英语中性别歧视的表现及原因探析
英语中性别歧视的表现及原因探析
[摘要] 语言是社会的一面镜子，折射出不同民族的思维方式和价值观念。英语中的性别歧视是一种客观存在的语言现象，是对社会传统和文化反映。本文将从词法、语序、用词与称谓、语义等方面揭示英语中歧视女性的现象并探索其根源。
[关键词] 英语性别歧视现象原因
一、英语中歧视女性的主要表现
1、词法上的性别歧视。从英语的构词就可看出对女性的歧视，代表人类和人类经验的似乎只能是男性。整个人类只属于男人：mankind;国家是由男人统治的：kingdom(虽然英国也曾有女人统治，却没有queendom);从政的是男人：statesman, chairman, etc;有职业的还是男人：salesman, fireman, milkman, postman, businessman, policeman, etc;同族、同胞也只有男人，没有女人：kinsman, countryman;许多国家只有男人存在：Englishman, Frenchman, Irishman, Dutchman。此外，英语中有不少女性名词是由男性化通性词甚至男性词派生而来的，这主要体现在某些职业名词和人名名词中。职业名词本是不带性别标志的词，但后来许多词词义男性化，如governor(州长), major(陆军少校), actor(演员), waiter(服务员),等。若女性从事此类职业，就得在这些词后加上后缀-e, -ess, -ette 等作为性别标志来避免误会，如governess(家庭女教师), majorette(军乐队女队长), actress(女演员), waitress(女服务员)等。与职业名词相似，人名名词也存在着女名派生于男名的现象，即一些女名是在某些男名的基础上加上后缀-e, -ie, -ine 等构成的，如女名Louise（路易丝），Stephanie（斯蒂芬妮）就分别派生于男名Louis(路易斯)，Stephen(史蒂芬)。反之，基于女名的男名则实属罕见。女性名词派生于男性化通性词或男性名词的现象反映了女人通常被视为男人的附庸的社会观念，性别歧视昭然若揭。
2、词序上的性别歧视。传统观念认为，不论体力还是智力，都是男强女弱，男性应保护女性，女性只能被男性保护。于是，当两性同时被提及时，词序上总是男前女后，并且不能倒置。如人们常说husband and wife, king and queen, men and women, he and she, Adam and Eve等，很少倒过来说，这只是问题的一个方面。这些词语要是和good and bad, rich and poor, day and light, life and death之类的词语相联系，那就不只是简单的前后位置的问题，其男尊女卑、对女性的歧视可见一斑。客套话“Ladies and gentlemen”是个例外，这是在某些社交场合中使用的固定词序，但它并不意味着妇女地位的提高。古时候，达官显贵们相聚总有夫人陪同，夫人们被视为柔弱之辈，进门出门时男士们总是让她们先走，从而出现了“Ladies first”，后来进而在祝酒或演说时使用“Ladies and gentlemen”。显然，这不过是社交辞令。事实上，人们（包括女性自己）一接触到实质性问题，便把男人摆在前面，让其占主导地位。
3、用词与称谓方面的性别歧视。代词是语言中最有社会意义的词语，也是女权主义者首先发现性别歧视的领域。英语中缺少一个男女兼指的单数人称代词，当泛指男女两性单数时，人们常将阳性人称代词泛化。如：
（1）Everyone has his own right to vote. ( 人人都有选举权。)
（2）Every man has his fault. ( 人孰无过。)
类似的语言现象还表现在当泛指男女两性时，或性别不明时，人们通常使用阳性词。如：（3）Like other mammals, man nourishes his young with milk. ( 像其他哺乳动物一样，人类也用乳汁补养后代。)
（4）Jane Johnson and her brother Howard both serve as chairman of major committees. (简.约翰逊和她的兄长霍华德一同出任大会主席。)
显然，第三人称单数男性代词的通行化用法在语法上涵盖女性，，在文化上又排斥女性，充满了对女性的歧视。
另一种表现就是对已婚妇女的称谓，即指代上的“不对称”现象。女性结婚以后，不仅失去了从父亲那里继承来的家族姓氏，甚至连自己的名也经常一起丢了，要随丈夫姓，特别是在较为正式的社交场合，对已婚妇女的称谓就是Mrs. +丈夫的名+丈夫的姓,如Mrs. Harry Smith,这表明女性处于无主体的文化语言之中,一切都被纳入男性秩序之内,其价值的存在完全取决于男性的认同和确证.
4、语义上的性别歧视。人类从母系社会发展到父系社会,男女角色进行了再分配: “男主外,女主内”,妇女的主导地位也随之失去.男性在社会、政治、经济、文化等一切领域中都占着绝对的主宰地位，而女性的天地则缩小到家庭。我们知道，语言是一种特殊的社会现象，它是从劳动中创造出来的，与人的生产活动有着密切关系。因此，当男性变成语言的主要创造者和使用者时，自然形成了传统中男性的统治地位和女性的附庸地位。上帝在创造人类的时候就把男人放在了统治地位，女子则附属于“他”而存在。这一点在《圣经》中就有明确的记载，男人创造世界，女人只不过是男人身上的一块肋骨（rib），可见女人的地位是何等的卑微。
即使是同一个词，指男性时为褒义，而指女性时就可能变成了贬义。如：professional指男性时是位“有经验的专业人员”，而指女性时则可能含有street girl之意；easy指男性是“容易相处”，而指女性则是“水性扬花”。形容同样性质的人，只是性别不同，用的词汇也会不同，如描绘一个要求严格的男性经理用hard task master，而描绘同样性格的女性经理则用hard to work for；指某个男士易动感情，就说他only human，但如果此人是女士，则用emotional；说一个男士行事果断，用decisive，而一个女士如具有同样的性格，则用stubborn来形容她，等等。久而久之，就形成了男女语言的差异，形成了所谓女性语言的特点。一些专门研究女性语言与男性语言的语言学家指出：由于妇女多愁善感、捉摸不定，性格平淡浅薄，说话声调高尖，没完没了，谈论的内容也大都属于dirty diapers stuff, 因此，把她们的聚会称为hen sessions。从语义看，这些词汇中所包含的性别歧视是一目了然的。
二、英语中性别歧视形成的原因
（一）社会历史分工原因
人类早期社会普遍经历了两个发展阶段，即母系氏族社会和父系氏族社会。在母系氏族社会，妇女在社会经济生活中处于支配地位，因此妇女的社会地位比男性高。但是随着生产力的发展，男子的劳动从捕鱼、狩猎转向农业和畜牧养殖业，男子在体力上比女子强，加上妇女需要花较多的时间和精力养育儿女，于是男子在社会经济中的地位越来越重要，并获得支配权，而妇女的地位与男子相比越来越低，不得不依附于男子，父系氏族社会终于取代了母系氏族社会，这种历史演变必然要反映到语言文字中来。语言是社会的一面镜子，随着社会的变化而变化。在Language and Women?s Place(语言与妇女的地位)一书中，Layoff曾作过如下评论：最终结果是妇女被剥夺了拥有权利的资格，理由是妇女在她们的言谈举止中处处表现出她们没有掌握权利的能力。具有讽刺意义的是，由于社会的影响，妇女自己也以为她们的智力或受教育程度不如男性，该受到如此对待。因而，Ronald Ward Baugh认为，语言中的性别歧视现象与其说是语言问题，不如说是社会历史分工问题更确切些。
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一英语语言中的性别歧视现象 首先我们来了解一下什么是性别歧视（sexism）。根据Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary，其定义是：prejudice or discrimination based on sex ; esp: discrimination against women , 基于性别的偏见或歧视，尤其是对妇女的歧视。?朗曼英语词典?对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。”?? Longman English Dictionary on "gender discrimination" explanation was: "based on gender discrimination, particularly male prejudice against women. ?牛津字典?给“性别歧视”所下的定义是：“性别偏见或歧视(尤其对女性).”?Oxford Dictionary?to the "gender discrimination" by the definition of is: "gender bias or discrimination (especially for women)."因此，在语言习惯上，“性别歧视”通常是指语言对女性的歧视，那么，英语语言是怎样歧视女性的呢？ 1.以男性语言为规,而女性语言只是一种附属或变体.Therefore, on the language, "sex discrimination" usually refers to the language of discrimination against women, then the English language is how to discriminate against a woman then 1.1在词汇上的表现a) “当中最明显的例子就是”man”一词，既有“男子“的意思，又表示”人类”.泛指所有的人，而woman仅是“女子”的意思。如：Man cannot live by bread alone.(人不能单靠面包生活)。The man in the street(普通人，一般人)。一个语言学家曾抱怨说：假如一个女人从船上掉入水中，呼叫的是：“MAN，OVERBROAD。”若她被闯了祸逃走的司机撞死控告词是MANSLAUGHTER。倘若在工作中受伤，她的医疗费称作WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION。但是如果她来到一个写着man only ！的地方。她立刻明白整个告戒不是针对动物或植物或无生命之物而写的，而是冲着她来的.”[1][P22-23]b)不知道所指之人的具体性别时，he ,his 和 him 经常用来泛指全人类，（这是英语中的一条规则）, 如 Every student has to make up his own mind. He who laughs last laughs best.男主女从，以逻辑性为中心，女性便居于从属地位。就词汇而言，如以—er, --or 结尾的名词实则是个中性词，但人们将之看作男性名词，所以如是女性则在前面加woman,如：a woman doctor. Man 一词不但可以指男人，成年男人，而且作为“人类的总称”,而woman 则不然。许多职业名词常以man 作为后缀，尽管干这工作的有许多女性。he 和she 的单数中性人称代词用he 表示，因而我们常见Nobody in the class can be proud of his English.这类说法，尽管教室中有男有女。 1．2 称谓上的表现a) “把女性当做男性的附属品，而这一观点充分体现在英语称谓词当中。Mr. 是对一位男士的尊称， Mrs.则是一位男子的太太的尊称，女性的称谓也就依附于男性了，如: 丈夫是John Smith 具有博士学衔，于是可以称这对夫妇为Dr. and Mrs. John Smith.假如丈夫没有学衔或职称，那只能称为Mr. and Mrs. John Smith. 假如妻子是博士，丈夫没有学衔或职称，妻子的名字叫Marry随夫姓后只能称呼为Marry Smith. Miss是用来称呼未婚女性的称呼。Mr.却既可以称呼未婚男性，也可以称呼已婚的男性。女性从称谓马上就可以识别出婚姻状况，而对于男性却无从知晓，而且女性结婚后改随夫姓，这样自己的姓就完全被遗忘了。b) 许多职业名称如doctor, professor, engineer,等对男女都适应，可是人们习惯于把他们跟男性联系在一起。而对于女性则成了一个标志项，往往要加上woman, lady, 或female 等词加以限定。如：female judge, lady doctor, woman lawyer. 这些从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地，teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male 或是man.如male nurse, man teacher. 这些除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见.” 2.女性语言语意贬低的表现 “英语中，与女性有关的词语的贬化大大多于与男性相关的词语。曾有人做过统计，与prostitute意思接近的词大约有500多个，而与whole-monger(嫖客)意思相近的词只有65个。此外这一点还表现在对于与女性相关的词语的含义的贬化上。在英语中，任何词只要与女性有关，其意思就要变质，这个词就会成为贬义词。同一个词用与男性和女性身上可以引起极为不同的联想，甚至是有完全不同的意思。用与男性常常带有褒扬或赞美之意，而用于女性常常带有贬低或轻蔑的意思。例如，professional一词，用在男性身上和女性身上可能会引起的联想却大相径庭。He is a professional.让人联想起体面的职业，如律师，医生等，而She is a professional很多英语国家的人会理解为She is a prostitute。
论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化-精品文档
论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化 在人类的历史长河中,性别歧视是一种普遍的社会现象,它不仅反映在社会生活的各个方面,更反映在语言上。语言性别歧视是指人们在使用语言的过程中针对不同的性别产生的歧视和偏见,但它多数情况下是指针对女性而言。随着女性解放运动的发展,英语中的性别歧视语有所减少,但是基于语言的滞后性,性别歧视仍大量存在于英语语言中。本文多角度分析了英语语言中性别歧视的形成原因,揭示了词汇、语义和习语谚语等方面所存在的性别歧视,并探索了近几十年来英语中性别歧视的发展变化情况。 1英语中性别歧视存在的根源 首先,从文化角度看,《圣经》中上帝在创造了亚当之后,又取其一根肋骨造就了夏娃。受此神话中男女形象的影响,女性生来就被当作男性附属品的观念在西方人的思想中根深蒂固。英语中因此常常表现出“以男性为本体,以女性为变体”。其次,从社会角度看,随着社会生产力的发展,男子逐渐占据了社会主导地位,而女性却处于被支配地位,造成了以“男主外,女主内”为原则的两性不同分工。因此,在英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词大都指男性。而从心理角度看,在西方文化中,女性多以反面形象出现,神话中堕落、善变的女性形象导致后人在思想意识上的偏见,甚至形成女性邪恶的思维定势。
2性别歧视在英语中的表现 2.1 从词形的标记角度看性别歧视 英语词汇往往以男性为中心,表示男性的词汇一般是“无标记的”,可表示男女两性。但是,女性的词汇通常是有标记的,只表示女性或女性的某一特征。 (1)基于男女不同的社会分工影响,英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词如mayor,doctor,president,governor等,人们在使用这些词的时候,大多数场合指的是男性,若要表明是女性,往往会在词前加上female/woman/lady标记出来。 (2)许多女性名词通常是在男性词汇后加上后缀,如:waiter / waitress,comedienne/ comedian,salesman/saleswoman等。这些后缀-man,-ess,-tee等都是女性的标记,这些标记显示了女性是男性的附庸和例外。 (3)在称谓语中,对于女性的标记现象十分明显,如男人无论是否结婚都可以称之为“Mr.”而称呼女人时则需要明确区分其婚姻状况,如:Miss,Mrs. (4)在姓氏命名上,女性婚后随夫姓体现了女性在婚姻上的附属地位,如:Helen Smith 与 Jack Williams结婚后,她的名字随夫姓就变成了Helen Williams。 2.2 从语义角度看性别歧视 (1)英语中阳性词汇通常被赋予“大”的含义,而与之对应的阴性词汇则往往带有“小”的含义,这主要表现在表示职业和
大学英语作文范文大学生应聘中的性别歧视Gender Inequality in Employment o
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company. As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally. The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
关于我的家庭的英语作文
精心整理 关于我的家庭的英语作文 Ihaveaveryluckyfamily.Therearefivepeopleinmyfamily,mydad,mom,sisterandbr other. 我有一个很幸福的家庭。在我的家庭有五口人，爸爸，妈妈，姐姐和弟弟，还有我。 much. Mysisterisasportsplayer.Sheistallandstrong.Shehasbigeyes,smallnoseandmou thandtwosmallears.Sheisprettyandcute.Shelikeslisteningtomusiceverymuch.“Proudofyou”isherfavouriteEnglishsong.Shecansingverywellandsheeventeac hesmesingthissong.
我的姐姐是一个运动员，她又高又壮。她大眼睛，小鼻子、小嘴，两个小耳朵。她非常漂亮、可爱。她喜欢听音乐，“为你骄傲”是她最喜欢的一首英文歌，她能 唱得非常好，甚至教我也唱这首歌。 Iamahappygirl.Ilikelisteningtomusic,too.likeplayingpingpong.Ilovemyparen tsandtheyloveme,too. 我是一个快乐的女孩。我喜欢听音乐、喜欢打乒乓球。我爱我的父母，他们也 爱我。 e. Mymotherisawomanwithabadmemory.Shealwaysdoesalotofhousework,butsometimes shemakesmistakesoutofcarelessness.Forexample,oneday,shewashedclothesinth ewasher,afterthewasherfinishedthework,shefoundshehadn'tfilledthewasherwi thwater. 我妈妈是一位记性很不好的人。她总是做很多家务活，但有时却因为她的粗心 而做错事。比如说，有一天，她用洗衣机洗衣服，最后却发现自己忘了在洗衣机中 放水。
论英语中的性别歧视分析
景德镇陶瓷学院科技 艺术学院 本科生毕业论文（设计） 题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学号： 姓名： 院（系）： 专业： 完成时间： 指导老师： CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………….. Abstract in Chinese……………………………………. Abstract in English……………………………………. 1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods……………….. 2.1 Suffixes………………………………………… . 2.2 Sexism in compound words…………………….. 3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing………………….. 3.1 Sexism and Naming………………………………. 3.1.1 Sexism in the first names……………….. 3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names…….. 3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names………. 3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….
高中英语作文：关于性别歧视
高中英语作文：关于性别歧视 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women. 3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性 别歧视仍然存有,对于男性和女性来说。 For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work. 人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造 了女权主义这个词,很多女性争取得到尊重。现在绝大部分女性已经成 长为新一代,她们自信并且独立。但在某些方面,女性仍在争取与男性 平等。比如工作酬劳和工作的机会。 For the discrimination on men, which is easily to be ingored. When people see a man who dresses the colorful clothes, or polishes his nails, they will laugh at him,for this is a girl thing and a man should not do it. Men are considered to be different from women in their acts. Actually, men have the right to do what they want, but the public opinion limits them.
关于介绍自己家庭的英语作文5篇
关于介绍自己家庭的英语作文5篇 每个人都有自己最温暖的家，那么你想知道介绍家庭的英语作文要怎么写吗?下面是小编整理的介绍自己家庭的英语作文范文，以供大家参考学习。 介绍家庭的英语作文一 In the east of China, there is a small city---Haimen. I was born there. Today, I am telling you about my hometown. Haimen is not far from Shanghai. It’s at the mouth of the Changjiang River. Haimen is a modern city. There are lots of high buildings in it. Most of us live in flats. We like to live in flats because we can be close to our friends. In the center of Haimen, there are many shops. You can buy some nice things here. Things in most shops aren’t expensive. You can pay a little money and they are yours. My hometown is a beautiful city. On each of the roads, there are some big trees and nice flowers. The roads are also very clean. They make people happy and comfortable. The seasons here are very nice. From I like autumn best. It’s neither hot nor cold. A poem says “Flyer of summer come to my window to sing, then fly away. And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, just fall there with a sign.” It’s very cool.I love Haimen. It’s a nice place to live. Welcome to my hometown. 介绍家庭的英语作文二 My hometown, which is in the south of × Province, is a very beautiful village. It lies on the east bank of a small river, surrounded by green mountains, In the past my hometown was poor, and people led a hard life. They couldnt afford to send their children to school. But ,great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past twenty years. Many families .have not only color TV sets, but also telephones, fridges, computers, and so on. New roads, houses, schools, hospitals have been built. People in my hometown are working hard for a better life. 我的家乡在××南部，是一个非常漂亮的村庄，它位于一条小河的东岸，为绿色的 大山所环抱。过去，我的家乡很穷，人们过着艰难的生活，孩子读不起书。但是在刚 刚过去的二十年里，我的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化口许多家庭不仅有了彩色电视机，而且电话、冰箱、电脑等应有尽有。新修了公路，新建了房屋、学校和医院。家乡人 民正在为过上更好的生活而辛勤工作。 介绍家庭的英语作文三
如何减少英语中的性别歧视
Eliminating the Sexism in English Abstract: Language plays an important role in society, which can reflect all the sides of human society naturally. Linguistic sexism is a type of social phenomenon that reflects the certain traditional social value. One of the Sexism?s definitions is that “The discrimination based on gender, especially discrimination against women.” the Danish linguist points out that English is the most masculine language as far as he is concerned in his Growth and Structure of the English Language. As a language which has a long history and influencing the world extensively, English has experienced innumerable reformations, which updates the language constantly. The reason of the sexist phenomenon?s eliminating in the English language and then proposes ways to avoid sexist English. Key Words: sexism; English; language; feminism; avoid 1. The phenomenon of Sexist English Linguistic sexism is a social problem, which can reflect people?s discrimination against the female sex. T he women?s l iberation movement made people began to realize that the language reform and nonsexist becomes necessary. Sexist language should be changed and avoided, which is definitely positive for the developing of language. As the most widespread language in the world, English sexism should be avoided. Being given the same opportunities as men is the key point to eliminate linguistic sexism. The sexism in English Language has existed for a long time, and brings many bad feelings to women. This sexism comes from the deep cultural sexism on women in society, and has realistic factors. Though women?s position is higher, the sexism still exists. 2. Women and men truly have equal status means language equality In the Holy Bible(The Books of The Old Testament): “So the L ord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed