完整版新编语用学教程课后答案
In troductio n [check your un dersta nding]
1. f Syn tax and sema ntics each have their own stre ngths.
2. f Pragmatics is also in terested in how Ian guage use affects the Ian guage system.
3. t
4. f
5. t
In-Class Activities
1. ASK
(1) Yes, he ' s coming.
⑵ Yes. [No, he isn ' t comi ng]
(3) His kno wledge about whether Pat likes cog nitive lin guistics or not.
2.
(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.
b. Golf as aninanimate object can ' t play a human being (John).
c. It is a case oftautology that conv eys no new in formati on.
d. “Idea ” doesn ' t have color and can ' t sleep since it is inanimat
e. The whole sentence doesn' t make sense.
(2) a. it can be used for com muni cati on in a con text where Joh n shares some
pers on ality with Hitler.
b. whe n Joh n is a poor player of golf.
c. in a con text where a certa in boy has done someth ing wrong (out of n aught in ess).
(3) whe n the sentence is used in poetry to pers on alize the word "idea".
2. (1) a. In an entrance of a park.
b. I n the restroom of some public places like an airport.
a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.
b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.
3. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).
(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to “ my” request.
The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people ' private conversation, it is normal that hear a word“(tIh”us cthaen ' t couple can continue their talk).
4. (1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.
(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。
5. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the customer ' s wife jealous. The “ French toast ” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.
(2) C: 你去哪里？
吃饭了没？
E: How are you?
How' s everything going?
6. (1) He means he doesn ' t speak French.
(2) Russian majors don spe'ak t French.
(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.
7. (1) a. He uses “ that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letter is
being referred to.
b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.
(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.
Mother: Who is Ping Ping?
⑶ Wang: It ' s not my fault, is it?
Li: Yes.
Native speaker: Hi, you look good.
Zhang: Not good, not good at all.
Exercises Task3.
1. whe n we get some one to do someth ing, we tend tmini mize the effort to be
invo Ived, but whe n we compla in we tend to exaggerate the compla int. People want to be polite by mitigati ng(缓解,减轻，平静)the impositi on, which is face-threate ning.
2. The first imperative is a gen eral grammatical form, but the sec ond, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the additi on of "will you"
3. (in the office)
Boss: Come to my office later.
Clerk: Yes, sir.
(duri ng the after noon tea)
Boss: How is your dad, Tom?
Clerk: He ' s fine. Thanks, Pat.
4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the win dow because he was en gaged with (? ) in someth ing else in other places.
5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye,Holden, a middle school student always breaks the
pragmatic conven ti ons and in that way shows his rebelli on.
6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguistic
in formati on (ph on etics, phono logy, morphology, and syn tax of En glish) but also pragmatic in formatio n (appropriate use of En glish in dyn amic con text). For in sta nee, how we can use the question tag反了？tag questions to sound more tentative and be polite.
Unit 1
[Check your understanding]
1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.
2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.
3. f
4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee ' s cooperation.
5. t declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.
(2) a. I wish you a great success.
I admit I ' m wrong.
b. I misunderstand your point.
I see what you mean.
(3) Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里“向你道歉 ”，we are performing the act of
apologizing.(?)
2. (1) “ A full apology ” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like
“ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people ” . Indeed, “ sorr not a performative verb.
(2) To some extent, “ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.
3.
(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.
(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.
4.
(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “ Today is not a free admission day illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.
perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).
b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “ Thank you for your generous donation and your support ”.
illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate. perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all). a' "Admission fee required today"
b ' "We expect your generous donation and your support"
The first is chosen to beless imposing. The second is chosen toattract people ' s donation.
5.
(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s(a) hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ”.
(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers.
Exercises
Task 3
1.
a. constative? locution: “ No smoking in this area ” . Illocution: Forbidding people
from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.
b. constative. Locution:
“Ticket passengers only ” .Illocution: Asking passengers to
In-Class Activities
1.(1) If you ' ve ever said “I promise ” or actions by the simple act of saying them. But I apoleorgfoizremed ”th,oysoeu have p I know ” and “ I believe ” are
buy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets to
en ter the museum.
c. constative. Locution: “Token vending machine ” . Illocution: pnibslrcnofg the
the fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokens through this mach ine (if at all).
2.
Yes. It solves the problem that con statives can in deed be regarded as implicit ways of doing thi ngs. Thus, all uttera nces are “ performative ” in esse nee.
Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B “ it ' s stuffy here ” . The actual effect may be that / un derstood to becompla ining, but the inten ded effect is that some one shouldpe n the win dow or the door and it may bring B to perform the act in stead of lett ing him just listen to A ' s complaint.
3. (1)a, (2)a, an d(3)a are performative uttera nces and can sta nd the test
“ herel
However, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b,⑵c, “ know” , “ think ” , “ amuse" and “ flatte performative verbs. In (3)b, the third pers on subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tense
is used.
4. Both verdictives and exertives invo lve a dem on strati on of powers, rights, or
in flue nee. However, verdictives have theillocuti onary force of issu ing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or aga inst a certa in course of action, or advocacy of it.
5. These uttera nces are n ettue or false that is, not truth-evaluable. The utteri ng of them on formal occasions is or is part of thedoing of a certain kind of action, the
performanee of which, again, would not normally be described as just “saying ” o
“ describi ng" somethi ng (cf. Austin 1962, 5).
e. g.
“ This meet ing is now adjour ned. ”
The court is now in sessi on.
“ This church is hereby dsanctified. ” 批准，认可,使合法化
Unit2
[Check your un dersta nding]
1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.
2. f The hearer is held responsible.
3. f
4. t
5. f
In-Class Activities
1.
(1) No, they are essentially directives.
(2) “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。”
“ We' ll be very grateful for your presence. ”
(3) Because they expect other people complian'ces instead of refusals. One feels indebted感激的,受惠的, 蒙恩的if one does not comply with the request.
2.
(1) Commissives
(2) Yes. The second promise is achievedwith a condition which may turn the promise
(a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).
3.
(1) No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the speakcearnnot xcontrol. Utterance c describes somethingin the pastrather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that thehearerrather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has
a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past.
(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).
Zhang: 这件事你不应这样处理的。
Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。[where the speaker is not sincere]
4.
(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).
(2) Because saying that can normallyattract the waiter 's aatntedn t hioenwaiter
knows what to do in acontext like this.
Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save ouor r others ' face.
(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer 's words, the waiter may not take it seriously (if he is not joking).
5.
(1) The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack 's rmefoursearleadily.
Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.
(2) a. Calling on people to save water.
b. Denying people the right to park here.
The “irrelevant ” information is used to enhance the chances of successfully performing the directive acts.
Exercises
Task3.
1.
a. Aust in was a lead ing exp onent of 'an alytica l' or 'Ordi nary Lan guage' philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the moder n study of speech actsdeveloped subseque ntly. He was the in itiator of the speech act theory. He drew the disti nctio n betwee n con stative uttera nces and performative uttera nces, although he latter discarded the dist in ctio n. He in troduced the trichotomy of locuti onary act, illocuti onary act and perlocutio nary act.
Joh n Searle is widely no ted for his con tributi ons to thqohilosophy of Ian guage philosophy of mind and social philosophy. Searlehas in troduced the no ti on of 'indirect speech act' He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed the theory into a gen eral theory about huma n com muni cati on.
b. Speech act seque nee; resp on sive acts.
2.
No. Threate ning seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act.
Ope n.
3. Lear n how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.
4. Depe nds on whether thes in cerity con diti on is violated or not.
5.
a. declaration
b. representative
c. representative
d. directive
e. expressive
f. commissive
g. directive
h. commissive
i. declaration
6.
“ Excuse me ” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing;。mething, when the speaker ' s interruption
is not expected. However, “sorry ” is used in a different situation, and its preparatory
con diti on is that the speaker has made a mistake.
7.
Effective ness: a>b>c>d [other things being equal] Polite ness: a 8. a. It runs coun ter to the preparatory con diti on that the door must be closed at the mome nt. b. It goes against the sincerity condition. [It is felicitous as an act of thanking] c. It goes aga inst the preparatory con diti on that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer ' s disadvantage [yet refusing to eat dissert is not]. Unit 3 [Check your un dersta nding] 1. f 2. f 3. f 4. f 5. f In-Class Activities 1 (1) a. [direct answer about his father ' s profession] b. His father can help. c. His father cannot help. (2) A: Your father must be very great. B: He is a lawyer. A: Does your father earn a lot of money B: He is a lawyer. 2. (1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.