园艺专业英语考试重点知识汇总

Lesson 1 The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation

保护地栽培（设施栽培）的历史与发展

1. It includes a discussion of protected cropping in cold-and hot-frames glass cloches lean-to houses winter gardens orangeries conservatories and glasshouses in their varied forms and plastic-clad plant enclosures of all sizes ranging from low tunnels walk-in tunnels to large plastic houses

它包括一系列利用冷床、温床、玻璃罩、单屋顶温室、冬季花园、橘园、暖房和不同形式的玻璃温室和塑料覆盖，包括小拱棚、中棚（人能在其中行走）和塑料大棚中对园艺作物进行保护性种植的讨论。

2. the greenhouse is defined as a transparent enclosure designed to grow or temporarily protect plants Thus the definition does not include enclosures for growing mushrooms or tissue cultures.

温室定义为：旨在生长和临时保护作物的透明覆盖物。因而这个定义不包括食用菌和组织培养的设施

3. Chinese plant culture may have included greenhouses that according to tradition go back to antiquity A Chinese greenhouse consisted of a brick wall oriented east-west. On its southern side, a transparent surface consisting of bamboo sticks covered with oiled paper was placed at an angle 30。-40。to the horizontal During the day the brick wall became heated by the sun and at night it released its heat In addition at night the paper window was covered by rush mats which acted as thermal insulation. Similar simple greenhouses are in use today and it is claimed that they increase the night temperature by up to 6℃

中国传统的作物栽培很有可能已经包括温室，并且可以追溯到远古。中国温室包括东西走向的砖墙。南边是用竹竿支撑、上面覆盖油毡纸的透明覆盖物，与地面成30-40°。白天，墙体吸收太阳热量，晚上放热。另外，夜间在纸窗上加盖草帘隔热。这种简易温室至今仍在应用，据称它能将夜温提高6℃。

4. Heating and carbon-dioxide fertilization of hotbed through the decomposition of mixtures of horse manure and plant residues was widely used in the Netherlands at the beginning of the last century and remained the common way for growing cucumbers and melons until horses were replaced by tractors in the years after the Second World War

在十九世纪初荷兰就广泛运用分解马粪和植物残渣来给温床加热和CO2施肥，并一直沿用这种常规方法栽培黄瓜和甜瓜中，直到二战结束后的几年里，当马被拖拉机所取代（没有马粪可以使用）。

2 cold-and hot-frame阳畦和温床6 conservatory温室

8 tunnel拱棚 low tunnel小拱棚 walk-in tunnel 中拱棚 large plastic house塑料大棚

9 tissue culture组织培养10 out-of-season flowers and vegetables反季节的花卉和蔬菜

12 decaying manure or compost腐熟的农家肥或堆肥17 rush mat草席

21 even-span等屋面的 single-span单跨 multi-span连跨 多跨27 hotbed温床

Lesson 2 Goals of Greenhouse Climate Control

1.The use of climate control can influence the most important above-ground growth factors. These factors are light, CO2 concentration, temperature and air-humidity. The quantity of light is determined in most cases by the weather conditions outside the greenhouse, although the use of shades or supplementary lighting allows the grower to control this to some extent. Through the use

of climate control, the grower has mote influence over the other factors. What are the most important goals in the control of greenhouse climate? These can be summarized briefly:

利用气候控制能影响最重要的地上部生长因子。这些因子包括光、CO2浓度、温度和空气湿度。尽管使用遮荫或补光措施，种植者能在一定程度上进行光照的控制，但光的多少、强弱主要还是由温室外的气候条件决定的。通过气候控制，种植者对温室气候的影响远大于其它因子。那么，温室气候控制最主要的目标是什么呢？简要总结一下：

high production;①高产量

optimal harvest planning; ②最佳收获计划

optimal product quality; ③理想的产品质量

risk management (prevention of calamities) ; ④风险管理（灾害预防）

environmental goals (use of pesticides and energy) ; ⑤环境目标（涉及到杀虫剂和能量的使用）optimal crop condition (on behalf of previously named goals) ; ⑥最佳作物条件（为了前几项目标而设定的目标）

cost management (energy, CO2, labor). ⑦成本管理（能源、CO2、劳力等的成本）

2.At the same time, one must also consider that protected cultivation is an economic activity. Climate control must be seen within the framework of the total business situation. In this sense, climate control is always considered in relation to business goals, such as high production of good quality products, at the right time, at an acceptable cost and acceptable risk, and with an environmental impact which is as limited as possible

同时，人们必须认识到保护地栽培是一种经济行为。气候控制也必须视为是在总的商业框架下运作，在这个意义上，通常认为气候控制与商业目标有关，比如优质高产、最佳时间、可以接受的成本和可以接受的风险，尽可能少的对环境造成影响。

3.Climate control cannot be seen as separate from the crop, for which one tries to create optimal conditions. 气候控制不能与作物分开，因为人们要尽量为作物生长来创造最佳的条件。

4.In the DIF method, the night temperature is purposefully kept higher than the day temperature in order to shorten the internodal length, which yields a more compact plant.

在DIF方法中，为了缩短节间长度，可以有意使夜温高于日温，使株型紧凑。

5.The costs of climate control are largely due to the energy used for heating (and dehumidifying), cooling and possibly for supplementary lighting. In addition, CO2 injection can also result in extra costs. But reducing such costs should never be a goal in itself. One must always consider the extra benefits which result from the use of extra production resources (marginal costs versus marginal benefit). The costs can also be indirectly influenced by climate control, as a result of its effects on the need for labor and the utilization of greenhouse space (crop planning).

气候控制的费用很大程度取决于能源所耗，这些能源用于加热（或干燥），降温，可能还有补光。另外，注入CO2（CO2施肥）也能增加额外的成本。但是降低这些成本并不是环境控制的目标。人们必须认识到超额的利润来源于额外的生产资源（边际成本对边际利润）。气候控制也能间接影响到成本，比如通过影响劳动力的需求和温室空间的利用（作物计划）。

Lesson 4 Soilless Cultivation 无土栽培

1.The purpose of intermittent flow is to assure adequate aeration of the root system This also reduces the energy required but under rapid growth conditions plants could experience water stress if the flow period is too short or infrequent Therefore intermittent flow management seems better adapted to mild temperature periods or to plantings during the early stage of development Capillary matting is sometimes used in the side-to-side meandering of the solution stream around young root systems But it also acts as a reservoir by retaining nutrients

and water during periods when flow ceases 这种间断性流动的目的是保证根际有足够的通气。同时减少能量消耗；但在快速生长条件下，如果流动期太短或太少，植物可能承受水分胁迫。因此，间断性流动管理看起来更适于气候温和期或作物发育的早期。具毛细管孔状的垫子有时在蜿蜒流动的营养液中用于幼嫩根系周围。但它也是在流动停止时的一段时间中充当营养液或水分的贮液库。

2.Soilless culture in bags, pots, or troughs with a lightweight medium is the simplest, most economical and easiest to manage of all soilless systems. The most common media used in containerized systems of soilless culture are peat-litter or a mixture of bark and wood chips.

袋、盆或水槽中放入轻质的基质进行无土栽培是所有无土栽培系统中最简单、最经济和最易于管理的方法。在无土栽培的容器系统中最常用的介质是泥炭藓、树皮和木屑的混和物。

Lesson 5 Effects of Salinity on Crops盐度对作物的影响

2 osmotic渗透的,渗透性的6 microelement微量元素1

3 sprinkler irrigation喷灌1

4 furrow irrigation沟灌1

5 trickle irrigation滴灌17 osmotic adjustment渗透调节

Lesson 6 Drip Irrigation T echnology 滴灌技术

Drip irrigation allows a grower the ability to apply water and add chemicals and fertilizers directly to the plant滴灌允许种植者直接向植物应用水和添加化学品和化肥

1 drip irrigation滴灌5 filter滤嘴 过滤器16 filtration过滤 筛选2

2 fast耐久的 牢固的26 niche小生境28 precision agriculture精准农业 精细农业

Lesson 7 Plasticulture塑料栽培

Today non-woven covers are common throughout the world The light weight and the permeability of these films allow gas exchange and penetration of rain control insects enhance growth and freeze protection and eliminate hand ventilation

plasticulture塑料栽培2 green revolution绿色革命3 ground cover地面覆盖

4 controlled environment agriculture(CEA) 控制环境农业

Lesson 8 Biotechnology and Horticulture 生物技术与园艺By all accounts 1996 was a critical year in the history Of plant biotechnology For the first time American farmers planted large areas in transgenic plants including herbicide-tolerant soybeans and insect-resistant cotton

Ripening and Senescence 成熟和老化1 biotechnology生物技术2 horticulture园艺学

3 recombinant重组体 重组合子 重组细胞

Lesson 20 Writing A Research Report

Title： this should be short but must include essential information concerning the research 题目：简短，但必须包括研究中包括的必要信息；

Summary： very short overview of the aim of the research the factors investigated and the results 摘要：非常简短地概括研究目的、观察因子和结果；

Introduction： the framework objective and definition of the research is presented

引言：所做的研究骨架、目标和定义；

Materials and methods： explanation of the factors investigated the experimental set-up and the way in which the experiment was carried out

材料和方法：说明观察的因子，试验安排和试验方法；

Results： reporting in writing the results of the research indicating relevant tables figures and any appendixes in which these results are presented

结果：报告研究结果，列出相关图表或所得结果提交的附录；

Discussion： interpretation of the results related to results from other trials and or literature

Conclusions： very brief if possible a step-by-step summing up of the conclusions that can be drawn from the trial

结论：非常简洁，如果可能一步一步地总结从试验中能得出的结论References： alphabetical list(of authors’names)of all the sources of literature used in the report(books articles from journals proceedings of congresses etc )

参考文献：按字母顺序列出所有在报告中用到的文献的来源（书期刊中的文章，会议录学报等等）；

Appendixes： drawings and results(tables and figures) which are either of too little importance or too detailed to be well presented in the report itself

附录：图和结果（图和表），在报告中不太重要或过于细节化而不能列出的