英语阅读理解(科普环保)提高训练含解析

英语阅读理解(科普环保)提高训练含解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。When athletes at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics collect their medals, they'll not only be wearing something that celebrates their sporting performance, but something that symbolizes lastingness. For both the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics, organizers aim to make all of the gold, silver, and bronze medals out of used electronics. This strong message about how to make use of e-waste has gotten a lot of Japan involved.

Starting in April 2017, the Japanese Olympic Committee began collecting old laptops, digital cameras, smartphones, and other abandoned electronics. The initiative (倡议) has achieved great success. Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and they're in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March.

When looking just at the number of cell phones collected, the amount of waste is shocking. In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. Japan's largest mobile phone operator allowed the public to turn in phones at their shops, which counted a lot in the project's success.

After being taken apart and sorted, the small electronics underwent a smelting process to extract (提炼) all the gold, silver, and bronze elements. Thanks to this initiative, the worldwide struggle with e-waste will have a global platform. According to a study published by the United Nations University—44.7 million metric tons of e-waste were made in 2016. Only 20% of that was actually recycled. Unfortunately, this figure is set to rise significantly in the coming years, moving to 52.2 million metric tons by 2021. So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the bucket, it's a good start in showing what the public can do if they're made more aware of the issue.

（1）What can be learnt about Tokyo Olympics initiative from the passage?

A. E-waste in the world is increasing significantly.

B. It is easy to get elements needed from the used electronics.

C. Only producers of electronics participated in the project.

D. NTT DOCOMO contributed to the success of the project.

（2）Which can best replace the underlined word "homestretch" in Paragraph 2?

A. starting period

B. collection effort

C. final stage

D. hard search

（3）What influence does the Tokyo Olympics initiative have?

A. It offers an effective method to solve the problem of e-waste.

B. It shows the power of advanced technology in daily life.

C. It saves the expense spent in making all the medals.

D. It encourages the public's involvement in dealing with e-waste.

（4）What is the writer's attitude to the Tokyo Olympics initiative?

A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Ambiguous

D. Indifferent

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了日本将回收利用废弃的电子产品中的金属，用于制作2020年奥运会奖牌。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的" In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. "在大约18个月的时间里，由于与NTT Docomo的合作，收集了500多万部智能手机，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的"Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and they're in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March. "铜牌所需要的数量已经达到了，并且到了最后关头，也就是说，收集过程可以在3月底完成。in the homestretch 固定短语，“最后关头”，故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的" So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the bucket, it's a good start in showing what the public can do if they're made more aware of the issue. "所以尽管东京奥运会的提议只是杯水车薪，这是一个很好的开始，展示了如果公众对这个问题有了更多的认识，他们能做些什么。故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。根据全文的描述，可知作者对于东京奥运倡议是持积极的态度，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Throughout much of human history, man has been the measure of many, if not all, things. Lengths were divided up into feet and smaller units from the human hand. Other measures were equally characteristic. Mediterranean traders for centuries used the weight of grains of wheat to define (定义) their units of mass. The Romans used libra, forerunner of the pound, by referring to the weight of a carob (角豆树) seed.

The sizes of similarly named units could also differ. The king's foot, used in France for nearly 1, 000 years after its introduction by Charlemagne in around 790 AD, was, at 32.5cm, around a centimeter shorter than the Belgic foot, used in England until 1300.Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian versions of water in a fixed container varied from one another by a few kilos, Nor was there agreement on such things within countries. In France, where there was no unified (统一的) measurement system at the national level, the situation was particularly terrible. The lieue (former measure of distance), for example, varied from just over 3 km in the north to nearly 6 km in the south.

Although John Wilkins, an Englishman, first put forward a decimal system (十进制) of measurement in 1668, it was the French who in 1799 made it law. The Système International d'Unités (SI, or the metric system, as it is better known) developed from it and became the official measurement in all countries except Myanmar, Liberia and the United States. Now the

International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris is set to give the metric system its biggest shake-up yet.

At a meeting in Versailles, France, on November 16th, 2018, the world's measurement bodies are almost certain to approve a decision that will mean four out of the seven base SI units, including the kilogram, will follow the other three, including the metre, in being redefined in terms of the values of physical constants (物理常数).Each of the chosen constants has been measured incredibly precisely, which would mean that from May 20th2019 the constants will themselves be fixed at their current values for ever. Any laboratory in the world will then be able to measure, for example, the mass of an object as precisely as the accuracy of their equipment will allow.

（1）What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us?

A.Pound went before libra in measurement.

B.Different things used to be adopted as measures.

C.Grains were accepted as measures by the Romans.

D.Fixed measurement systems were gradually formed.

（2）How does the author develop the second paragraph?

A.In time order.

B.By analysis.

C.In space order.

D.By comparison.

（3）Which of the following countries used SI as an official measurement?

A.France.

B.Liberia.

C.America.

D.Myanmar.

（4）What will the world's measurement bodies achieve at the meeting held in Versailles?

A.They will come up with seven new SI units.

B.They will set May 20th as a new international festival.

C.They will redefine four SI units including the kilogram.

D.They will decide on a new measure used in the laboratory.

【答案】（1）B

（2）D

（3）A

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，法国凡尔赛宫举办的国际计量大会，将对目前使用的国际单位制中的四个基本单位进行重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“man has been the measure of many, if not all, things ”以及下文提到的用作计量单位的手、脚、谷物重量和参考角豆种子重量的磅可知，本段主要讲述了不同的东西被用作计量单位。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“The king's foot ...around a centimetre shorter than the Belgic foot”和“Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian versions of water in a fixed container varied from

one another by a few kilos,以及The lieue (former measure of distance), for example, varied from just over 3 km in the north to nearly 6 km in the south”可推知，本段作者主要运用了对比的写作方法，把同一计量单位在不同国家之间或者在同一国家不同区域间的差异进行了说明。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“it was the French who in 1799 made it law和The Système International d'Unités (SI, or the metric system, as it is better known)developed from it and became the official measurement in all countries except Myanmar, Liberia and the United States ”可知，在所给出的四个国家中，只有法国采用国际单位制(SI)。国际单位制是现时世界上最普遍采用的标准度量衡单位系统，采用十进制进位系统。故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“At a meeting in Versailles, France, on November 16th, 2018, the world's measurement bodies are almost certain to approve a decision that will mean four out of the seven base SI units...will follow the other three...in being redefined in terms of the values of physical constants”可知，在法国凡尔赛宫召开的会议上，七个基本计量单位中的四个将被重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

The clock always seems to be ticking rather too fast in the doctor's office and the queue of patients outside the door seems to be pressing rather too hard. Some say it's high time for the model of short, sharp one-to-one appointments to give way to shared medical appointments (SMAs共享医疗预约).

SMAs are doctor-patient visits in which a group of patients receive patient education and counseling (咨询), physical examination and medical support in a group setting. Typically SMAs are designed to have one or more doctors attend to a group of patients who share a common illness or medical condition. In contrast to one-to-one visits, SMAS provide a longer appointment time-frame as well as the opportunity for patients to have improved access to their physicians and meanwhile pick up additional information and support from peers.

However, doctors who have pioneered the shared appointment approach report that there are significant challenges involved. Dr. Sumego, director of shared medical appointments, Cleveland Clinic, identifies culture change as the most significant challenge. Physicians and nurses are trained in a model of personal service and privacy; the SMA approach is a fundamental challenge to those fixed ideas. They need shared goals and a way of testing the innovation against agreed standards. Dr. Sumego says, "The physicians may be worried about the possible chaos and efficiencies that are marketed. They also have to make the patients understand what their appointment is, and what the expectation is."

"So, if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments, I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians, develop the work-flow and develop some experience. Provide some support behind what that best practice should look like. Create some standards so that, as the concept spreads, you can employ that experience to start the next shared medical appointments and the next."

（1）What is the purpose of the SMA approach?

A. To improve medical service.

B. To promote doctors' reputation.

C. To conduct medical research.

D. To meet patients' expectation.

（2）According to Dr. Sumego, what prevents the SMA approach from being widely adopted?

A. Personal service.

B. Fixed ideas.

C. Lack of equipment.

D. Shared goals.

（3）What can the underlined "buy-in" in Paragraph 4 be replaced by?

A. practice

B. organization

C. purchase

D. support

（4）What can be learned about the SMA approach in the last paragraph?

A. It is currently being questioned.

B. It is impractical in some areas.

C. It will enjoy wide popularity soon.

D. It should be carried out step by step.

【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了SMAs (共享医疗预约) 模式，以及这种模式

面临的挑战。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“In contrast to one-to-one visits, SMA provide a longer appointment time-frame as well as the opportunity for patients to have improved access to their physicians and meanwhile pick up additional information and support from peers.”可知SMAs模

式为患者提供了更长的预约时间，也为患者提供了更好地与医生接触的机会，同时还能从

同行那里获得额外的信息和支持。这说明SAMs的出现是为患者提供更好的医疗服务。故

选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Dr. S umego, director of shared medical appointments, Cleveland Clinic, …… personal service and privacy; the SMA approach is a fundamental challenge to those fixed ideas.”可知Dr. Sumego认为，文化转变是最大的挑战。医生和护士接受的是

针对个人服务和隐私的培训; SMAs方法是对这些固定想法的根本挑战。也就是说，改变这

些已经固定的想法是一种挑战，所以这些固定的想法会阻碍SMAs模式的推广，故选B。（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments，I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians”

可知如果一个组织要寻求共享医疗模式的话，Dr. Sumego建议他们从一些优秀的医师开始

他们的buy-in，根据语境，故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“So, if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments, I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians, develop the… appointments and the next.”可知如果一个组织要开始SMAs，Dr. Sumego建议

他们从一些优秀的医师开始，开发一些流程，积累一些经验。制定一些标准，以便随着概

念的推广，他们可以利用这种经验开始下一次共享医疗预约然后将下次的经验用到下下

次。这说明SMAs的实施需要一步一步来，不会一步到位。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解

A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are "striking" and should encourage research efforts.

Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.

Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice – one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an inactive (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.

Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine. There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA-based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last.

（1）If the tests in humans go smoothly, .

A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.

B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.

C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.

D. The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months.

（2）Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.

B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.

C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.

D. It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective.

（3）Which can be the best title for the passage?

A. Zika vaccine 'works very well' in mice

B. Zika vaccine still has a long way to go

C. International researches into Zika have paid off

D. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine

【答案】（1）C

（2）B

（3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away"可知，但是，即使这些进展顺利，一种广泛用于保护高危人群的授权疫苗仍需数年时间，也就是说如果人体试验进展顺利的话，短期内仍无法获得授权疫苗，故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice"可知，美国科学家在白鼠身上只测试了两种而不是两种以上的寨卡病毒，故选B。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus,"可知，一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是寨卡病毒疫苗对小白鼠非常有效，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．犇犇阅读理解

Hacking isn't just for computers and smartphones, According to a study published last week in the journal Science, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world.

Photosynthesis（光合作用）is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists who conducted the new study say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy available to therm. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent.

"Specifically, scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system is activated when a plant gets too much sunlight, "said scientist Krishna Niyogi, co-author of the study. When the plant senses the light, it gets rid of extra energy and creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off, but the process is slow.

Stephen Long is the lead author of the study. He compared a plant's protective system to light-adjusting glasses. When a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses（镜片）darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. This makes it hard for plants to get the right amount of sunlight needed to create food.

The new study sped up the process. By changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth in two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a

third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes will produce the same results in corn and rice.

（1）What will happen to the plants when scientists change plants' genes？

A. They will become weaker and weaker.

B. They will grow fast to produce more food.

C. They will have more beautiful flowers.

D. They will depend less on sunlight.

（2）Why does the author mention light-adjusting glasses？

A. To warn people of the hot and bright sun.

B. To explain the principle of plants' protective system.

C. To help leaves of the plants absorb sunlight.

D. To serve the science experiment smoothly.

（3）In the future, the genetic changes will be used to.

A. improve tobacco plants' quality

B. increase tobacco plants' leaves and roots

C. improve the flowers' living time

D. increase the production of corn and rice

（4）Which of the following can be the theme of this text？

A. Hacking plants for more production

B. Leaf growing more quickly

C. Double production of tobacco plants

D. Photosynthesis and production

【答案】（1）B

（2）B

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家通过改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world. ”可知，科学家发现改变植物基因会使植物的光合作用速度加快，将来会增加全球植物的产量。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“ He compared a plant's protective system to light-adjusting glasses. When a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses（镜片）darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. ”可知，作者提到镜片是为了说明植物的保护系统的工作原理与镜片相同。故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“ But they think the genetic changes will pr oduce the same results in corn and rice. ”但是他们认为基因的改变将在玉米和水稻中产生相同的结果。可知选D。

（4）考查主旨大意，根据文章内容可知，科学家改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!

Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. "When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive." He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.

When you feel stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what we call our fight-or-flight response. However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.

Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they claim that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.

Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even feel foolish ... smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.

"Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health." And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.

（1）Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam's opinion?

A.Smile has the same effects as laughter.

B.Smile can be used to take the place of medicine.

C.Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health.

D.Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.

（2）What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones?

A.They can lower our blood pressure.

B.They will surely lead to heart diseases.

C.They can benefit us when we are in danger.

D.They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.

（3）Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health?

A.It can make us relax.

B.It increases sugar levels.

C.It has little bad side effects.

D.It can happen for no reason.

（4）What can be the best title for the text?

A.A Thorough Analysis of the Causes of Heart Diseases

B.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart

C.One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress Hormones

D.The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议多保持微笑，他认为微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。同时说明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人们感到压力时的身体反应等情况。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemi cals that are released are more positive.”当我们微笑时，大脑的线路会发生变化。释放出的化学物质更积极。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑能使我们的身体产生有益的化学物质。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you.”如果你真的有危险，这些荷尔蒙会帮助你。可知，当我们处于危险中时，压力荷尔蒙可以帮助我们。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.”如果我们微笑，我们就打破了压力和健康之间的联系。而且它可能会为每个人的心脏健康提供一点额外的保护。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑可以使我们放松，从而有利于我们的健康。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart.”哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议他的病人保持微笑。他说，微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。以及结合文章内容主要介绍了微笑能够让我们放松进而有利于我们的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

Some things should just be common knowledge by now. The Earth isn't flat. Nope, your hair and nails don't grow after you die. The holes at the top of Bic biro pens are there so that, if you swallow one accidentally, you can still breathe and won't choke to death. It's debatable whether that last one there is common knowledge or not. A quick Google search of the fact, rewritten as a question, shows articles addressing this point going back several years, with the latest (re)appearing just this week over on ScienceAlert. We suppose it's one of those things that come up from time to time, like what would happen if you attack Yellowstone with a nuclear weapon (not much, as it turns out).

If you jump over to Bic's website, under their FAQs (frequently asked questions), it quite clearly states: "The reason that some BIC? pens have a hole in their cap is to prevent the cap from completely obstructing the airway if accidentally breathed in. This is requested by the international safety standards ISO11540, except for in cases where the cap is considered too large to be a choking risk."

That's rather lovely of them. In appreciation of their want to not kill off their more clumsy customers, we thought we'd share a few more random facts about Bic that are probably going to come up in a pub quiz one day. Did you know, for example, that each Bic ballpoint pen can produce at least 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) of ink before it begins to run out? In fact, in 2018, 7,250 kilometers (4,505 miles) of writing tests on such pens were carried out on ballpoint pens, gel pens(中性笔), and rollers to make sure they worked to the highest standard.

The best part of the Bic site, however, is this rather curious fact: "100 percent of pen balls are made through a highly-controlled process." As opposed to a highly uncontrolled process, involving explosions and bouncy castles and total chaos, we suppose.

（1）Why does the author mention the case of Yellowstone?

A. To list the facts.

B. To prove his point.

C. To compare the two situations.

D. To emphasize the importance of safety.

（2）What does the underlined word "obstructing" in paragraph 2 mean?

A. Block.

B. Open.

C. Transform.

D. Narrow.

（3）Why were the writing tests on pens carried out?

A. To work out their lifespan.

B. To assure their good quality.

C. To prove some random facts.

D. To compare different pens with each other.（4）In what tone does the author develop the text?

A. Critical.

B. Acid.

C. Humorous.

D. Serious.

【答案】（1）B

（2）A

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，毕克笔的笔帽上有一个小孔是为了防止那些粗心的使用者不小心吞下而窒息死亡。这真是粗心使用者的生命通道。

（1）考查推理判断。毕克笔的笔帽上留一个小孔的原因，且这个问题会被偶尔问到，就像如果你用核武器攻击黄石公园会发生什么事这个问题一样，作者是在举例证明他的观点，故选B。

（2）考查词义猜测。此处意为当使用者不慎把笔帽吞下时，笔帽上的小孔就是为了阻止笔帽完全阻塞气管而引起窒息，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"In fact, in 2018, 7,250 kilometers (4,505 miles) of writing tests on such pens were carried out on ballpoint pens, gel pens(中性笔), and rollers to make sure they worked to the highest standard."可知，举行书写测试的目的是为了确保笔能够达到最高的标准，故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"Some things should just be common knowledge by

now. The Earth isn't flat. Nope, your hair and nails don't grow after you die. "和第三段中的"That's rather lovely of them. In appreciation of their want to not kill off their more clumsy customers"等作者的行文措辞可知，作者笔调轻松幽默，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

City trees grow faster and die younger than trees in rural forestry, a new study finds. Over their lifetimes, then, urban trees will likely absorb less CO2 from the air than forest trees.

As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2. However, CO2is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as/heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning-of fossil(化石)fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases into the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.

Studies had shown forests readily absorb CO2, but there hadn't been much data on whether city trees grow, die and absorb CO2at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out.

To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree's diameter increases as it grows, just as a person's waist size increases as they gain weight. About half the weight of a tree is carbon, research has shown. Most of the rest is water. Over the nine years' tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon from the air as forest trees. However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more CO2.

City trees grew faster because they had less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest，trees tend to grow close together，shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮)in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak.

（1）What can he known about CO2 from paragraph 2?

A. It is one of the side effects of greenhouses.

B. It greatly accelerates the process of global warming.

C. It results from the widespread burning of fossil fuels.

D. It prevents the earth from becoming unsuitable to live on.

（2）Why did researchers track the diameters of trees?

A. To know about their growth rates.

B. To find out how much they weigh.

C. To check whether they were healthy.

D. To assess the carbon amounts in them.

（3）What advantage do city trees have over forest trees?

A. They are more likely to access growth promoters.

B. They can enjoy more water coming from the air.

C. They can enjoy more shade from neighbors.

D. They are better at competing for light.

（4）What will probably be talked about if the passage is continued?

A. How urban trees can live longer.

B. Why city living makes trees die young.

C. How trees respond to dry soil conditions.

D. Why faster-growing trees absorb more C02.

【答案】（1）D

（2）A

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现：与长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快，但死得更早。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2.”可知，如果没有二氧化碳，地球将会极冷或极热。可以推断，二氧化碳可以防止地球变得不适合居住。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“To figure on how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters.”可知，研究人员监测树木的直径是为了了解树木的生长速度。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Street trees also benefit from high er levels of nitrogen (氮）in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground.”可知，与生长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快是因为它们无需与邻近的树木争夺光照，也能得到更多的氮量，还更容易得到水。光、氮和水都可以促进树木的生长。由此可以推断，城市里的树木比森林中的树木更可能获得生长促进剂。故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。首句就提到了一项新的研究结果：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章第三段说到“以前有研究表明森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是城市里的树木的生长、死亡和吸收二氧化碳的速度是否跟森林中的树木一样，这方面的数据不多。因此一些研究人员决定弄清楚”；文章第四段再次介绍了他们的研究发现：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章最后一段介绍了城市里的树木比森林中的树木生长得更快的几个原因。由此可以推断，文章接下来很可能就要介绍城市里的树木死得更早的原因。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

Some years ago, Michel-Andre found himself staring at the body of a dead whale on a beach in the Canary Islands. It was obvious that the animal had been struck violently by a ship——but why? Only later, after surveying the whales which lived in the area and measuring the increase of sound pollution from ships did it become clear that there was a link.

The whales had become desensitised to the noise of approaching boats and were being struck by them, often seriously. "We never thought that this could be something that could kill," recalls

(回忆) Andre, who is the director of the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics at the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona.

Andre has spent 20 years developing an advanced system to better understand why incidents like this happen. His underwater microphones have exposed a world of deafening sound and animal communication never observed with such clarity(清晰) before.

It was not an easy task. Sound waves don't travel through water in the uniform, predictable way they do through the air. Instead, the temperature, salinity (盐度) and, flow of water have great effects on their path.

What can be done? One solution is to change shipping routes to courses where ships are statistically less likely to meet animals. It's also possible to slow ships down to 18km/h or less, which is less likely to seriously injure a whale.

As for dealing with the root cause of the problem, the UN's International Maritime Organisation has already published guidelines on how to quieten ships, but it will be a while before the effects of such changes might be observed.

"The ocean is not our world," comments Andre. But it is ours to look after. And thanks to his work, we can better understand the effects of subsea sound pollution.

（1）What does the underlined word "desensitised" in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. Stubborn.

B. Flexible.

C. Dull.

D. Friendly.

（2）What's one way to solve the problem according to the text?

A. To lower the speed of ships.

B. To reduce the number of ships.

C. To set up preserves under the sea.

D. To give the injured animals timely treatment.（3）What is the author's attitude towards what Michel Andre has done?

A. Doubtful.

B. Disapproving.

C. Positive.

D. Uncaring.

（4）What is the text mainly about?

A. A great expert.

B. Noise in the sea.

C. Animals in the sea.

D. Sea exploration technology.

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海底噪音对海洋生物的影响以及如何降低海底噪音的问题。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的”the noise of approaching boats and were being struck by them, often seriously“可知，鲸鱼被靠近的船只碰撞，因为它们可能是对船只所产生的噪音比较“迟钝”。故可知划线部分单词意思为“迟钝的”。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的”It's also possible to slow ships down to 18 km/h or less, which is less likely to seriously injure a whale.“也有可能将船只减速到每小时18公里或更少，这样就不太可能严重伤害鲸鱼。可知，降低船只速度是文中提到的一种解决办法。故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”And thanks to his work, we can better understand

the effects of subsea sound pollution.“由于他的工作，我们可以更好地了解海底声音污染的影响。可知，作者对Michel Andre所做的工作十分认可。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了海底噪音对海洋生物的影响以及如何降低海底噪音的问题，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Are you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside: because in the U.S. you're far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer skipping across the road.

Deer cause more than 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29, 000 injuries, all because of 1.2 million collisions between vehicles and deer. Most incidents occur in the eastern U.S., where deer prosper without natural predators like wolves and mountain lions.

"That's the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem, and where it seems like an effective large carnivore reintroduction could make a really big difference." says wildlife biologist Laura Prugh from University of Washington. She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions, also known as cougars, pumas or panthers, to parts of their historic range from which they've been driven out.

The researchers say that bringing the predators back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades. Each year would see five fewer human deaths, 680 fewer injuries and a savings of some 550 million. Sophie L. Gilbert thinks there are great socioeconomic benefits of large predator restoration through reduced wildlife-vehicle collisions and she says, says, "Cougars have shown that they can coexist in short distance with people, with very few conflicts, in a lot of areas out west."

Still, some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of plan. After all, reintroducing predators doesn't come without risks to pets and to livestock, and very occasionally to people.

"Our fear of large predators is so natural and intense that I don't think it's possible to just completely clear it with statistics… What I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more supportive and maybe balance that fear a little bit." says Laura.

Indeed, the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks. But it'll be a tough sell: the press will cover cougar attacks, but a statistically prevented death does not make the news. Nevertheless, "If people in the west can put up with having mountain lions around, I would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well."

（1）What is closest in meaning to the underlined word "carnivore" in Paragraph 3?

A. A cat-like animal.

B. A dangerous animal.

C. A meat-eating animal.

D. A grass-eating animal.

（2）Why do people want to bring back mountain lions?

A. To minimize the accidents caused by deer.

B. To maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.

C. To take up the challenge from people in the west.

D. To reduce people's fear of this dangerous creature.

（3）Why is it hard to persuade people to accept this measure?

A. Because the risks outweigh the benefits.

B. Because mountains lions like eating people.

C. Because the benefits are not as eye-catching as its risks.

D. Because mountain lions tend to get too close to people.

（4）What is the best title for the text?

A. Puma: a Tough Sell

B. A New Study on Puma

C. Deer Cause Huge Life Losses

D. Deer or Pumas: a Hard Choice

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）C

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为了减少由鹿所造成的交通事故，科学家重新引进了美洲师动物，但这项决策更糟，给了们带来了恐惧，很难推广。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“That's the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem”在那里，鹿与车碰撞是一个很大的问题；”，以及“She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions, also known as cougars, pumas or panthers, to parts of their historic range from which they've been driven out.”她认为这将有助于将美洲狮等食肉动物重新引入它们被驱逐出的历史区域会有所帮助。根据“一个有效的重新引入大型食肉动物可能就会有所影响”。由此可推断出"carnivore"指的是“食肉动物”。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"The researchers say that bringing the predators back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades. Each year would see five fewer human deaths, 680 fewer injuries and a savings of some 550 million."可知，研究人员说，将食肉动物带回美国东部意味着30年内汽车和鹿之间的碰撞减少了22%。每年将减少5人死亡，680人受伤，节省5.5亿美元。由此可知，将美洲师带回是为了降低鹿引起的交通事故。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"Indeed, the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks. But it'll be a tough sell: the press will cover cougar attacks, but a statistically prevented death does not make the news." 事实上，统计数据表明，美洲狮可以预防与鹿有关的事故造成的死亡人数，是它们被袭击造成的死亡人数的五倍。但这将是一个艰难的销售：媒体将

报道美洲狮的袭击，但从统计上防止死亡并不能成为新闻。可知，它的好处不如它的风险那么引人注目。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，为了减少鹿所造成的交通事故，科学家引进了美洲师动物，有效的重新引入了了大型的食肉动物让事故减少了许多。但媒体报道美洲狮的袭击，这不但使得这项决策更糟，还给了们带来了恐惧，很难推广。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。