阅读理解之 主旨大意题

阅读理解之主旨大意题

主旨大意题的设题方式

1)主题类

The main idea of the passage is …

The passage is mainly about …

What is the passage mainly about?

Which of the following statements is the main idea of the passage?

The main idea of the…paragraph is probably….

The… paragraph talks about….

What?s Paragraph… mainly about…?

2) 标题类

The best title of the passage is …

3)目的类

The passage is meant/intended to …

The purpose of this article is to …

考点1主题类（概括主旨大意或段落大意类）

Task 1 掌握定位主题句的方法

利用主题句，快速把握段落、文章大意，是做好主旨大意题的重要技巧。

分析下列段落，在文中划出主题句。

Sample 1 Lung cancer is the worst cancer killer in America . About 160,440 Americans die each year from it. More than 87 percent of lung cancers are smoking related, according to the Lung Cancer Organization. Position of the topic sentence: Structure of the paragraph:

Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic(民主的) discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be designed to satisfy all students at the same time.

Position of the topic sentence: Structure of the paragraph:

Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.

Position of the topic sentence: Structure of the paragraph:

Sample 4 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease, cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker?s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Position of the topic sentence: Structure of the paragraph:

?Conclusion: 主题句的位置:___________________________________________________

段落大意类【解题技巧】

Sample 5

Are you lazy about brushing your teeth? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush (invented by Serval) senses how long and how well you brush…

Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.

●What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.

B. What?s the most important invention .

C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.

D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush

Sample 6(2015·福建高考·E片段)

Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it?s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health. It?s an opportunity to be social, release endorphins(内啡肽), and improve your strength. Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard. The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.

Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is. . .

●Underline the topic sentence of Paragraph 1.

●The first paragraph focuses on___________________________________________

找主题句的小窍门：

1.段落中出现表转折的词语（however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast etc.)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。

2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能是主题句。

3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨。反复出现的词语一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

4.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, to conclude, in conclusion等。

【Self-assessment】 A.

Have you ever been to the world?s smallest bookstore?

The World?s Smallest Bookstore，whose official name is just these three words，sits quietly about 100 miles northeast of Toronto．

The bookstore is about 10 feet by 10 feet，so it is easy to imagine how tiny it really is．The bookstore is open 24 hours a day．Inside the bookstore are various books，especially literary books and classic authors? works．So if you are looking for something less popular，you may get a bit disappointed there．

Another special feature of this bookstore is that each book only costs three dollars．All the expenses are paid on the honor system，which means buyers should make a note of what they?ve bough t and leave their money by themselves．So the tools of the trade in this bookstore are quite simple: pens，papers，light bulbs and a label-maker．In order to catch passers-by?s attention，the billboards(广告牌）of the bookstore ...

●What?s the passage mainly ab out?

A．The world?s smallest bookstore．B．A strange way of selling books．

C．The popular books nowadays．D．The popular bookstores in the world．

B.

My father had always been an alert observer of human character.Within seconds of meeting someone, he could sum up their strengths and weaknesses. It was always a challenge to see if any of my boyfriends could pass Dad?s t est. None did. Dad was always right---they didn?t pass my test either. After Dad died, I wondered how I?d figure it out on my own.

That?s when Jack arrived on the scene. He was different from any other guy I?d dated.He could sit for hours on the piano bench with my mother, discussing some composers. My brother Rick loudly announced that Jack wasn?t a turkey like the other guys I?d brought home. Jack passed my family?s test. But what about Dad?s?

●What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?

A. Jack got the family?s approval except Dad?s.

B. Jack was different from any other boy.

C. Jack was getting on well with Mother.

D. Jack knew a lot about piano.

考点2 标题类

【解题技巧】领悟“主线”选标题

①所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔, 是文章的灵魂和门面, 比较醒目, 以吸引读者的注意。

②一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断, 但在某些文章中, 如记叙文, 没有明确的主题句, 需要根据文中的事实细节, 查找文章的“主线”, 归纳出文章的主题。

Task 2 掌握提炼主题句的方法

以该主题句中“话题”为核心，把解释性的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组或短句。Sample 7

The topic sentence of a passage：An advertising slogan is to a brand what eyes are to a person.

该主题句的话题是：

解释性的词：

由此拟定标题为：

Sample 8

The topic sentence of a passage：Coffee is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world.

● The best title for the passage should be ____.

A. Ways of making coffee

B. Coffee around the world

C. Advice on buying coffee

D. Benefits of drinking coffee

Task 3 归纳无主题段或主题句的材料的方法

读懂各段或各句主要讲了哪几方面内容，这些内容逻辑上有什么联系，分析、归纳、推理后形成主题。Sample 9Shu Pulong has helped at least 1,000 people bitten（咬）by snakes. “I was seeing people with snake bites（伤口）that led me to this career.” He said. In 1963, after his army service, Sh u entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs out off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.

“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted …bring me the knife?. Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”

“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,” Shu said.

● The best title for this article is_________.

A.Astonishing Medicine

B. Farmer Loses Arm

C. Dangerous Bites

D. Snake Doctor Conclusion:

标题多用短语(特别是名词短语)的形式，且具有以下3个特点：

干扰项特点：

【Self-assessment】

C.

It?s not easy, even desperate.

“We have many children left to place: 40 out of 75,” said Straub, who works for a Paris-based foreign exchange programme called LEC.

When exchange programme started 50 years ago, family life was more accommodating. For one thing, more mothers stayed home. But now, increasing numbers of women work outside the home. Exchange-student programs have struggled in recent years to sign up host families for the 30,000 teenagers who annually come from abroad to spend their academic year in the United States, as well as the thousands more who participate in summer programmes.

● Which of the following is the best title of this passage?

A. Exchange Students Keep Old People Young

B. Idea of Hosting Students Is Different

C. Foreign-exchange Program Is Going On

D. US Struggles to Find Host Families

考点3. 目的类

这类题的题干中常有purpose, 或者后面接有表示目的的动词不定式,如:intend to, meant to，(in order) to等。作者写文章的目的通常有三种，与之对应的文章如下：

(1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。

(2)to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等;议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。

(3) to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类﹑科普类﹑文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。

Sample 10

So, what makes a good documentary, and what should we pay attention to when we watch one? Here, we offer a few easy strategies to help you get the most out of watching documentaries.

●The passage is mainly written to ______.

A. inform us of factors of good documentaries.

B. help us enjoy documentaries better.

C. introduce ways of making documentaries.

D. help us figure out themes of documentaries. Sample 11

J ohannes? predicament(困境) was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children?s Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees（难民）have left their homes without winter clothing.

●What?s the purpose of the experiment？

A. To make the boy famous.

B. To appeal to more people to help children in Syria.

C. To make a film.

D. To make the boy stronger.

【Homework】 A

It?s generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and a ttitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramelbrulée latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.

It?s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions（性情）, but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why should we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.

Moreover, we don?t just use our behavior to learn about our particular ty pes of character --- we infer characters that weren?t there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn?t. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.

Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance（符合）with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut?s advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.”

●What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?

A. Personalities and attitudes

B. Preferences and habits

C. Behaviour and personalities

D. Attitudes and preferences.

B (2015·广东高考·D)

It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.

In recent years, many writers have begun to speak of the …decline of class? and “classless society” in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.

But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging study of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.

One unchanging aspect of a British person?s class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A study of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. Most people said this accent sounded …educated? and …soft?. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional(地区的)city accents. These accents were seen as …common?and …ugly?. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.

In recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song …Common People?puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may …want to live like common people? they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.

● What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The middle class is expanding.

B. A person?s accent reflects his class.

C. Class is a key part of British society.

D. Each class has unique characteristics.

C (2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ·A)

Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.

He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country, trying to settle down in a new one.

Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband?s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

●Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. From India to Australia

B. Living in a New Country

C. Turning Trash to Treasure

D. In Search of New Friends

D (2015·全国II)

Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they?re in poorly lit places – and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn?t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it?s time to repaint, go blue.

Don?t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you?re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.

_________. Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we?ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.

1. What can be a suitable title for the text ?

A. Is Your House Making You Fat?

B. Ways of Serving Dinner

C. Colors affect your weight.

D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?

2. The third paragraph is intended to show that a home environment in blue can help people_________.

A. digest food better

B. reduce food intake

C. burn more calories

D. regain their appetites

3. Which sentence can summarize the last paragraph the best?

A. Eat healthy food

B. Eat with a large bowls

C. Downsize the dishes

D. Go on a diet