英文文献翻译
利用枣汁生产面包酵母
A.Beiroti and S. N. Hosseini*
生产部，生产和研究复杂，伊朗的巴斯德研究所，卡拉杰，伊朗
摘要面包酵母是一类用来提高面包质量的重要添加剂。目前,不同国家主要采用分批培养、补料分批培养或连续培养的方式来生产面包酵母。酿酒酵母是用来发酵面团中淀粉的理想微生物,除了提升食品香味,增加口感之外,这一发酵过程可以产生多种维生素和蛋白质。用于生产酵母生物量的主要成分包括各种碳源,如甜菜糖蜜和甘蔗糖蜜等。由于甜菜糖蜜可用于高产率地生产乙醇,加之其带来的生物环境污染和废水处理问题,因此需要考虑用其他糖类来生产面包酵母。其中一个代替性糖源是枣。由于各种原因,伊朗每年都浪费大量的枣。研究了用枣作为培养基碳源的可行性。将废枣榨成汁,然后研究了酵母的产量和生长速率。结果发现,在pH3.4,温度30℃,通风量114vvm,发酵罐搅拌速度500r/min时,酵母对底物的产率接近50%。
关键词面包酵母,枣汁,酿酒酵母,生物量,生长速率
许多发展中国家主要营养问题的存在，生产高碳水化合物材料过量，可以利用发酵过程生产微生物蛋白，而人们可以用来升级食品和饲料。农业废料的材料用于生物转化成乙醇和生物量是一个有吸引力的可再生能源。目前针对用廉价的木质纤维素生物质原料替代成本较高的糖进行研究和开发。这个想法有两个优点：第一，获得高价值产品；第二、降低对环境的影响。
枣平均含有65%的糖，大部分是葡萄糖和果糖。糖可以很容易地从枣汁中提取并达到对微生物生长所需的营养物质的水准。
酿酒酵母有几个明确的优势在植物和动物上面。比如蛋白生产和用于生产谷胱甘肽，吸附重金属，提升食品口味，天冬酰胺，苯甲酸甲酯食品香精的合成，和有机化合物的生物转化。
一般面包酵母是生长在现在的甜菜和甘蔗糖蜜中的酿酒酵母。面包酵母的糖源可以消耗：果糖，甘露糖，半乳糖，蔗糖，麦芽糖和乳糖水解。乙醇也被酿酒酵母作为碳源。
研究表明面包酵母在糖基培养基内在两个阶段生长，第一阶段是获得能源生产（糖酵解）和呼吸的影响是低的，而第二阶段是培养基和菌种密切相关。
本研究的用枣作为发酵底物产生面包酵母，以玉米浸渍白酒类效应作为促生长剂，pH值，温度，通风效果，配制不同培养基进行了研究。
1.材料和方法
1.1培养基
枣汁为培养基。
枣汁的制备
废枣在浸泡前使用电动绞肉机绞碎，浸泡在约六倍的重量的冷自来水中12小时，再将枣浆压榨，用纱布多次过滤。获得的汁中含可溶性固形物14% W，提取液通过快速加热到95℃保持5min，然后分配到玻璃容器，-20℃存储直到需要使用时，在每次实验前枣汁都需要解冻，用蒸馏水稀释直到所需的可溶性固体浓度，用折射计测定。
0.25g/L，EDTA 0.1g/L，培养基含有硫酸铝8g／L，磷酸氢二钠5g／L，MgSO
4
CSL 7%和红枣提取物20g／L蔗糖。
1.2微生物
酵母菌株酿酒酵母sfo6是从伊朗mayeh公司购买（伊朗）。保藏菌种的琼脂斜面具有下列成分：葡萄糖20g／L，蛋白胨10g／L，酵母提取物5g／L，琼脂20g／L。24h生长的酵母在4℃保存。
1.3接种
接种在葡萄糖培养基中单向转移，其次通过已灭菌的微孔（0.45μM）滤波器转移到可溶性固形物5%枣汁，在30℃±1℃下摇床培养24h.然后直接以10%的接种量引入到发酵瓶或发酵罐，酵母接种量调整到3g/L。
1.4发酵
进行分批发酵是在锥形烧瓶，厌氧相和5L发酵罐。为了得到最佳培养基，大多数的生长实验是在同一烧瓶内进行，每个装有500毫升培养基包括可溶性固形物5%枣汁含丰富的化学物质。
烧瓶是用棉塞封闭并在121℃灭菌15分钟。在30℃±1℃进行轨道振动（200r/min）。其他发酵3L引入了5L发酵罐（chemap），在121℃消毒30分钟。温度保持在30℃和搅拌速度500r/min和空气流速5L／min，枣汁的初始pH 值为6 ~ 7。
1.5分析方法
在干重生物量的测定。酵母细胞以10000r/min离心10min后24h用100℃蒸馏水冲洗两遍。通过用DNS法测定还原糖的糖浓度。
乙醇是用重铬酸钾比色法预算，这是基于乙醇已完全氧化在硫酸下重铬酸形成醋酸。
用半微量凯氏法测定氮，酵母蛋白是用N×6.25因子的计算。原子吸收仪测定枣汁中的的Na，K，Ca，Fe，Cu和Mg的浓度。
1.6酵母活性测定
广泛用于分析酵母活性是面团在密闭容器中试验产生的面团的体积或压力气体（气盖）。压力计、液体压力计在很大程度上是通过自动装置被放置的，如理想图和发酵图。总压或产生的气体的体积在2 ~ 3小时的试验是经常公布累积量随时间变化的曲线（析气曲线）。在这项研究中的活性酵母面包。已通过发面团的方法测量。数据数据显示，得到的酵母面包。已经有显著的活性相比较
其他酵母表6。
温度：35℃；酵母和面粉的比例（G / G）：0.75/140
2.结果与讨论
分析枣汁提取物，结果显示在表1。
摇瓶试验结果（图1）表明，酿酒酵母不能在高细胞浓度和高转换率24h发酵生产。所以我们决定调查的最佳培养基获得高细胞浓度。最佳的培养基中，枣
汁，20g／L蔗糖需要增加（NH
2）
2
SO
4
，8g／L；磷酸二氢钠，5g／L；硫酸镁
0.5g/L，；EDTA，0.1g/L；7%俊；尿素，7g／L，pH = 3.4和30℃。该培养基中获得了7.05g/L总生物量。然后得到的最佳操作条件为获得最大产量，在5L 发酵罐。
酿酒酵母在摇瓶批次增长率图1
2.1 ph值的影响
制备了五瓶；每一个包含500毫升5%可溶性固形物研究初始pH值对酿酒酵母生长的影响。磷酸盐缓冲液用于调节培养基的pH值分别为2.8，3.2，3.4，3.6，3.89和4。结果表2表明，降低初始pH为3.4，导致最高的细胞生产。在发酵过程中微生物的应该用在酸性pH降低污染水平。
2.2温度的影响
在酿酒酵母中的生长温度是生产过程的一个重要因素。表3的结果表明，获得的最高生产的是在30℃。
2.3 玉米浸渍白酒类效应（CSL）
七种不同浓度的CSL添加到枣汁，接种酿酒酵母30℃培养振动，pH值为3.4，培养24h。结果表明CSL达到7%时产生生物量最高（图2）。CSL可作为氮源和促进生长的一个共同因素的来源。
图2 在批式反应器种CSL浓度对生物量的影响（T = 30℃，pH = 3.4）
2.4 5L发酵罐中的酵母生长
最佳培养基和摇瓶在给定的操作条件下，3L中引入5L发酵罐与涡轮混合器，四面换气。
搅拌控制在500r/min，调节柠檬酸缓冲液pH至3.4的柠檬酸缓冲液，温度在30℃。
然后直接从5%接种选择高活性引入到发酵罐。结果表明，产量和细胞生产的42.7%，49.77%，和10.65g/l 8.53克/ L在24、48h后发酵换气速率不同（表4）。结果也表明，结果也表明，最佳换气速率为5L/min（117vvm）和从24到
48 h换气时间的增加产生最大生物量，相对应于一个特定生长率0.24h1 获得最佳的葡萄糖浓度为20g/L。如果血糖浓度升高超过临界值，乙醇产量增长非常
迅速，它可以是酵母生长抑制剂（表5）。从枣汁生产面包酵母的批量动力学进行了详细的研究。图3显示了枣汁生物转化为乙醇的酿酒酵母细胞生长的批处理动力学。最初始的葡萄糖和果糖（20g／L）是由酵母代谢12h形成5g／L乙醇。在这一阶段生产量约为6g／L。在第二阶段的初始乙醇（5g／L）也是由酵
母代谢8h形成8.7g/L生物量。增长率达到了在第一阶段的0.24h1-最大值，在第二阶段0.18h1-（图4和5），通过莫诺方程得到。
葡萄糖：μ
= 0.24S /（2.572 +S）（1）
1
= 0.18E /（0.791 + E）（2）
乙醇：μ
2
S：葡萄糖浓度E：乙醇浓度
图3酿酒酵母在5L发酵罐批次增长率
图4 特定生长率对第一阶段葡萄糖浓度
图5特定生长率对第二阶段中乙醇浓度
（图4和5）表明，发酵11h和18h后特定生长率没有下降，因为抑制剂生产变少。
在最大培养基内观察到的特定的葡萄糖和乙醇在对数生长期的消耗率的峰值。
3.结论
红枣提取物可一作为丰富的葡萄糖和果糖（还原糖70%）并且酵母可以很容易消耗。枣汁是从枣中提取，是生产面包酵母的一个很好的选择。根据我们的研究生产面包酵母的最佳糖浓度为20g／L。枣提取物作为底物用于面包酵母，通过我们的数据显示每1公斤的面包酵母是3公斤废枣产生。
最佳的温度，压力，pH和换气速率分别得到30℃，1atm，3.4和5L/min。48h 后生物量浓度达到10.65g/L，相应的CSL浓度达到7%。
在优化参数的基础上获得50%产量。
致谢
作者要感谢Mrs. Maryam Khatami, Mr. Babak Akhshik 和来自伊朗的巴斯德研究所的Mr. Babak Akhshik 和Dr.Kareem Azheer的帮助，提高了原稿的质量。
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英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文翻译 - 英文
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
快速外文文献翻译
快速外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/fb7835221.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/fb7835221.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/fb7835221.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.360docs.net/doc/fb7835221.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
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计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
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