国际经济法翻译

Understanding international economic law

对于国际经济法的理解

It is appropriate to ask what we mean by “international economic law.”

我们应当问什么是我们所谓的“国际经济法”。

This phrase can cover a very broad inventory of subjects

这个短语能够覆盖库存量非常广泛的对象。

: embracing the law of economic transactions ;

包括经济交易法

government regulation of economic matters;

经济事务的政府规章

and related relations including litigation and international institutions for economic relations .

还有一些相关的关系，包括调整经济关系的诉讼和国际机构。

Indeed , it is plausible to suggest that 90 percent of international law work is

in reality international economic law in some form or another .

的确，这貌似合理的表明，在现实生活中，90%的国际法工作是以国际经济法的形式或者其他。

Much of this ,of course ,does not have the glamour or visibility of nation-state relations(use of force ,human rights, intervention etc.),but does indeed involve many questions of international law and particularly treaty law .

当然，这当中的大多数没有民族国家关系的魅力和可见性（通过运用强制力，人权，干预等等）但他们确实涉及很多国际法和特别是条约法的问题。

Increasingly ,today’s international economic law (IEL)issues are found on the pages of the daily newspapers.

越来越多地，当今的国际经济法问题被在日报页面上找到。

To some extent IEL can be divided into two broad approaches which cut across most of the subjects embraced by IEL.

在某种程度上，国际经济法能够被分成两个广义的分支，这两个分支涉及国际经济法包含的大多数主题。

These approaches can roughly be termed “transactional” or “regulatory.”

这些分支能大致被称为“交易型”或是“管理型”。

Both have their place ,but activities of research and policy formulation can be substantially different ,and should be understood .

这两者都有他们各自的一席之地，但对其的研究活动和政策的制定会有本质上的区别，这一点应当被理解。

Transactional IEL refers to transactions carried out in the context of

international trade of other economic activities ,and focuses on the way mostly private of other parties carry out their activity.

国际经济交易法指的是在其他经济活动交织的国际贸易环境下进行的交易，聚焦于其他各方私主体开展活动的主要方式。

Much of the literature ,for example, is descriptive.

例如，大多数的国际经济交易法文献是描述性的。

It can be valuable as instruction for potential players, to show “how to do it” and warn against pitfalls. It can also go further and make suggestions for change.

对于潜在玩家，它可以是有价值的指令，显示“如何做”并让他们警示陷阱。它也能够进一步提出改善的建议

Regulatory IEL ,however ,emphasizes the role of government institutions (national ,local or international).

然而，国际经济管制法则强调政府机构（国家的，当地的，或是国际性的）的作用。

Although it can be argued that the international trade transaction is the most government regulated of all private economic transactions (usually requiring at least a report for each transaction, e.g. a customs declaration),

尽管可以说，国际贸易交易是所有私主体经济交易中最受政府监管的。（通常要求对每个交易，至少有一个报道，比如海关申报）

nevertheless ,most traditional attention to IEL has been focused, perhaps for practical and challenges for understanding IEL and its impact on governments and private citizens’ lives ,suggest a focus on IEL as “regulatory law ,” similar to domestic subjects such as tax ,labor , antitrust, and other regulatory topics.

然而，对国际经济法的传统关注也许主要集中于对理解国际经济法以及它对政府和公民个人生活影响的现实和挑战，这表明国际经济法的重点是“管制法”，类似于国内议题比如税收，劳动力，反垄断和其他监管话题。

But apart from its breadth ,what are some of the characteristics of IEL which ,for example ,might affect the approach to it of scholars or policymakers? 但除了他范围之广，国际经济法还有一些什么样的特点，比如，那些特点可能影响学者和政策制定者研究它的途径呢？

The following are some tentative ventures to explore these characteristics ,but they are obviously by no means complete.

以下是对这些特点的初步探索，但显然他们绝不是完整的。

1.International economic law cannot be separated or compartmentalized from

general or “public” international law.

国经济经法不能从一般或“公共”的国际法中分开或割裂开。

The activities and cases relating to IEL contain much practice which is relevant to general principles of international law ,especially concerning treaty law and practice .

与国际经济法相关的活动和判例包含很多与国际法基本原则有关的惯例，尤其是有关的条约法与诉讼手续。

Conversely ,general international law has considerable relevance to economic relations and transactions.

反之，一般国际法与经济关系和交易有相当大的关联。

It is interesting ,for example ,to compare the number of cases handled by the GATT dispute settlement system(approximately 250) to those handled by the World Court (approaching 100).

例如，将关贸总协定争端解决机制处理的案件（约250起）与国际法庭处理的案件（接近100起）相比是很有趣的。

Numbers do not tell the whole tale ,but there certainly are some GATT cases that have had as profound consequences on national governments and world affairs as have International Court of Justice(ICL) case.

数字并不能告诉我们整个故事，但必定有一些关贸总协定案件对国民政府和世界事务产生深远的影响，国际法庭案件亦是如此。

The GATT cases are rich with practice relating to the general question of international dispute resolution ,and some of this practice has broader implications than simply for the GATT(and now WTO) system itself.

关贸总协定判例有着丰富的关于国际争端解决措施综合问题的实践，并且这样的一些实践比起仅仅关贸总协定（现在是世界贸易组织）系统自身，具有更广泛的影响。

2.The relationship of international economic law to national or “municipal”

law is particularly important .it is an important part of understanding international law generally ,but this “link,” and the interconnections between IEL and municipal law are particularly significant to the operation and effectiveness of IEL rules .For example ,an important questions is the relationship of treaty norms to municipal law, expressed by such phrase as “self-executing” or “direct application.”

国际经济法与国家或者说“市政”法的关系是特别重要的。它是整体上理解国际法的重要部分，但这个“联系”，以及国际经济法和市政法之间的互连对国际经济法规则的实施和效力是极其重要的。例如，一个重要的问题是条约规范和国内法之间的关系，通过这一类“自我执行”或“直接适用”传递。

3.as the title phrase “international economic law”suggests ,there is

necessarily a strong component of multidisciplinary research and thinking required for those who work on IEL projects .

像书名“国际经济法”所表明的那样，对于那些致力于国际经济法事业的人，他们性格中必定有强烈的多学科研究和思考的成分。

Of course ,”economics” is important and useful ,especially for understanding the policy motivations of many of the international and national rules on the subject. 当然，“经济学”是重要和有用的,尤其对于理解关于这个问题的很多国际和国家规则的政策动机。

Obviously ,it is just as important to understand some of the criticisms of economic analysis ,and to treat with skepticism some of the economic “models”. 显而易见，理解好对于经济分析的一些批评和处理好对经济“模型”的一些怀疑论是同样重要的。

Likewise ,there are alternative value structures which should balance some economic notions of “efficiency”.

同样地，存在可供选择的价值结构可以平衡一些关于“效率”的经济学概念

Thus , various lifestyle choices and certain long-range value objectives can at least appear ,and perhaps be contradictory to some economic objectives, as some of those economic objectives are phrased by certain writers .

因此，不同生活方式的选择和一定范围的价值目标至少能呈现在我们面前，也许他们与一些经济目标相矛盾，由于这些经济目标中的一些是被某些作家命名的。

In addition to economics ,of course ,other subjects are highly relevant ,Political science (and its intersection with economics found generally in the “public choice”literature) is very important ,as are many other disciplines ,such as cultural history and anthropology geography etc.

当然，除了经济学，其他科目也与之高度相关，比如政治科学（它与经济学的交叉点被发现普遍存在于“公共选择”文献中）也是非常重要的，其他许多学科亦是如此，例如文化史学和人类地理学等等。

4.Work on IEL matters often seems to necessitate more empirical study than

some other international law subjects .

从事国际经济法事务经常看上去比其他一些国际法问题需要更多实证研究。

Empirical research ,however, does not necessarily mean statistical research ,in the sense used in many policy explorations.

然而，实证研究，并不一定意味着统计研究，就这个意义而言被用于很多政策探索。

For some key issues of international law there are too few “cases” on which to base statistical conclusions(such as correlations),so we are constrained to use a more “anecdotal” or case –study approach.

对于一些国际法关键问题，可以以之为基础得出统计结论（比如相互关系）的案例太少，所以我们不得不采用包含更多事实或案例的研究方法。

This type of empiricism ,however ,as nevertheless very important ,and a good check on theory or on sweeping generalizations of any kind.

然而，这种类型的实证主义是如此重要，它是对理论或任何一种笼统概念的良好检查。

Since this often requires a study of particular cases, or at least of certain groups of cases, with considerable quantitative elements, it is frequently necessary to master a considerable amount of detail to understand some of the interplay of forces affecting international economic relations and the law concerning those relations.

因为这经常需要对特殊案例进行研究，或者至少对某几批有着相当大数量成分的案件进行研究，掌握相当多的细节去理解影响国际经济关系和有关这些关系的法律的各种力量的相互作用，这往往是非常必要的。

5.Another characteristic of IEL ,or at least of the problems of research and

producing scholarship about IEL ,is that ,like many subjects of international relations ,there is often a substantial problem with obtaining information .

Diplomatic habits and sometimes legitimate needs of governments for confidentiality can impose special burdens on scholars ,although in recent years a variety of special information sources ,such as focused newsletters and internet sites, have ameliorated some of these burdens.

国际经济法的另一个特点，或者说至少是关于国际经济法研究的问题和产生国际经济法这门学问的原因，像许多国际关系议题那样，是获取信息这样一个实质性的问题。

外交习惯，以及政府时而对机密的合法需求可能对学者造成特别的负担，尽管近几年来，各种特殊信息的来源，比如集中式的新闻报刊和因特网，减轻了一些这样的负担。

6.As the subjects of international economics became more central to

government policy decisions and studies, these subjects also became more prominent in the news media and more deeply interconnected with political groups and agenda.

当国际经济问题在政府政策的制定和研究中变得更重要，这些问题在新闻媒体中也变得更突出，与政治团体和议程的互联也更加深入。

Of course ,historically there have been periods of intense public debate about

international economic policies such as tariffs, or “antidumping”and unfair trade arguments.

当然，历史上曾有这样的时期，公众关于国际经济政策比如关税制度、“反倾销”、不公平贸易话题进行激烈的辩论。

But with a post-cold War shift to “geo-economics”and with developing fears among certain citizen groups about the influence of globalization on their personal and family well-being the “politicization”of international economic policy issues ,and therefore of legal issues related to them, has led to various issues, and therefore of legal issues related to them ,has led to various studies by different groups on IEL issues(such as those involved in the debate about the “fast-track” procedure with respect to the USA’s treaty-making rules involving the US congress).

但随着冷战后时代关注重点转移到“地缘经济学”，随着某些公民团体对于全球化对他们个人和家庭幸福的影响，以及国际经济政策问题政治化而引发的与他们相关的法律问题，感到日益增多的恐惧，这些都导致不同组织对国际经济法问题进行各种研究。（比如那些涉及到关于“快车道”程序有关美国条约制定规则并牵涉美国国会的争论）

These competing studies ,sometimes with vastly different conclusions obviously pose risks to the careful scholar.

这些竞争性的研究，有时伴随大相径庭的结论，明显对严谨的学者构成风险。What does all this imply for research?

这所有的一切对研究来说意味着什么？

Clearly it influences the selection of priorities for research and successfully carrying out IEL research .Empiricism ,multidisciplinary approaches,and the breadth of legal understanding to relate not only general international law principles with IEL ,but also both with national constitutional and other law , create quite burden.

显然，它影响到对研究方式的优先选择以及是否能成功地实施对国际经济法的研究。实证主义，多学科分析模式，不仅对有关国际法中关于国际经济法一般原则，还有对国家宪法和其他法律的法律问题理解上的广度，这些都造成相当大的负担。

In some cases(maybe most) it would seem preferable to shape research so as to be useful for the “active users”, the legal professionals(government or private) who must regularly cope with international law concepts and legal rules.

在某些情况下（也许大部分），使研究成形以便对“活跃用户”有用，似乎是更可取的，这些“活跃用户”指的主要是那些必须定期应付国际法概念和法律规定的法律专业人员（政府的或私人的）

This is a “policy research”preference rather than a “theory”preference ,although obviously there are many situations in which theory has important relevance to policy .But such theory needs to be “good theory”, and normally good theory must be tested ,usually by empirical observation.

这是一个“政策研究”的偏好而不是一个“理论”的偏好，尽管明显地，在很多情况下，理论与政策有重要的相关性。但这种理论需要是“好的理论”，一般来说好的理论必须进行测试，通常由经验观察得到。