意大利语语法辅助动词

意大利语语法辅助动词
意大利语语法辅助动词

动词dovere, potere, volere e sapere 在意大利语中被称为辅助动词,因为它们帮助动词不定词表达重要的附加含义:

Devo partire (在“出发”的含义上增加“必须”的含义).

这些动词的共同特点有:

·都与不定式结合:

Posso andare a Roma domani (前往罗马的行为与一种可能性相联)

Quest’ anno voglio studiare chimica (学习化学的行为与一种意愿相联)

·辅助动词的主语与不定式的主语相同:

(Io ) posso andare al mare da solo (是"我" 能够并且完成了去海边的行为)

(Tu ) devi studiare di più (是"tu"必须并且完成学习的行为)

·非重读代词的位置不固定:

Posso berlo? 也可以变成Lo posso bere?

Vorrei tornarci 也可以变成Ci vorrei tornare

辅助动词potere 的用法有:

·请求获得一种许可

Posso aprire la finestra?

Posso parlare con il direttore?

·给予一种许可

Puoi uscire dopo aver studiato

·表达一种可能性

Può arrivare in tempo se corre

辅助动词dovere 的用法有:

·表达一种必要性或者需要

Devo mangiare meno

·表达一种义务

Deve arrivare al lavoro alle 8

·表达一种机会性

Devono essere le 3

辅助动词volere 的用法有:

·表达一种愿望或要求

Voglio andare in vacanza in Italia

·提出一项建议:

Vuole un caffè?

·以委婉的形式表达一个要求(用条件式):

Vorrei misurare quel vestito

Vorrei una bottiglia di vino

辅助动词sapere 的用法有:

·通过其后所跟跟动词不定式来表达一种能力或者特殊的才能:

So giocare bene a tennis

在复合时态中,辅助动词前面选用哪个助动词一般情况下取决于它们后面所跟不定式所要求的助动词:

Hai potuto visitare il castello? (因为也可以说"ho visitato")

Sono dovuto partire presto (因为也可以说"sono partito")

Ho dovuto studiare molto per superare l'esame (因为也可以说"ho studiato")

只有当说话人想要强调可能性、必要性或者某种意愿时,辅助动词前面的助动词可以完全用“avere”取代“essere”。

Ho dovuto partire presto (我必须这样做).

当辅助动词构成的谓语动词配有直接宾语代词时,过去分词词尾需要与直宾代词保持一致。:

Hai visitato la mostra? Sì, l’ho potuta visitare.

Hai comprato i biglietti? Sì, li ho potuti comprare.

Hai incontrato il Direttore? Sì, l’ho dov uto incontrare.

当辅助动词后面没有其它动词时,其复合时态总是用aver作助动词:

Sarei venuto ma non ho potuto.

第3讲 动词(二)动词的助动词用法

第3讲动词(二)动词的助动词用法 在讲新课之前,仍然要复习一下上节课学的一些东西。提问个问题: 1,全体动词可以分为哪几大类。 2,每个动词都有哪几种形式。 3,什么情况下必须使用动词的一般过去式,什么情况下必须使用动词的过去分词。 2道题以上不得分的同学,请课后惩罚一下自己,少吃一顿饭,把那个时间用来补课。男人嘛,就要对自己下手狠一些。女人嘛,也要对自己下手狠一些——宋丹丹都这么说。没有复习就没有积累,没有重复就没有收获。这些复习活动,就是你自己的事情。如果不复习没学好,那不是我的责任。 Ok,下面开始新课——动词的其它用法,准确地说是动词的助动词的用法。这节课的学习任务是三部分: 一是过去分词前面的助动词。二是被动语态前面的助动词。三是对动词如何否定。 再次重复那句老话,英国人在动词上花费了很大的注意力,给动词赋予了很多的功能。这一点与汉语很不同。汉语对形容词花费很大的注意力,把形容词搞得很丰富。 英语里的动词,除了原形加上4个变形有不同的用法外,通过它前面的助动词的变化,还可以有别的用法。表达不同的含义。下面我们就一一破解它。 一,过去分词前面的助动词 通过上节课的学习,大家知道have(或者has,三单)+过去分词=现在完成时的含义。你到我家做客,我招待你吃水果,过了一会儿,我递给你苹果让你吃,你对我说,你已经吃了两个苹果。“ I have eaten 2 apples.”我说,哦,那就不要再吃苹果了,来个芒果吧。我这个例子是要让大家清楚,现在完成时使用的背景就是指当场的情况,或者说,那个动作虽已过去但是距现在并不遥远,还可以算作现阶段的事。 再举个例子,还是你千里之外来到我家做客,我依旧先招待你吃水果,我还要让你吃苹果,这时你说,“谢谢老师,不吃了,我在上火车之前就吃了两个了。”这时的英语要这样表达:“ I had eaten 2 apples before I got on the train.”大家注意到没有,这里的eaten之前没用have,而是用了had,为什么呢? 这是因为这里的吃的动作eaten发生在另一个过去的动作上火车got 之前,上火车的这个动作都已发生过了,吃苹果的那个动作或行为更早,所以eaten的

短语动词以动词为中心

短语动词(以动词为中心): *add in包括(include something): Would you add in these items, please, in order to complete the list? ★Should we add in the lemon juice before or after mixing the flour and sugar? *add to加,增加,补充说If the tea is too strong, add some more water (to it). ★If you add 5 to 6, you get 11. ★I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.★add fuel to the flames ★add insult to injury *add up(两个或两个以上的数或量)加起来(calculate the total of two or more numbers or amounts): The waiter can’t add up. ★Add up all the money I owe you. *add up to总计共达The money he spent added up to more than $ 1,000. *allow for把…考虑进去(include somebody/something in one’s calculations): It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays. ★Allowing for depreciation your car should be worth $900 this time next year. *allow of容许(有)(permit something, leave room for something):The facts allow of only one explanation. ★The problem allows of only one solution. *apply for申请(make a formal request): He has applied to the banker for a loan. ★He has applied for a post in England. *apply to(1)使用力量等对某事物起作用(cause a force, etc to affect something): Apply a force of 100 N to the body. ★He applied his Marxist knowledge to the events around him. ★The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. (2)贴,敷,涂(put or spread something onto something): apply the glue to both surfaces ★Apply some medicine to the wound. ★Apply two coats of painting to the fence. *believe in(1)相信某人/物的存在,信仰,相信有(feel sure of the existence of someone/something): I believe in God. ★Do you believe in ghosts? ★He believes in Darwinism.

动词短语 和 短语动词 的区别

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意大利语基础语法

意大利语属于拉丁语族罗曼语系。现代意大利语是从但丁开始的,其古典语为拉丁语。现代语语法较之古典语语法简化多了。意大利语是一种单词形态变化丰富的语言,九大词类中就有五类有形态变化。在句子中,人称,性,数,动词的时态都要相互一致,配合。意大利语语法与英语的差别很大,与汉语的更是不同。有一个可提醒注意:意大利语单词无论如何变化,最后都是以元音结尾(个别前置词,连词除外)。 句子成分 一个简单句是由若干句子成分组成的,基本句子成分是主语和谓语,其他成分都可以叫complemento【补语】。意大利语中的补语概念和汉语中的补语概念不同。汉语中的补语指位于动词或形容词之后的描写成分,表示结果,程度,趋向,数量,可能等意义,而意大利语中搞的补语成分包括,直接宾语,间接宾语,地点补语,时间补语,伴随补语等等。 句子分类 句子分为简单句和复合句,复合句又分成并列复合句和主从复合句,主从复合句又分成主句,从句,从句又分为不明确从句,明确性从句。 例:简单句io vado. 我走了。 并列复合句io lavoro mentre lui studia.他学习时我工作。 主从复合句spero di poter venire.我希望能来。 动词avere的变位 这里首先要讲的一点是动词变位。动词变位是意大利语里非常重要的一个概念。是意大利语法的三大基础之一(另外两个分别是时态和虚拟式)。动词变位就是动词在不同的人称或数作主语时,词尾必须根据主语的人称和数作相应的变化。 下面我们先看看AVERE(有)这个词的动词变位 我有...:io ho 你有...:tu hai 他有:...:lui ha 她有...:lei ha 我们有...:noi abbiamo 你们有...:voi avete 他们有...:loro hanno 谓语动词的形式必须随着主语的变化而变化。 记住:类似下列的说法都是错的! io avere tu abbiamo loro avete 等等

(完整版)助动词用法及练习

be动词,情态动词,助动词do/does的用法区别及练习 助动词,顾名思义就是帮助动词完成疑问及否定的,本身没有什么含义。主要的助动词有be,do,will,have等,其用法详述如下: 一、⑴由连系动词am,is,are构成的句子:变一般疑问句时把am,is,are提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可。变否定句时直接在am,is,are后面加not即可。例如: 肯定句:He is a student. 一般疑问句: Is he a student? 否定句: He is not a student. 画线提问: 对he提问: Who is a student? 对a student 提问: What is he? (2)was 是am,is的过去式,were是are的过去式,若句子中有以上两词时,变疑问句及否定句方法与(1)相同。 二、(1) 由情态动词can, may,will ,shall等构成的句子: 变一般疑问句时把can, may,will ,shall提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可.变否定句时直接在can,may,后面加not即可. 例如: 肯定句: She can swim. 一般疑问句: Can she swim? 否定句: She can not swim. 画线提问: 对she提问: Who can swim? 对swim提问: What can she do? (2)could,might,would,should是can,may,will,shall的过去式,若句子中有以上两词时,变疑问句及否定句方法与(1)相同。 三、(1)由行为动词构成的句子: 需要加助词do或does. 变一般疑问句时把do/does放在句子前面. 变否定句时把don’t/doesn’t放在动词的前面。要注意观察动词的形式并对号入座。一般疑问句和否定句的动词三单式都要变回原型。 play-----do plays-----does 例如: 肯定句: They play football after school. He plays football after school. 一般疑问句: Do they play football after school? Does he play football after school? 否定句: They don't (do not) play football after school. He doesn’t’ play football after school. 画线提问: 对they/he提问: Who plays football after school? 对play football提问: What do they do after school? What does he do after school? 对after school提问: When do they play football? When does he play football? (2)did是do和did的过去式,变一般疑问句时把did放在句子前面. 变否定句时把didn’t 放在动词的前面, 要注意观察动词的形式并对号入座。一般疑问句和否定句的动词都要变回原型。

英语动词副词词组动词为中心

英语动词副词词组动词 为中心 Document number【SA80SAB-SAA9SYT-SAATC-SA6UT-SA18】

1.以break为中心的词组 break down vt.破坏,粉碎,瓦解vi.出故障抛锚,衰弱break in 闯进,打断;使顺服 break into闯入;强行进入;突然开始 break out爆发,发生;准备使用;起锚 break off打断,断绝,折断,突然终止 break through突破,克服,挤过去 break up vt.开垦,破碎;解散,分解 vi.结束break away from 脱离,逃离,打破 break the law 违反法律 break the record 破记录 break one’s promise 失言 2.以burst为中心的词组 burst in闯进,突然出现 burst into闯进,突然…起来,突然发出

burst into tears / laughter嚎啕大哭/放声大笑burst out迸发,爆发,突然发出,大声叫喊 burst out crying / laughing嚎啕大哭/放声大笑 3.以 bring为中心的词组(较少) bring about导致,引起,促使 bring back带回,使回忆,使恢复 bring down使下降,浓缩,收缩,击落 bring into effect/practice 完成,实现,实施,实行bring up抚养,养育,培养,使停止 bring in 把..带进来,引进,挣得(收入) bring off 完成,救出,使成功,搬走 bring on 导致,引起,使发展,提出(论点) bring out 拿出,公布,发表,出版,生产 bring through 治愈,使度过困难/危险时期 4.以call为中心的词组 call at访问(某地),停泊在

短语结构类型

短语结构类型 短语是由词和词按一定的方式组合而成的。它主要有五种类型:并列短语、偏正短语、主谓短语、动宾短语、后补短语。 并列短语 由两个或两个以上的名词、动词或形容词组合而成,词与词之间是并列关系,中间常用顿号或“和、及、又、与、并”等连词。 常见的结构形式有: 名词+名词,如:文化教育今天或明天良师益友 动词+动词,如:调查研究愿意并实行团结互助团结和谐 形容词+形容词,如:光辉灿烂庄严肃穆万紫千红风和日丽 代词+代词,如:我和他这样那样 数量词+数量词,如:四面八方千秋万代半斤八两 并列短语一般前后可以互换位置,如:工厂、农村,我、你、他等。但有些并列短语是不能前后颠倒位置的,因为它有一定次序。如:春、夏、秋、冬(时间顺序),省、市、县(大小顺序),老、中、青(年龄顺序),继承和发展接近文学和爱好文学(逻辑顺序),男女老少金银铜铁油盐酱醋(语言习惯)等等。 偏正短语 由名词、动词或形容词与它们前面起修饰作用的词组合而成,即前面是修饰语,后面是中心语。 中心语是名词时,修饰限制成分是定语,用()表示,常常用“的” 字连接。

常见的结构形式有: 形容词+名词,如:美丽的花朵伟大的人民浩瀚的大海 数量词+名词,如:一杯水一位顾客三斤水果 名词+名词,如:学校的图书馆祖国大地烟台的苹果 代词+名词,如:大家的心情我的老师自己的心情 中心语是动词或形容词时,修饰语是状语,用〔〕表示,常常有“地”字。 常见的结构形式有: 形容词+动词,如:慢慢地走激动地演讲迅速地回答 副词+动词,如:完全相信十分思念突然发现 副词+形容词,如:非常美丽更加坚决相当迅速 主谓短语 由被陈述与陈述的两部分组合而成。被陈述的部分是主语,可以回答谓语“谁”、“什么”,一般由名词、名词性短语、代词等充当;陈述的部分是谓语,可以回答主语“怎么样”,一般由动词、形容词、动词性短语、形容词性短语充当。 常见的结构形式有: 名词+动词,如:会议结束蝴蝶飞舞菊花开放 代词+动词,如:自己说话谁同意我们回去 名词+形容词,如:花朵鲜艳斗志昂扬阳光灿烂 代词+形容词,如:你真美丽这里清静大家激动 另外,还有特殊主谓短语,即名词做谓语。

be动词与助动词的用法

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以动词为中心的动词短语

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动词动词短语

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