium-sized cities, resulting in inconveniences to local residents, they have to go bigger stations to have more comfortable journey. Now, the railway departments have considered to apply more trains to meet the needs of the residents in small and medium-sized cities, aiming to use railway resources effectively.

十一、中国功夫

武术又称功夫，在中国已经有1000年历史了。中国的劳动人民练习武术以强身健体和自我保护，武术至今仍大受欢迎。中国武术还引起了外国人的兴趣，在全世界不少国家，都有人学习武术。练习武术有各种各样的固定套路，有的要赤手空拳，有的要拿武器。武术是中国特有的民族运动，它可以锻炼身体，培养意志力，训练打斗技巧。

Wushu, known as Kongfu or martial arts, has a history of a thousand years in China.The working people in China practice Wushu for physical training and self-defense. Wushu is still immensely popular today in China. Now, Chinese Wushu has also aroused interest among foreigners and is also taught in many countries throughout the world. Wushu is practiced in various types of, either bare-handed or with weapons. As a unique Chinese national sport, Wushu builds strong bodies, steels the willpower and gives training in fighting skills.

十二、中秋节

中秋节吃月饼就像西方人圣诞节吃百果馅饼一样，是必不可少的。圆圆的月饼中通常包有香甜的莲子馅或是红豆馅，馅的中央还会加上一个金黄的咸鸭蛋黄来代表月亮。而月亮正是中秋节庆祝的主题。每年农历8月15日人们一起庆祝中秋，据说这一天的月亮是一年中最亮最圆的。

Mooncakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas.The seasonal round cakes traditionally have a sweet filling of lotus seed paste or red bean

paste, often with one or more salted duck egg yolks in the center to represent the moon. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month, it is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest.

十三、中国礼仪茶文化

中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy first, and then serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is left in the cups and in the https://www.360docs.net/doc/f716855356.html,ually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one’s hunger.

十四、扇子

中国扇子的历史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作“扇汗”（Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来“扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇（Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装饰。

The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty. The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall. The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella. Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or feathers, called Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.

十五、筷子

说到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中国是世界上第一个使用筷子的国家，用筷子吃饭已经有至少3000年的历史了。筷子看起来很简单，只有两根小细棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑选，移动，夹，搅拌或者挖。此外，它便于使用，价格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上独有的餐具(tableware)。使用筷子的人，无论是中国人还是外国人，都无不钦佩筷子的发明者。

As the origin of chopsticks, China is the first country in the world to use chopsticks and has a history of at least 3,000 years to have meals with chopsticks.

Chopsticks seems quite simple with only two small and thin sticks, but it is in possession of many functions, such as picking, moving, nipping, mixing and digging; moreover，it is convenient for using and cheap in price. Besides, chopsticks are also unique tableware in the world. Anyone using chopsticks，no matter Chinese or foreigners, would admire the inventor of chopsticks without exception.

十六、旗袍

旗袍是中国最具代表性的民族服装之一。旗袍源自清代满族女性服饰，被誉为中国传统服饰文化的典范。现代意义上的旗袍诞生于20世纪初叶，盛行于三四十年代。旗袍不仅在整体造型风格方面符合中国文化的和谐特点，也展现着含蓄的东方审美标准。旗袍在增加形体修长感的同时也将东方女性的端庄、典雅和大方展露出来。旗袍以其浓郁的民族风格成为中国女装的代表，受到了世界各族女士的欢迎。

Cheongsam, originated in Manchu female’s costume in Qing Dynasty, is one of the most traditional Chinese costumes. It has been widely accepted as the paragon of Chinese traditional costume art. The modern Cheongsam appeared at the beginning of 20th century and prevailed in 1930s and 1940s. Cheongsam does not only accord with the characteristic of harmony within Chinese culture in terms of its style, but also shows rich oriental implicit aesthetics. At the same time of giving more prominence to lady’s slender figure, it also accentuates the demureness、elegance and poise of oriental females. With its rich Chinese national characteristics, Cheongsam has become the model of Chinese female costume, and it has been widely welcomed among ladies all over the world.

十七、大红袍

大红袍是中国最富盛名的茶种，被誉为“茶中之王”。大红袍生长于闽北名山武夷山的一处峭壁之上。相传在明朝年间，一举子上京赴考，路过武夷山时腹痛难忍，巧遇天心禅寺一和尚，和尚取所藏大红袍茶泡与他喝，病痛即止。举子考中状元之后，前来致谢，问及茶叶出处，得知后脱下大红袍披在茶树上，“大红袍”因此得名。大红袍因其香味独特、入口甘醇、提神醒脑而享誉海内外，且一度作为贡品进献皇室。

Red Robe Tea, known as “the King of Tea”, is the most famous tea which grows on a precipitous cliff of Wuyi Mountain in Fujian Province. According to a legend in Ming Dynasty, a scholar went to Beijing for an official examination. When he got to Tianxin Temple in Wuyi Mountains, he suddenly felt a stomachache. But he instantly got recovered after drinking some tea offered by a monk. After winning the title of the Number One Scholar, he came back to thank the monk. To show his gratitude to the tea, he put his own red robe on the tree, thus giving the tea its present name. Due to its magic fragrance, clear taste and refreshing charm, Red Robe Tea, once paid as a tribute to the royal family, has been globally well-known.

十八、休假

中国人民依法享受超过115天的假期，其中包括104天的周末和11天的节假日。中国一年中有7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节（Spring

Festival),清明节（Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid- Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有5至15天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假_般约在7月1 日开始，8月31日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在1 月或2月。

Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals. China has seven legal holidays in a year，including the New Year’s Day, S pring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day. Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave. Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months. The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st, and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival.

十九、茶

中国是茶的故乡。据说早在五六千年前，中国就有了茶树(tea- shrub),而且有关茶树的人类文明可以追溯到两千年前。来自中国的茶和丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)—样，在1000年前为世界所知，而且一直是中国重要的出口产品。目前世界上40多个国家种植茶，其中亚洲国家的产量占世界总产量的90%。其他国家的茶树都直接或间接地起源于中国。

China is the homeland of tea. It is believed that China has tea-shrubs as early as five to six thousand years ago，and human cultivation of teaplants can date back two thousand years. Tea from China，along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known to the world over more than a thousand years ago, and has since always been an important Chinese export. At present, more than forty countries in the world grow tea, and Asian countries produce 90% of the world’s total output. All tea trees in other countries are originated directly or indirectly in China.

二十、少林功夫

少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfu)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚们练习的一种武术(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫发展的文化空间。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侣练习的，他们的职责是保护寺庙。现在经过1500多年的发展，少林功夫已逐步发展成为一种完美技术和丰富含义相融合的艺术，在全世界享有声誉。

Shaolin Kungfu is a kind of martial arts practiced by monks under the special Buddhist culture of the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. The Shaolin Temple, built in the Nineteenth year of Taihe Period during the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a cultural space for the development of the Shaolin Kungfu. The Shaolin Kungfu, which is originally practiced by the Buddhist monks whose duties were to protect the temple, has been gradually developed into an art of perfect technology, abundant meanings and high reputation in the whole world after more than 1500 years of development.

二十一、信息技术（13年真题）

信息技术（Information Technology），正在飞速的发展，中国公民也越来越

重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

Nowadays, Information Technology is developing rapidly, and Chinese Citizens are putting more emphasis on it. Some schools and universities even make Information Technology one of the compulsory courses. People hold different views on this phenomenon. Some people deem that it is unnecessary to make Information Technology a required course in schools. Students should learn traditional curriculum. While other people think that it should be so, and they hold the attitude that China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology has drawn people’s attention.

二十二、茶饮还是咖啡（13年真题）

"你要茶还是咖啡？"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清（the qing dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。

"Would you like tea or coffee?" are frequently asked questions in meals. Many westerners will choose coffee, and the Chinese will choose tea. According to legend, a Chinese emperor discovered tea five thousand years ago, and used it to heal desiease. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were tea houses all over the country. In the 6th century, tea drinking spread to Japan, but it was not until the 18th century tea drinking spread to Europe and the United States. Today, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world. It is the treasure of China, and also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.

二十三、中餐烹饪（13年真题）

很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。

Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art. The carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking. The way of cooking and ingredients selection vary greatly across China. However, good cooking has one thing in common—to always concern the colors, smell, tastes and nutrition. As food is vital for man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains, meats and vegetables. Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy。

二十四、中国结（13年真题）

中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种

优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味这爱情、婚姻和团聚，中国结常常作为礼物交换或作用饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。

The Chinese knot was originally invented by the craftsmen. After hundreds of years of continuous improvement，it has become a kind of elegant and colorful arts and crafts. In ancient times，people use it to record events，but now it is used mainly for decorative purposes. The knot means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese. The Chinese knot is often used as gifts for exchanging or to pray for good luck and ward off evil spirits. This form of handicrafts is passed down from generation to generation, and it has become increasingly popular in China and around the world.