生理学英文名词及解释

部分生理学专业英文名词及英文解释

absolute refractory period 绝对不应期:The time interval during which a cell can initiate a second AP.

action potential 动作电位:An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane. It begins with a sudden change from the normal RP to a positive membrane potential.

active transport 主动转运:The movement of substances across the membrane,against the electrochemical gradient with energy.

afterload后负荷:Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

agglutination 凝集:If the blood in different groups be mixed, the red cells will clump.This clumping is known as agglutination.

autorhythmicity 自动节律性:Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat.!

alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气量：The amount of air reaching the alveoli per nunute. absorption 吸收：Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.

antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素：A product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.

anatomic dead space 解剖无效腔：The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary, vessels.

blood coagulation 血液凝固:The process of the blood changes from aq. system to coagualate system.

blood group 血型：Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.

blood pressure 血压：Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood agaxnst any unit area of the vessel wall.

basal metabolic 基础代谢率：The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12 to 14 hours after the last meal.

body temperature 体温：The body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a consiant temperature.

complete tetanus 完全强直收缩：When tile frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, it will make successive contractions appears to be completely smooth and continuous.

cross-matching test 交叉配血试验：Scram from recipieat is tested against the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.

cardiac cycle 心动周期：The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle.

cardiac index 心指数：Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. cardiac output 心输出量：The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output;it is also called minute volume.

cardiac reserve 心力储备：The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a

larger quantity of blood

cardiovascular center 心血管中枢：The cardiova.scular tearers arc responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.

central venous pressure 中心静脉压：The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium. compensatory pause 代偿间歇：The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause

compliance 顺应性：Distensibility,the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers.

cholinergic fiber 胆碱能神经纤维：A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.

conditioned reflex 条件反射：A conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normully does produce the response.

depolarization 去极化：The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.

diastolic pressure 舒张压：Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.

digestion 消化：Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.

decerebrate rigidity 去大脑僵直：When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.

equilibrium potential 平衡电位:an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.

excitability 兴奋性:Excitability is the ability of excitable cell to generate active changes in their membrane potential.

excitation 兴奋:Excitation signifies and increases in activity,such as contraction of a muscle,acceleration of the heart beat.

erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率:The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.

effective refractory period 有效不应期：The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to 60mv of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP.

ejection fraction 射血分数：The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected.

elastic resistance 弹性阻力:A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance(A V/AP), the reciprocal of the compliance.

energy metabolism 能量代谢:The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.

evoked potential 诱发电位:The various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.

excitatory postsynaptic potential 兴奋性突触后电位:The excitatory postsynaptic potential is

the local postsynaptie depolarization due to the release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals.

facilitated diffusion 易化扩散:In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carder and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

feedback 反馈:Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop.

gastric emptying 胃排空:Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum

glomerular effective filtration pressure 肾小球有效滤过压:The effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.

glomerular filtration fraction 肾小球滤过分数:The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys. glomerulotubular balance 球管平衡:One of the most basic mechamsms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow.

homeostasis 稳态:Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.

hemoglobin 血红蛋白:Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.

heterometric autoregulation 异长自身调节:Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.

internal environment 内环境:All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called internal environment of the body.

isometric contraction 等长收缩:Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.

isotonic contraction 等张收缩：Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.

inspiratoy reserve volume 补吸气量:The air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume.

intrapleural pressure 胸内压:The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.

intrapulmonary pressure 肺内压:T he pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential 抑制性突触后电位:A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.

microcirculation 微循环:Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. motor unit 运动单位:A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. negative feedback 负反馈:A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose the change from the desire value.

neuromuscular junction 神经肌肉接头:The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.

nonspecific projection system 非特异性传导系统：Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex

have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system. oxygen content 氧含量：The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood,described as percent saturated.

osmotic diuresis 渗透性利尿：An increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.

positive feedback 正反馈：With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.

preload 前负荷：Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction. pacemarker 起搏点：The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node. premature systole 期前收缩：When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of lhe relative refractory period,the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction.This phenomenon is called premature systole.

pulse pressure 脉压：The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure.

pulmonary surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质：A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting ( type- Il ) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins. pulmonary ventilation 肺通气：The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages eaeh minute.

postsynaptic inhibition 突触后抑制：The presynapfic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeabilily of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and/or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is diffcult to stimulate.

presynaptic inhibition 突触前抑制：A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptie knob.

relative refractory period 相对不应期:A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.

repolarization 复极化:Shortly after depolarization the membrance potential return to the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.

resting potential 静息电位:The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior. residual volume 余气量:The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.

renal glucose threshold 肾糖阈:When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.

renin 肾素:An enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin.

referred pain 牵涉痛an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.

salutatory conduction 跳跃传导:Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.

simple diffusion 单纯扩散means simply movement through the membrane down the gradient. sodium-potassium pump 钠-钾泵:The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na; out of cells and K; into cells.

stroke volume 每搏输出量:Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.

systolic pressure 收缩压:The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole.

set point 调定点:At a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.

slow wave 慢波:If an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle,, it records a recurring depolarization,they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER).

second messenger 第二信使:A small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.

specific projection system 特异性传导系统:The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.

spinal shock 脊休克:Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenon is called spinal shock..

stretch reflex 牵张反射:When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.

tidal volume 潮气量:The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e. , the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath;it amounts to about 500 mL.

total lung capacity 肺总容量:The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort(about 5800 mL); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

unconditioned reflex 非条件反射:A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.

ventilation/perfusion ratio 通气-血流比:The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung.

water diuresls 水利尿:The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion.