四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法
1.直译和意译
所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基）
应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.
Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）
直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇）
简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜）
Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics:
1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.
2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SV A, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA
formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.
Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).
练习：
1.He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped
his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
2.It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.
3.Every dog has his day.
4.It means killing two birds with one stone.
5.你不要班门弄斧。
6.Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.
7.在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。
8.油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。
9.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.
10.E very spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.
11.T he first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.
12.芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。
13.D on’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
14.D o you see any green in my eye?
15.I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops
after it.
16.R uth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.
17.T he operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies.
18.B ut after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.
19.T he boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years,
and made pe ople remember me “with growing appreciation.”
20.S mashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to
make social problems evaporate.
21..He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.
22，“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（《寒夜》）
23. It is a long lane that had no turning.
24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
27.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？
28，我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿，还没有顾得上呢。（新儿女英雄传）
29，“八字没有一撇呢”
30、三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句（子夜）
2，归化和异化
翻译的归化/异化（domesticating translation and foreignizing translation）是在1995年由美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，Venuti十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显
露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和英语的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见Venuti 1992）
归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。
归化策略(domesticating method)
归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。
例如：
Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
a lion in the way 拦路虎
lick one’s boots 拍马屁
Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手
A flash in a pan 昙花一现
Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年
To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋
One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody．一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
练习：
请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话：
⑴ Lead a dog's life
⑵ Jack of all trades
⑶ A drowned rat
⑷ Let the cat out of the bag.
⑸ Every dog has his day.
⑹ Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune.
⑺ Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.
⑻ Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.
⑼ The gravy train is just not for me.
⑽ George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.
采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：
映中华民族特殊习俗的
如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等
有汉字特征的
如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等
含有中国地名的
如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等
含有中国人名的
如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等．
异化策略(foreignizing method)
异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。
①异化可以在语音层上出现。例如：
ballet译作“芭蕾舞”
cigar译作“雪茄”
laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光”
目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉OK”等。
②异化可以在词语层出现。例如：
“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”
“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”
“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”
“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。
③异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”
例如：在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：
“You speak like a green girl．Ungifted in such perilous circumstance．”
朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”
异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。
练习：
请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。
⑴ Armed to teeth
⑵ Meet one's Waterloo
⑶ Dark horse
⑷ Crocodile tears
⑸ Ivory tower
⑹ He looked cool in his new clothes.
⑺ This is the last supper in our college life.
⑻ The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job.
⑼ The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters.
⑽ The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperor's new clothes.
十种翻译技巧
了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，合译法（combination），正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法（extension）和句子成分转译法。
1重复法(repetition)
重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。
例子：
1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll
understand and see that you’re speaking to th em in German. （重复谓语动词）
2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)
3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)
4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)
5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)
6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。
7.I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
8.The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and
chemical effects.
9.Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.
10，But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
11, Sleep is most graceful in an infant ; soundest ,in one who has been tired in the open air; completest ,to the sea man after a hard voyage ; most welcome ,to the mind haunted with one idea ; most touching to look at ,in the parent that has wept ;lightest ,in the playful child ; proudest ,in the bride abored .
2增词法(amplification)
在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。
1. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led
to their losing face and their property.
2, The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.
3, His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.
4,This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.
5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.
6. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
7. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（《毛泽东选集》，第五卷）
8, Day after day he came to his work——sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
9, 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。
10, 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
3省略法(omission)
省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。
1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.
2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.
3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.
4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.
5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.
6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.
7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。
8, 质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。
9. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.
10, Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
11，匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。12, 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
13, 我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
14, 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。（《毛泽东选集》三卷，779页）
4词类转换法(conversion)
词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。
1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.
2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with him.
3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated（蹂躏，破坏；使荒废）.
4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in
5. He was popular
6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of
7.学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
8.由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of bionics.
10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
11, Some of my class-mates are good singers.
12, Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
13, Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.
14, The Wilde family were religious.
15, He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.
16, 他的讲演给听众的印象深刻。
17, 该厂的产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
18, 她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。
19，会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。
5顺序调整法(inversion)
为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。
1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.
2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women.
3,It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.
4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in
a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!
5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.
6. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing
a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.
7. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention to the textual function.
8, Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who sees linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting ‘a conservative model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation’s) role in cultural innovation and change’.
9. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.
10，中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的
就是不对的。
,11，能不能尽快的把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。
12，Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves ,and the coursing of its streams ,and in its sweet restless seeking!(John Galsworthy:The apple tree)
6拆译法(division)与合译法（combination）
这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。
1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us, for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating
2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
6. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
7. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分
之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
8. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.
9She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
10.The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relative easy task.
11.He was very clean. His mind was open.
12.芸作新妇，初甚缄默，终日无怒容，与之言，微笑而已。
13.如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几两银子，你又有现成
饭吃，只在明日就要去了。（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）
14，The sun was coming over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. It felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.
15, No stretch of imagination could visualize anything half so lovely.
16，Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere.
17, Dawn met him well along the way. It as pleasant uneventful ride.
18，He crashed down on a protesting chair.
19, 她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。
20，但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交纳朋友，终日闭户读书。
21，年岁不好，柴米又贵；这几件旧衣服和旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖了；只靠着我替人家做些针指生活寻来的钱，如何供得你读书？（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）22，It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she was speaking to Miss Pinkerton. (W.M.Thackray:Vanity Fair)
23,华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，（C）老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在上面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹灭灯盏，走向里屋去了（C）。
24, 她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的一手拄着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂，她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
25, Kings and bears often worry keepers .
7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)
这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯，原语中肯定的或否定的表达可以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。
1.One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and strangers from the different times of my shortened life stood by the casket to say farewell,adieu,zaijen.
2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous remark , he aimed his finger toward the other side of the lobby.
3. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood.
4. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.
5. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
6. You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.
7. He is no less clever than his brother.
8. The man over there is none other than our principal.
9无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
10，I’m blest if I know.
10, He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.
11，Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day.
13，油漆未干
14，他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量到很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的东西。15，.Her husband hates to see her stony face.
16，He knew he was mortally ill.
8语态变换法(voice changes)
英语被动句多与汉语，因而翻译是要进行相应的语态调整。
1.In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
2，The robot sifter has been put into use.
3. The shell parts of reactor pressure vessels have been often fabricated with formed plates welded together.
4. All the sounds are fed into a computer and analyzed.
5. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
6. They were given a hearty welcome.
7. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
8. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.
9. The ship was destined for London.
10. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
9 引申法
1. It is not easy to become a member of that club——they want people who have
2，Dogs don’t speak i n the future tense. They live in the moment.
3. I visited various parts of my own country; and had I merely a lover of fine scenery,
I should have felt little desire to seek elsewhere its gratification, for on no country have the charms of nature been more prodigally lavished. Her mighty lakes like
oceans of liquid silver; her mountains with their bright aerial tints; her valleys, teeming with wild fertility; her tremendous cataracts, thundering in their solitudes; her boundless plains, waving with spontaneous verdure; her broad deep rivers, rolling in solemn silence to the ocean; her trackless forests, where vegetation puts forth all its magnificence; her skies, kindling with the magic of summer clouds and glorious sunshine, ——no, never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.
4, Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
5. Every life has its roses and thorns.
6. New York is not Mecca to me.
7，郭彩娣笑了，赞赏他的口才说：“说话真会绕弯。”（《上海的早晨》）
8，Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby.
9、Haie gazes thoughtfully at his great paws and winks at me. The thrashing was the high water mark of his life. He tells me he often dreams of it (Brick Remarque:
10 ，The project is an economic albatross from the start
11，她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到嘴边，他又把它吞了下去。
12，为头一人，头戴武巾，身穿团花线袍，白净面皮，三绺髭须，真有龙凤之表。（《儒林外传》）
13, 那柳湘莲原系世家子弟，…..素性爽侠，不拘细事，酷好耍枪舞剑，赌博吃酒，以至眠花卧柳，吹笛弹筝，不所不为。
14, 我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！（杜鹏程《保卫延安》）
15，He is a rolling stone ,I don’t think he can go far.
16，By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.
17，.He thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes ,but she isn’t deceived.
18，If he is unhappy with her… why doesn’t he leave her? She can be happy without him. It is so silly—this cat-and-dog existence.
19，有的小伙子还总结出一条“恋爱经验”：”先不能让她知道你是矿工，能把她‘俘虏’了，再亮‘番号’！”（陈建功：《丹凤眼》）
10 句子成分转译
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.
机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。（转译成定语）
To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.
为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。（转译成宾语）Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 因为有了机械的缘故，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了。（转译成状语）
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。
3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。
Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms. 各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。
Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.
中子的质量略大于质子的质量。（转译成谓语）
Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.
现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。
（转译成状语）
Hardened steel contains high carbon content which reacts with the diamond and thus causes serious wear of the diamond tool.
因为淬硬钢材含有高碳成分，从而与金刚石产生化学反应，这样便导致金刚石刀具的严重磨损。
5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。
These three colors, red, green, and violet, when combined, produced white.
红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。（时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.
如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。（地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。（原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句）
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1.词义的选择 ? 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
翻译技巧总结
翻译技巧总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
英语翻译方法和技巧归纳
英语翻译方法和技巧归纳 一、词汇方面 ㈠.词义选择 大多数英语词汇是多义的，翻译时必须选择正确的词义。词义选择的方法有三:根据上下文和词的搭配选择、根据词类选择、根据专业选择。 ㈡.词义转换 在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上，翻译时可根据汉语的习惯按引伸义译出；或用反义词语译出，即所谓的正文反译、反文正译。 ㈢.词类转换
英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等，汉译时可将它们转换成动词。 ㈣.补词 是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达，译文中需将这些含义补充进去，这样才更通顺易读，如：英语中数词与名词之间没有量词，而译成汉语时可酌情增加。 ㈤.省略 是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译，只要并不影响意义的完整。如：上面讲的汉语“量词”，译成英语时则可以省略；又如：英语中大量使用物主代词而汉语中往往省略不用。 ㈥.并列与重复
英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享、替代、转换等形式来避免重复，而汉语却常常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度，如：英语的物主代词替代前面的名词，短语动词只重复介词而省略主动词，汉译时可考虑重复表达。 二、句子结构方面 子结构方面的翻译技巧，主要有三种类型：语序类、组合类和转换类。 ㈠.语序类 1. 顺译法与逆译法 英语时间状语可前可后。不仅如此，英语在表达结果、条件、说明等定语从句、状语从句也很灵活，既可以先述也可以后述。而汉语
表达往往是按时间或逻辑的顺序进行的，因此，顺译法也罢逆译法也罢，其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译，相反的则逆译。 有时候顺译法与逆译法的差别,就象前面谈的正译与反译,依译者的爱好而定。 2. 前置法 英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征等的同位语在译成汉语时，往往可以提到先行词（中心词）的前面。 3. 分起总叙与总起分叙 长句子和句子嵌套现象在英语中比较普遍，这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强，可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。
文言文翻译技巧和方法
文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法：直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译，是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译，做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂，语言也不够通顺。所谓意译，则是根据语句的意思进行翻译，做到尽量符合原文意思，语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性，文字可增可减，词语的位置可以变化，句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯，译文符合现代语言的表达习惯，比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主，意译为辅。 二、具体方法：留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”：就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词，以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等，翻译时可保留不变。例如：《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”，就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如：“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词，可不译，本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如：“子猷、子敬俱病笃，而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词，可不译，整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重，子敬先死去。” “补”，就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词，如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”，“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分，如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”，翻译为：(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”，就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”，把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”，“何以”是“以何”的倒装，宾语前置句，意思是“为什么”。“变”，就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上，活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”，“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译，自有顺序，首览全篇，掌握大意；先明主题，搜集信息，由段到句，从句到词，全都理解，连贯一起，对待难句，则需心细，照顾前文，联系后句，
翻译的八大常用技巧
作用与意义 1. 重译法：为了明确、为了强调、为了生动 2. 增译法：为了更忠实于原文的意思，而又更合乎译文的表达习惯 3. 减译法：源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法 4. 词类转移法：语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变，词序有时也随之变化 5. 词序调整法：语言之间构成形式并非完全相同，做必不可少的词序改变 6. 分译法：主要用于长句的翻译，有时存在于词语语义的分译 7. 正反翻译法：由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说，反话正说 8. 语态变换法：主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换 In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal. 一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 A large family has its difficulties. 大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。 Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. 这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown. 舟遥遥以轻扬，风飘飘而吹衣。 Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottages are seen. 梯田渐渐稀，村舍遥遥对。 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最将难息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!
英语翻译技巧实例
英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法： 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如： （1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译） （2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译） 6.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或
进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置） （2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置） （3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
常用翻译技巧和方法
常用翻译方法和技巧 1. 四种翻译方法 1.1直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。 意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇） 简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜） Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde). 练习： 1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。 2. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。 3. Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意日。
常用十大翻译技巧之一增译法
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） （3）Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） （4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） （5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） 1
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be a ccustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：翻译句子 1．只有当我们了解了不同的肢体语言我们才可以很好地跟人们交流。(only＋状语从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．这就是我们未来的生活。(what引导的名词性从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1． Only when we have mastered the different body languages can we communicate well with them.
英语四级翻译方法与技巧
英语四级翻译方法与技巧 四级考试在即，很多同学都在烦恼做翻译题的方法,下面就和大家分享英语四级翻译方法与技巧，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 英语四级翻译方法与技巧 1.理解为首要原则 拿到翻译题之后，先确定原句的意思。如果句子较长，可以先找主、谓、宾、定、状、补，分析清楚句子结构，然后再理解。 很多考生过分侧重对翻译技巧的训练，拿着翻译题就一味想着把英文往中文里套，却没有意识到自己对原文的理解实际上就有偏差，这就很难得到理想的分数了。 2. 几种变通手段 翻译时不能简单地或机械地逐字照译，硬凑成英文，必须认真分析上下文，掌握词的确切含义，然后用适当的英文表达，必要时应采用变通手段。 1)增词、减词
译文的增词、减词都是为了更确切、更忠实地表达原文的含义和精神。 如“感冒可以通过人的手传染”可以译为Flu can be spread by hand contact.其中的contact(接触)就是根据译文需要添加上的。 而“百姓出现做饭点火难现象”中的“现象”一词可以省略，只译成“people do not even have matches to light their stoves.”就足 以表达原文中的信息。 2)词类转换 词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，特别是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类，大部分可以直接转换使用，或者稍加变化(前缀、后缀等) 即可转换为另一种词类。 例如：他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply. 汉语句子中“印象”是名词，英语句子中则换成了动词。 3)语态转换 汉译英时，人们常常会简单地认为只要按照原句的语态处理就行了。事实上，在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。所以我们在汉译英时需要灵活运用语态之间的转换。 例如：门锁好了。The door has been locked up.
(英语)高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题
（英语）高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brakes. 1．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。（popular） 2．我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值。（as…as） 3．只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。（keep） 4．为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。（memory） 5．过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了。（remember） 6．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，试试救援。（despite） 【答案】 1．Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai. 2．I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs. 3．Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night. 4．A film will be made/ shot in memory of those brave fire fighters. 5．It was three days later that she remembered leaving/having left her raincoat in the language lab. 6．Despite the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue/to carry out the rescue. 【解析】 【分析】 翻译题要力争做到译文的正确、准确、地道三个要求。正确就是译文没有明显的语言错误，准确是指考生能运用合适的词汇和句式完整的表述原意，地道是指译文不但无语言错误，而且用此选句符合英语习惯，意义表达生动灵活。所以，做翻译题时要综合运用词句知识，注意词汇的习惯搭配和句子时态、语态、人称和句式的选择。 1．表示“越来越……”，英语的表达方式为“比较级+and+比较级用于进行时里中。 2．表示“与……一样……”应该用“as+ a dj./adv原级+as…”结构。 3．本句要注意两点：1. 动名词用作主语的用法；2. keep + sb./sth. + adj (做宾补)使……保持某种状态。 4．“为了纪念……”应选用“in the memory of”固定短语来表达。 5．解答本题要注意两点：1. 强调句型的运用；2. remember doing sth.记住做过某事。6．本句较为复杂，除了掌握despite作为介词可以接名词构成介词短语作状语外，还要注意句中谓语动词的准确选择和时态的确定，最后还要注意“实施援救”这一目的状语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy)
翻译的方法和技巧
?翻译方法和技巧（一） ?翻译的基础知识 ?一、翻译的定义 ?“translation” : “The conversion of one language into another, often used specifically with reference to written texts, as opposed to the interpretation of spoken language.” 二、翻译的标准 ?Alexander F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则： ?First general rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original. ?Second general rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with the original. ?Third general rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition. ?严复的信达雅翻译标准 ?用今天的话说，“信”为忠实准确，“达”为通顺流畅，“雅”为文字优美。 ?“既须求真，又须求俗” ?商务文体的翻译，该种文体的翻译不仅要忠实于原文所要传递的信息，而且译文要规范精确、明白易懂，符合译入语的文化习俗和读者的可接受性。所以在商务文体翻译中，“信”必不可少，“达”则更显重要。 ?例1：Treasury securities are revalued daily. ?珍宝的安全每天都在重新估算。（误译） ?这个译文的错误主要在于对securities 一词的理解。作为普通用词，security 意为“安全”例如The Security Council，但在商务背景中，可以理解为“抵押、担保”或“证券、债券””等。因此，该句应改译为： ?国库券每天都重新估算。 ?例2：New York ECO Group has 5 share-holding companies. ?纽约ECO集团拥有5个控股子公司。 ?译者的商贸知识有所欠缺，share-holding company指控制或持有某公司股权的股东公司。原文的意思是：5个公司持有纽约ECO集团的股份。 ?回译应改译为：New York ECO Group is a holding company of 5 subsidiary companies. 或者New York ECO Group holds shares of 5 subsidiary companies. ?例：中国民生银行有限公司 ?China Minsheng Banking Corporation, Ltd. ?corporation本身为有限公司，相当于limited company，英文译文中无需再加”Ltd” 应改译为： ?China Minsheng Banking Corporation ?Corporation 法人、集团公司、股份有限公司Microsoft corporation ?Inc. 股份有限公司(Incorporated）Apple Inc. ?Co., Ltd Company Limited，有限公司 ?Company 公司的总称 三、翻译的过程–三个阶段 ? 1. 理解阶段：理解内容，还要理解原文的语言特点和创作风格。 ?例1：There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef. ?地里放牧的是牛，餐桌上吃的是牛肉。