词性转换

词性转换
词性转换

词性转换

词性转换不仅是重要的译词手段,也是常用的句法转换变通手段,是一种常用的翻译技巧。说白了,就是在必要的时候,将原文中的某个词的词性在译文里用其他词性表达出来。

这种转换会使译文更加灵活变通,不必拘泥于原文形式,却能更准确传达出原文内涵。本部分内容主要从汉译英入手。从四个方面加以说明。

1)汉语动词的转换

汉语动词的使用频率远远高于英语。这是因为按照英语句法,受主谓关系的限制,一个

简单句或分句大多只有一个谓语动词。而且,英语还可以通过谓语动词以外各种词性的词来

体现动词意义。因此将汉语句子里的动词转换为英语里其他词性的词是翻译中的常用技巧之一。

例1 这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。

译文:The book is a reflection of Chinese society in the 1930s.(将汉语动词转换为英语名词)

例2 他们不满足于现有的成就。

译文:They were not content with their present achievements.(将汉语动词转换为英语形容词)

例3 我想男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。

译文:I suppose boys think differently from girls.(将汉语动词转换为英语副词)

例4 你赞成还是反对这项计划?

译文:Are you for or against the plan?(将汉语动词转化为英语介词)

2.汉语名词的转换

英语中有很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的副词,形容词等。在汉译英时,汉

语中的名词常常可以产生一些转换,从而更简洁有力地表达原文。

例5 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

译文:They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)

例6 钢的含炭量越高,强度和硬度就越大。

译文:The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.(汉语名词转换为英语形容词表示特征和性质)

例7 这就是你不对的地方。

译文:This is where you are wrong.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)

例8 我的体重比过去轻了。

译文:I weigh less than I used to.(汉语名词转换为英语动词)

3.汉语形容词的转换

在汉译英时,汉语的形容词往往可以译成英语中的名词或副词。这些名词或副词通常具

有抽象意义,而且往往由某些形容词派生而来。

例9 我们感到,解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。

译文:We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.(汉语形容词转换为英语名词)

例10有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。

译文:Sometimes we have to pay dearly for mistakes.(汉语形容词转换为英语副词)

4.汉语副词的转换

有时出于修辞和句法结构的需要,往往把汉语中的副词用英语其他词性的词来表达,这

也是翻译中的一个常用技巧。

例11 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

译文:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.(汉语副词转换为英语名词)

语序

1) 定语位置的调整

汉语的定语,无论是单用还是几个连用,通常都放在所修饰的名词之前。而在英语里,单词作定语时,一般

放在所修饰的中心词之前,词组,短语和从句作定语时,则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语的定语译成英语时,有的可能是单词,有的可能是短语,有的可能是从句。对这些成分的安排,要依据英语的语言习惯来处理。反之亦然。

例1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。

译文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.

汉语中作"现代化"定语的"社会主义"在英语中只需要一个单词socialist 就可以表明,按照英语的习惯,放在所修饰的中心modernization 之前。但是原文中"我国"翻成英语就不是简简单单的一个词了,而是一个介词短语of our country,置于中心词"现代化"之后,成为后置定语。英译时,"任务"的定语"努力完成的"是一个从句that we must do our utmost to fulfil,按照英语习惯,应放在所修饰的中心词task之后。

例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.

译文: 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。

全句的宾语是"艺术家",英语里修饰the artist 的成分在the artist之后,这是英语表达习惯所规定的。但是转换成汉语时,就必须把定语修饰成分提前到中心词"艺术家"之前。

2)状语位置的调整

汉语中状语习惯于放在主语之后,谓语之前。但有时为了强调也可以放在主语之前。英语中状语的位置要灵活得多。就单词状语而言,它可以位于句首,句中,句末。较长的状语常被置于句首或句末,句中的情况极少。因此,在汉英,英汉互译时,状语位置的变换调整极为复杂。

例3 上星期五我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。

译文:We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.

原文中,"上星期五"放在句首,并且在"那家新餐馆"之前,而译文中却将时间状语和地点状语的位置颠倒了过来。这样一来,既准确地表达了原文意思,又符合了英文语序习惯。所以我们可以得出结论:英语里如果句子既有地点状语又有时间状语,一般地点状语在前,时间状语在后。汉语里则往往把它们置于句首或谓语前,而且通常时间状语在地点状语之前。

分句法

1)分句法

把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开,译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1 八月中旬,修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

译文: It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.(一个单句拆分成了一个并列复合句)

例2 他为人单纯而坦率。

译文: He was very clean.His mind was open. (一个单句拆分成两个简单句了)

例3 The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child.

译文: 母亲谈到她的孩子时,也许有自豪感,这是可以理解的。(形容词被拆开)

例4 I wrote four books in the first three years ,a record never touched before.

译文: 我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。(名词短语拆开)

2)合句法

把原文中两个或以上的简单句,主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。

例5 她已试了好几次,要帮他们另找一所出租的房子,结果并未成功。

译文:She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.(多个简单句合成一个单句)

例6 他们有遵守交通规则,机器出了故障。

译文:His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.(并列复合句合成一个单句)

例7 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.

译文:我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。(主从复合句合成一个单句)

虚拟语气:与事实相反的

一、if从句:即主句……, if 从句……

1、倒装代替if从句:Had\Were\Should ……,主句……

2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句,两个都是介词

But for \without + 名词,主句……

3、with + 名词,主句……

4、if only + (if 从句) 要是……该多好

二、宾语从句:

1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求) that ……shoule +do……

(在虚拟语气中,shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to)

2、I wish that ……(用虚拟语气)

三、主语从句:

1、it is +adj\n that + 虚拟

2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟

四、目的状语:

Lest或者for fear that + (虚拟语气)should do

五、隐藏虚拟语气:本打算做但结果没有做的

1、had hoped\intended\planned\expected\wanted\meant to do

2、hoped to have done

3、be(was\were) + to have done

4、would\should like to have done

Would have done 表意愿、将来

Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的

Could have done 有能力做

Might have done 表示猜测

Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做

六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气

有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:

1. 从句表示过去,主句表示将来:

⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。

2. 从句表示将来,主句表示过去:

⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.

3.从句表示将来,主句表示现在:

⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

4.从句表示过去,主句表示现在。

⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.

6.从句表示现在,主句表示过去

⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说

明现在,主句说明过去。)

7.从句表示过去,主句表示过去和现在

⑴、If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.

在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。

(1) You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。

(2) I would like to come. 我愿意来。

(3) I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。

(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细,简直就象他亲眼看见一样。

条件从句中省略if 采用倒装语序的情况

在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。

1). 原句:If she were younger, she would do it.

去If:Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)

2). 原句:If he had tried it, he could have done it.

去If:Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)

3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.

4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.

5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.

6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.

假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。

8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.

要是下周能下雨的话,农民们就能有个好收成了。

如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时,把它们放在if的位置上;但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。

⑴Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话,我们怎么办呢?

⑵Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话,我就向他请教了。

⑶Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作,他就会得到一些钱。

在"开放式条件句"和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下,如果if省略,动词be与主语的位置要倒装。

⑴If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪,法院有权起诉。)

Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

⑵Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错,我都会支持她的。)

Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

⑶____ ,I will take her as my wife.

[A]Were she rich or poor

[B]Being rich or poor

[C]Be she poor or rich

[D]Whether is she poor or rich

注意:有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来,而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。

⑴、We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.

⑵、Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.

⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.

有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个:

1. I could help you. (只有主句)

2. If I had time. (只有从句)

3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)

4. If he had much more money. (只有从句)

词性转换速记表

词性转换速记表 运用转换词性(类)的方法巧记单词有三大好处:一是帮助我们巩固和扩大词汇量;二是帮助我们深入理解词的含义;三是帮助我们灵活运用词语。一表在手,可使我们掌握初中所有的词性转换方法(规则),并因此而扩大词汇量。 1.动词转换成名词 (1)动词+-er(+-or) Act(行为)——actor(男演员) advice(劝告)——advicer(劝告者) boil(煮沸)——boiler(锅炉) compute(计算)——computer(计算机) dance(跳舞)——dancer(舞蹈家) drive (驾驶)——driver(驾驶员) edit(校订)——editor(编辑) farm(种田——farmer(农夫) fight(战斗)——fighter(战士) find(发现)——fighter(发现者) found(创建)——founder(创建人) harvest(收割)——harvester(收割机) invent(发明)——inventor(发明人) lead(领导)——leader(领导者) learn(学习)——learner(学者) murder(谋杀)——murderer(谋杀者) organize(组织)——organizer(组织者) own(拥有)——owner(物主) play(玩,演奏,比赛)——player(玩耍人,演奏者,选手) read(阅读)——reader (读者) report(报告)——reporter(报告人) roll(滚动)——roller(滚子) sing(唱歌)——singer(歌唱家) speak(讲话)——speaker(演讲者) suffer(受苦)——sufferer (受苦人) teach(教)——teacher(教师) think(想)——thinker(思想家) visit(访问)——visitor(访问者) wait(等待)——waiter(使者) win(赢)——winner(获胜者)work(工作)——worker(工人) write(写作)——writer(作家) (2)动词+-ing Build(建造)——building(建筑物) draw(画图)——drawing(图画) live(住)——living(生活) mean(意思是)——meaning(意思) (3)动词+-ion Invent(发明)——invention(发明物) liberate(解放)——liberation(解放) operate(手术)——operation(手术) organize(组织)——organization(组织) Unite(联合)——union(联合) (4)词形不变,但重音发生了变化 Import(进口)——import(进口) record(记录,录音)——record(记录,唱片) progress(前进)——progress(进步) produce(生产)——produce(产品) (5)不规则变化(v.→n.) Apologize(道歉)——apology(道歉) die(死)——death(死亡) known(知道)——knowledge(知识) mix(混合)——mixture(混合物) save(挽救)——safety(安全) sell(卖)——sale(销售) (6)元音发生变化 Bleed(流血)——blood(血) feed(喂)——food(食物) gild(镀金)——gold(金子) prove(证明)——proof(证明) speak(说话)——speech(演说) tell(告诉)——tale(故事) 2.形容词转换成副词 (1)形容词+-ly Bad(坏的)——badly(坏地) beautiful(美丽的)——beautifully(美丽地) brave(勇敢的)——bravely(勇敢地) careful(仔细的)——carefully(仔细地) certain(一定的,确实的)——certainly(当然) clear(清楚的)——clearly(清楚地,清晰地) complete(完全的)——completely(完全地) correct(正确的)——correctly(正确地) excellent(优秀的)——excellently(优秀地) final(最后的)——finally(最终) free(自由的)——freely(自由地) great(伟大的)——greatly(伟大地) immediate(即刻的)——immediately (立刻) loud(响亮的)——loudly(响亮地) near(附近的)——nearly(附近) polite(礼貌的)——politely(礼貌地) quick(迅速的)——quickly(迅速地) quiet(安静的)——quietly(安静地) real(真正的)——really(真正地) recent(近来的)——recently(近来) rude(粗暴的)——rudely(粗暴地) sad(悲哀的)——sadly(悲哀地) serious(严肃的)——seriously(严肃地) simple(简单的)——simple(简单地) slow(慢的)——slowly(慢慢地) sudden(突然的)——suddenly(突然地) shy(害羞的)——shyly(害羞地)usual(平常的)——usually(通常) warm(温暖的)——warmly(温暖地) wide(宽阔的)——widely(广泛地) wonderful(精彩的)——wonderfully(精彩地) (2)词尾变y为i再+-ly Angry(生气的)——angrily(生气地) busy(繁忙的)——busily(繁忙地) easy(容易的)——easily(容易地) hungry(饥饿的)——hungrily(饥饿地) happy(愉快的)——happily (愉快地) heavy(沉重的)——heavily(沉重地) necessary(必须的)——necessarily(必须地) (3)变-ble为-bly Horrible(讨厌的)——hobbibly(讨厌地) probable(可能的)——probably(可能地) terrible(可怕的)——terribly(可怕地) (4)去掉e+-ly TRUE(真的)——truly(真正地) (5)词形不变 Early(早的)——early(早地) enough(足够的)——enough(足够地) fast(快的)——fast(快地) hard(困难的,努力的)——hard(困难地,努力地) late(迟的)——late(迟

(完整)高中英语词性转换常见词汇

词性转换总结与归纳 动词变名词 announce—announcement通知 equip 装备---equipment 装备,器材(不可名) settle—settlement定居,安定 achieve---achievement 成就 amuse--amusement 娱乐 manage---management 经营管理 advertise--- advertisement广告 agree— agreement同意disgree—disagreement不同意 argue---argument争吵commit—commitment奉献 develop---development发展 govern 统治—government 政府 describe—description描写,描绘erupt—eruption爆发 affect—affection影响 satisfy—satisfaction满意,满足select—selection挑选,选择

permit—permission允许admit—admission承认,允许invite—invitation 邀请,请帖devote—devotion献身,专注apply—application申请,申请书produce—production生产,产品protect—protection保护 educate-----education教育consider—consideration考虑attract—attraction 吸引力,吸引instruct—instruction 指导,介绍discuss—discussion 讨论appreciate—appreciation感激,欣赏recognize—recognition认出conclude—conclusion 结论 decide----decision 决定compete—competition比赛 express 表达----expression 词语;表达方式graduate 毕业—graduation operate—operation操作,动手术organize----organization 组织imagine—imagination 想象力

2020高考英语词性转换必备词汇 - 副本

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常见词汇词性转换

常见词形变化动词变名词 1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise--- advertisement// advertising agree— agreement appoint----appointment disappoint----disappointment disagree --- disagreement amuse----amusement 娱乐 argue---argument争吵commit—commitment奉献develop---development equip ---equipment 装备,器材govern 统治—government 政府manage---management 经营管理 2.V+ tion/sion 结尾 admit—admission承认attract—attraction 有吸引力的事或人; conclude—conclusion 结论compete—competition 竞争,比赛consider---consideration discuss—discussion 讨论 decide----decision describe—description描写,描绘direct---direction determine---determination educate-----education explain----explanation express ----expression graduate—graduation hesitate---hesitation invite—invitation imagine—imagination 想象力introduce—introduction 介绍instruct—instruction 指导,介绍invent—inventor / invention illustrate --illustration inspire---inspiration 灵感,鼓舞 人心的 impress—impression operate—operation organize----organization permit---permission pollute----pollution predict---prediction prepare---preparation pronounce ---pronunciation resolve -----resolution 决心 suggest --suggestion solve -----solution satisfy----satisfaction 3.V+ ance /ence结尾 allow—allowance 允许appear—appearance 外貌,出现disappear---disappearance 消失perform----performance --performer exist—existence 存在 4.V+ ing 结尾 bathe 洗澡---bathing end 结束----ending 结尾,结局train 训练---training mean ---- meaning 意义say-----saying 谚语 5.V+ 其他 able---ability---disable assist----assisitant analyze---analysis arrive-- arrival到达 beg(乞讨)—beggar 乞丐believe—belief 信仰 behave ----behavior die---dead----death employ--employer雇主--employee雇员 know---knowledge

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___________ v. 居住;生活 (lives复数)n. 生活;生命 ___________ v. 使消遣,娱乐 _____________ adj.引起乐趣的 n. 娱乐,消遣,娱乐活动____________ a. 生气的 ad. 生气地 _________ n. 艺术 n. 艺术家 _____________ n. 澳大利亚 a./n.澳大利亚的/人 ___________ v. 出现 v. 消失 ______________v. 吸引 _______________ n. 吸引,吸引力,吸引物______________a. 有吸引人的 __________ n. 根据地,基地,基础 _____________ adj. 基本的,基础的 _________________ a. 漂亮的 _________________ ad. 美丽地 ___________(began, begun) v. 开始 __________________ n. 开始,开端 ___________ adj. 感到乏味的,厌倦的

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动词变名词1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise---advertisement advertising agree— agreement argue---argument争吵announce --- announcement 通知amuse--- amusement 娱乐commit奉献—commitment develop---development disgree—disagreement equip装备---equipment装备,器材govern 统治—government 政府manage---management 经营管理settle--- settlement 定居 2.V+ tion 结尾以t, te, de, 结尾的动词常去E 或直接加ion admit 承认—admission attract吸引—attraction 有吸引力的事或人;令人向往的地方 conclude—conclusion 结论compete—competition竞争,比赛discuss—discussion 讨论educate-----education decide----decision describe—description描写,描绘organize----organization imagine—imagination 想象力introduce—introduction 介绍instruct—instruction 指导,介绍invent—inventor / invention illustrate 阐明,举例说明--illustration invite—invitation inspire---inspiration 灵感,鼓舞人心的pollute----pollution 污染 predict---prediction 预言pronounce ---pronunciation resolve 决心-----resolution 决心impress 给人印象—impression 印象 permit 允许-----permission suggest-建议,暗示--suggestion solve解决-----solution 解决方法 3.V+ ance 结尾 allow—allowance 允许appear—appearance 外貌,出现perform----performance 演出exist—existance 存在 4.V+ ing 结尾 bathe 洗澡---bathing end 结束----ending 结尾,结局train 训练---training mean ---- meaning 意义say-----saying 谚语 5.V+ 其他 beg(乞讨)—beggar 乞丐 sit--seat 座位

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词汇转换大全 v. n. adj. appoint appointment appointed disable ability; disability able; unable;disabled absent absence absent absolute absorb absorbed accept acceptance acceptable access access accessible accident accidental; accomplish accomplishment accomplished achieve achievement achievable act action/actor/actress activity active addict addiction addicted add addition additional adjust adjustment adjustable admire admiration admirable admit admission advance advance advanced advantage advantage advantageous advertise advertisement advise advice age age aged agree agreement agreeable agriculture agricultural allow allowance allowable amaze amazement amazing / amazed ambition ambition ambitious amuse amusement amusing / amused analyze analysis analytic anger angry (angrily) announce announcement annoy annoyance annoying annual annual anxiety anxious apologize apology apologetic appear appearance apply applicant/applicatio n appreciate appreciation approve approval argue argument arrange arrangement arrive arrival

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形容词变名词 efficient有效率的—efficiency 效率 patient—patience/impatience dependent—dependence依赖性 independent—independency 独立性 true—truth high—height wide—width long—length possible—possibility responsible—responsibility urgent—urgency 紧急 prosperous—prosperity 繁荣 accurate—accuracy 准确性 形容词变动词 modern—modernize social--socialize fast--fasten short/shorten long—lengthen—length(n.) wide--widen less--lessen strong—strengthen—strength(n.) large—enlarge 名词变动词 computer—computerize 名词---形容词—副词 beauty 美,美人—beautiful—beautifully care—careful—carefully

care—careless—carelessly difference---different---differently fortune—fortunate—fortunately/unfortunately happiness—happy—happily hunger—hungry--hungrily health—healthy—healthily luck—lucky—luckily noise—noisy—noisily pride—proud—proudly骄傲地 sadness—sad—sadly safety 安全;安全的地方—safe—safely silence—silent---silently 默默地 success—successful—successfully truth—true—truly unluck—unlucky—unluckily wonder 奇迹—wonderful—wonderfully 方位的词名词—形容词 East—eastern West—western South—southern North---northern In the west of China In the western part of China 四大洲名词-----形容词 Africa 非洲----- African Europe欧洲----- European America 美洲-----American Asia 亚洲–---- Asian

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词性转换

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常见词性转换的方法

动词变名词 + ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise--- advertisement词+ ed balance –balanced 平衡的 spot 斑点,地点----spotted 有斑点的talent-----talented 有天赋的organized 有组织的 distusted 厌恶的offended 生气的crowded 拥挤的polluted 被污染的pleased 高兴的 3.名词+ ful/less meaning—meaningful 有意义的care—careful/ careless 小心的;粗心的 help---helpful / helpless home—homeless 无家可归的 colour---colourful pain 疼痛---painful 痛苦的 use---useless/ useful thank—thankful 充满感激的 peace 和平---- peaceful 平静的,宁静的 playful 顽皮的,爱玩耍的 4.名词+ able adjustable 可调整的comfort---comfortable knowledge---knowledgeable suit 一套-----suitable 合适的 5.名词+ ous courage—courageous 勇敢的danger—dangerous mystery 神秘-----mysterious 神秘的变t confidence----confident difference---different dependence—dependent independence--independent 7. al 结尾 Addition—additional 附加的,额外的Class—classical 经典的 medicine 药----medical 医学的music---musical nature---natural 自然的 person---personal (私人的)nation—national 国家的 education---educational有教育意义的tradition----traditional 传统的 origin起源---original 新颖的;独创的grammar—grammatical 语法的globe—global 全球的 8.名词+ ly friend—friendly live---lively 活跃的,有生气的love—lovely 可爱的9.+ en 结尾wood—wooden 木制的wool—woolen 羊毛的 10. 其他 energy精力---energetic strategy—strategic 战略的 fool 傻子—foolish 愚蠢的freedom 自由—free 空的,免费的height 高度—high illness 疾病--- ill love—loving 慈爱的 death---dead pleasure---pleasant / pleased popularity 流行性—popular

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