人教版七年级上册英语unit4知识点及习题
Unit 4 Where’s my schoolbag
重点短语：
Where’s=where is在哪里they’re=they are 他们是don’t=do not 不是
d oesn’t=does not不是watch TV看电视video tape录像带Alarm clock闹钟take拿走-----bring带来sb can do sth 某人会做某事
Under the bed在床下on the desk在书桌上in the drawer在抽屉里
In front of the house在房子前面behind the door在门后面Next to the sofa在沙发旁边
重点句子：
Where’s the baseball? It’s in the backpack.
Where are your books? They are on the chair.
Where are the key? They’re on the table.
Where is the set of keys？It’s on the table.
Are they on the bed? No, they aren’t.
Is it in the room? Yes, it is.
Please take these things to your sister.
Can you bring some things to school?
I need my hat and my pen.
This is my room.
My baseball is on the floor.
重点语法
Where’s +单数名词、人称？----It’s +介词短语。Where are+ 复数人称？----- They are +介词短语。
2. in bed在床上睡觉on the bed 放在床上
3.at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌上
4.on the wall（图片、黑板、挂钟）在墙上
in the wall（钉子、洞、窗户）在墙上
5.on the tree （树叶、芽、花）长在树上
in the tree（鸟、猫、外界东西）在树上
6.in front of （在事物外部）的前面
in the front of（在十五内部的）前面
7.in 属于on相邻to相离（地理事物）位置关系
8.look for寻找的（动作）find（寻找的结果）
9.take sth to sb.把某物送去给某人
Bring sth to sb.把某物带来给某人
10.there be 句型
There is a/an +单数可数名词+介词短语
There is +不可数名词+介词短语
There are +复数可数名词+介词短语
There be 句型遵循就近原则
There is a tree behind the house.
There is some water in the cup.
There are some pears in the bag.
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
There are some books and a pen on the desk.
11.can 句型
肯定句：sb can do sth. 否定句: sb can’t do sth.
一般疑问句和回答: Can sb do sth? Yes ,sb ca n. No ,sb can’t.特殊疑问句: What can sb do ? Who can do sth?
He can read books. He can’t read books.
Can he read books? Yes ,he can. / no, he can’t.
What can he do ? who can read books?
Ⅰ．根据句意，写出划线词的对应词或反义词
Ⅱ．将下列词组译成英语
6．在课桌下面_______________
7．在沙发上面______________
8．在背包里_________________
9．在抽屉里________________
10．在椅子背后______________
11．在电话旁边_______________
12．在图片里___________________
13．在墙面上_________________
14．在梳妆台和床之间___________
15．在地上___________________
Ⅲ．单项选择
（）16．Is your photo in the drawer? ________.
A．Yes, I am B．No，it is C．Yes，it is D．No，I’m not
（）17．________ my baseball? It’s under the chair.
A．Where B．Where’s C．Where’re D．Where are （）18．________ under the tree? No，they aren’t.
A．Where are B．What is C．Are they D．Is it （）19．Where are your brothers? ________.
A．He is at home B．He is in his room
C．Yes，they are D．I don’t know
（）20．There ________ a computer on the desk.
A．are B．have C．has D．is
（）21．________ there water in the cup?
A．Is B．Are C．Has D．Have
（）22．This is my math book,_____pens aren’t mine.
A．but that B．but those C．and that D．and those
（）23．He ________ a small room. ________ a nice desk in it.
A．is, There is B．has, Has C．have, There is D．has, There is
（）24．Lucy and Lily ________ a new bike.
A．have B．has C．there is D．there are
（）25．There ________ an orange and two apples on the table.
A．are B．has C．is D．have
Ⅳ．句型转换
________ ________ we?
27．Can you bring the ruler to me? （作出否定回答）
No, ________ ________.
28．I draw pictures on the wall. （变为否定句）
I ________ ________ pictures on the wall.
29．We have two new students in our class. （变为同义句）
________ ________ two new students in our class.
30．There’s an English book in the desk. （变为复数句）
________ ________ English ________ in the desks.
参考答案：
Ⅰ．1．last 2．Bring 3．aunt 4．answer 5．daughter Ⅱ．6．under the desk 7．on the sofa 8．in the schoolbag 9．in the drawer 10．behind the chair 11．next to the telephone
12．in the picture 13．on the wall 14．between the dresser and the bed
15．on the floor
Ⅲ．16—20．CBCDD 21__25．ABDAC（
Ⅳ．26．Where, are 27．I, can’t 28．don’t, draw 29．There, are 30．There, are, books
七年级下册英语知识点
Unit 1 Can you play the guitar? 1.Can you play the guitar? ①play sb.sth.”=“play sth.for sb.”表示“为某人播放……” 例如： Play me a song=Play a song for me.请为我放一首歌听听吧。 ②“play sth.on+乐器”表示“用乐器演奏…”， 例如：The girl often play the English song on the piano.这个小女孩经常用钢琴演奏英文歌曲。 ③play chess“下国际象棋”，例如： Can you play chess?你会下棋吗？ 【误区警示】“下棋”用play chess,棋类之前不加冠词。 2．.I want to join the art club.我想加入艺术俱乐部。 【用法透析】 1)句中join为动词，表示“加入，成为……的一员，连接，结合”等之意。 例如： She wants to join the English club.她想加入英语俱乐部。 Come and join us.来加入我们吧。 Join the two maps togethes.把这两个地图连起来。 2)句中art为“艺术，美术”， 如：an art teacher美术老师，an art lesson一堂美术课，an artist一位艺术家 2.Can you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？ 【易混辨析】speak/say/tell/talk speak意为“说话”，指说话的能力和方式，一般作不及物动词，意为“演讲”，作及物动词时，其后跟某种语言。 例如： Who wants to speak at the meeting? 谁想在会议上发言？ Do you speak Chinese? 你会说汉语吗？ talk意为“谈话，交谈”，指相互间的谈话，一般作不及物动词时，要谈到某人某事时，后面接介词about 或of。 例如：Don’t talk in class!不要在课堂说话。 Let’s talk to Mr Green.咱们跟格林先生谈谈吧。 say意为“说出，说过”，强调说话的内容。 例如： Can you say it in English? 你能用英语说话吗？ They say China is great.他们说中国是伟大的。 tell意为“告诉”、“讲述”，to: Can you tell me about it?你能告诉我有关此事吗？ 4．Tom can play the quitar but he can’t play it very well.汤姆会弹吉它，但是他弹得不是很好。 【用法透析】 1)这是一个由转折连词but连接并列句，前面的简单句是情态动词can的肯定句形式，后面的简单句 是情态动词can的否定式。 2)句中veny well意为“很好”，是副词短词，常用来修饰句中的动词，放于句尾。 如： She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好。 5．Are you good with children？你和孩子们相处得好吗？【用法透析】（1)be good with表示“与……相处得好”， 例如： My father is good with my mother.我爸爸和我妈妈相处得好吗？ （2）be good with的同义表达方式为：get on well with, 例如：How do you get on well with your friend? 你和你朋友相处得怎么样？ 【发散思维】be good at something表示“擅长做某事”，介词at后面可以直接接名词，如果接动词的话，
七年级上册英语知识点总结
七年级上册英语知识点总结 Unit1. My name’s Gina. 句型：1, What’s your name? My name’s Jenny. / I’m Jenny. / Jenny. May I have your name? Yes, my name’s Jenny. What’s his/her name? His/Her name’s Tony/Gina. 2, I’m Tony Brown. What’s your full name? My full name/ It is Tony Brown. My first name is Tony. My last name/family name is Brown. 3, What’s your/his/her telephone/phone number? It’s 555-3539.语法：1,形容词性物主代词：my(我的) your(你的) his/her/its(他/她/它的) our(我们的) your(你们的）their(他们的） 后面需要接名词，修饰名词，做前置定语。在句中可作主语，宾语等成分。 My book is here. This is my book. 2, 主格： I you he/she/ it we you they 在句中做主语，一般放句首，后面紧跟 am/is/are 及其他动词。 I’m a student. She looks great. Unit2. Is this your pencil? 句型：1, Is this your pencil? Yes, it is. 2, Is this my pen? No, it isn’t. 3, Is that his book? Yes, it is. 4, How do you spell it? = Can you spell it, please? = Spell it, please. 5, Call Alan at 495-3539. Call me/him/her/them. 给我/他/她/他们打电话. Call 4953539 拨打4953539。 Call sb. at + 电话号码拨打……找某人 6, Is that your computer game in the lost and found case? 7, a set of keys a set of + 名词复数 语法；1,句中含be(am, is, are)一般疑问句的变法：把be提前，如果句中有my 变your，I 变you，其他的照抄不变。肯定回答 yes, 主语+am/is/are 否定回答 No,主语+am not/aren’t/isn’t.注意：回答时主语如果是物品单数或者this/that的话，用it替代主语，如果是复数人和物品用they替代。 2, be动词的用法口诀；I am, you are, is 他/她/它（he/she/it）,单数is 复数are. Be动词跟随主语的变化而变化。 Unit3. This is my sister. 句型：1,Is this your sister? No, it isn’t. Is she your sister? No, she isn’t. 2,This is my friend. These are my friends. That is my brother. Those are my brothers. 3, Thanks for the photo of your family. Here is my family photo.
七年级上册英语专项练习
be 动词专练 be 动词用法歌：我用am,你用are，is 连接他，她，它。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be 后not 莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 解析: I am; You are; He is; She is; It is; We are; You are; They are. 用am, is, are 填空 1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? 2. The girl______ Jack's sister. 3. The dog _______ tall and fat. 4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom? 6. Where _____ your mother? 7. How _______ your father? 8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 9. That ______ my red skirt. 10.The jeans ______ on the desk. 11. Some tea ______ in the glass. 12. Gao Shan's shirt _______ over there. 13. My sister's name ______Nancy. 14._____you American? 15. He _____ in Class 4, Grade 1. 16.It_____ a car. 28. They ____ cars . 17. ____ your mother in China? 18. What ____her name? 19.Those _____oranges. 20. Where _____ her mother? 21. How old _____your teacher? 22.What class _____ you in? 23. ______ your brother in the classroom? 含be动词的否定句和一般疑问句 【练习】按要求完成下列各题。 1. She is my sister. (改为否定句) ________________________________ 2. These are my books. (改为否定句) ________________________________
人教版七年级下册英语练习题
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7下英语知识点
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2.There isn’t_______water in the glass. 3.Is there _______water in the glass? 4.Would you like ______noodles? 5.How about _______flowers? 五、Still与yet 1.I am ________hungry. 2.I am not sure_________. 六、Interesting与interested 1.The story is ___________ 2.I am _________in soccer. 3.She is _________in the __________book. 类同词:bored/ boring,excited/exciting,relaxed/relaxing, Surprised/surprising 七、Shout at与shout to 八、Question 与problem 九、Other 与else 1.What ______can you see in the picture? 2.What _______animals can you see in the picture? 3.I have two sisters. One lives in Yibin ,_________lives in Beijing. 4.There are some people in the park.Some are taking a walk,______ are talking happily. 5.We should help each_______. 6.I don’t like this pen ,Can you show me __________ one.
七年级上册英语知识点总结
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7A Unit3 The Earth Ⅰ核心词汇： Earth 地球 quiz 小测试 pattern 模式 protect 保护 report 报告 part 部分 land 陆地 v.登陆 field 田地 large 大的 provide 提供 pollution 污染 burn 燃烧 energy 能源 ground 地面 kill 杀死 important 重要的 fact 事实 kilometer 公里 own 拥有 catch 捕捉 problem问题 pollute(动词) 污染 call v.呼叫，称呼，打电话给··· Ⅱ重要短语: protect tne Earth 保护地球 protect sb./ 保护某人/物，使不受伤害 provide…..with为…..提供 be covered by 被····覆盖 make energy 制造能源put….into把…..倒入、放入）…… stop doing sth 停止做某事 (不做这件事了）只指一件事 stop to do sth停下来做某事（停止做这件事，去做另外一件事） throw away扔掉 throw about 乱扔如：Don’t throw about the waste paper. have a good time 玩得高兴 =enjoy oneself get up 起床 Ⅲ重点句型： 2.The Earth provides us with air，Water and food. 3.It's +形容词+for sb.+to do sth. 4.There be +主语+介词短语 5.We can ask people not to do sth. Ⅳ详细讲解： are large.(page31) Large 大的。同义词：big 西丽的荔枝园真大（large），里面的荔枝好大个（big） Earth provides us with air，Water and food.(page31) Provide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物 Provide sth for sb.
七年级上册英语专项练习
be动词专练 be动词用法歌：我用am,你用are，is连接他，她，它。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 解析: I am;You are;He is;She is;It is;We are;You are;They are. 用am, is, are填空 1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? 2. The girl______ Jack's sister. 3. The dog _______ tall and fat. 4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom? 6. Where _____ your mother? 7. How _______ your father? 8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 9. That ______ my red skirt. 10.The jeans ______ on the desk. 11. Some tea ______ in the glass. 12. Gao Shan's shirt _______ over there. 13. My sister's name ______Nancy. 14._____you American? 15. He _____ in Class 4, Grade 1.
16.It_____ a car. 28. They ____ cars . 17. ____ your mother in China? 18. What ____her name? 19.Those _____oranges. 20. Where _____ her mother? 21. How old _____your teacher? 22.What class _____ you in? 23. ______ your brother in the classroom? 含be动词的否定句和一般疑问句 【练习】按要求完成下列各题。 1. She is my sister. (改为否定句) ________________________________ 2. These are my books. (改为否定句) ________________________________ 改为一般疑问句) 3.That is Anna’s eraser. ( ________________________________ 4. They are my parents. (改为一般疑问句) ________________________________ 5. I am Jane. (改为一般疑问句) ________________________________ 【总结】
七年级英语综合能力训练
七年级英语综合能力训练 语法练练吧 冠词用法小练习： I. 翻译下列短语。 1. 一把直尺____________ 2. 一件夹克衫____________ 3. 一个桔子____________ 4. 在上午____________ II. 用适当的冠词填空，不需要填的地方划“/”。 1. This is ________ pen and that is ________ apple. 2. —What's this in English, Frank? —It's ________ cup. And ________ cup is white. 3. Eric is ________ English boy and Lin Li is ________ Chinese girl. 4. There is ________ “k” and ________ “e” in the word (单词) “key”. 5. This is my ________ cup and that is his ________ cup. 阅读空间 Ready for school Hello, everyone! My name's Liam. This is my schoolbag. It's blue and green. This is my notebook. It's red. And look! This is my ruler. It's red, too. Red is my favorite color. Now, I'm ready for school. 新词对对碰 “我的”“颜色”考考你 I. 用英语写出图片中物体的常见颜色。 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ 6. ________ 5. ________ 6. ________ 7. ________ II. 按要求完成下列句子（每空一词）。 1. 请把它涂成绿色。（汉译英） ______ ______ it ______. ______ it ______, ______.
人教版七年级上册英语专项训练-词汇
人教版七年级上册英语专项训练-词汇学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、用所给单词的正确形式填空 一、用所给单词的适当形式填空(A) 1．My English teacher has two __________(dictionary). 2．I think the radio is very __________(use)for your English. 3．Ken has two favorite __________(subject): math and art. 4．My sister knows the __________(woman).They are her friends. 5．Can he __________(play)the guitar? 6．Tom usually __________(have)math on Tuesday. 7．Do you want __________ (know)about my family? 8．The question is too __________(difficulty).Please ask your teacher. 9．You can learn more from __________(question). 10．__________ (China)is our mother language(母语). 一、用所给单词的适当形式填空(B) 11．There are 24 __________(hour) in a day. 12．Tom has two art __________(lesson)after school. 13．When Sally__________(finish)her music class, she can go home. 14．As a teacher, I love my __________(student)very much. 15．In China, there are many traditional__________(festival)． 16．The __________ (twelve)month of the year is December. 17．I'm Gina Smith. Gina is my __________(one)name. 18．__________(vegetable)are good for our body. 19．Your __________(parent)are your mother and father. 20．Thanksgiving is celebrated on the __________ (four)Thursday in November in America. 21．She took lots of beautiful_________(photo)during her stay in Europe. 22．In many families today, dogs are __________ (they)best friends. 23．How much are the __________(jacket)? 24．—How do you __________ (spell)“orange”？
七年级英语练习题
Part I. Grammar and Vocabulary (48’) I. Choose the most proper answer: ( 选择最恰当的答案, 用 A、B、C或 D 表示 , 填入括号内 ) (22 ’) () 1. A great fire broke out in the high building _________ a windy night. A. on B. at C. in D. to () 2. Finally, we decided_________ a ferry across the Huangpu River. A.take B. taking C. to take D. took () 3. I have a lovely puppy. _________ hair is black . A.It B. It’ s C. It is D. Its () 4. Many foreigners go to Sheshan_________ sightseeing. A.for B. to C. because D. in () 5. If you_________ to Xujiahui, you _________ a very huge shopping centre. A.will go ? see B. go? will see C. go? see D. will go? will see () 6. A: _________ is Century Park? B: It ’ s 5 km east of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower. A.How B. Where C. How long D. Which () 7. Many tourists come to Shanghai_________. A.To shopping B. shops C. shop D. to shop () 8. He ’ s never been to the Oriental Pearl TV Tower.she. A. Neither is B. So is C. Neither has D. So has () 9. _________ this film. It’ s very interesting. A. Miss B. Not miss C. Don ’ t miss D. No miss () 10. You _________ buy the watch. Your parents have bought one for you. A. don’ t need B. need to C. needn’ t to D. don’ t need to () 11. _________ important information they have collected! A. What B. What a C. What an D. How () 12. Tom didn’ t pass the exam. He looked. A. happy B. sadly C. happily D. unhappy () 13. I don’ t like these red cups. Givethemebrown _________. I’ ll take them. A. cup B. those C. one D. ones () 14. The changing room is over there. Take the jeans. You may _________. A. try on it B. try on them C. try it on D. try them on () 15. A: Excuse me, where is Xinhua Bookshop? B: Turn left_________ Park Road and walk_________ Park Road. You’ ll finditon your right. A.in ? along B. into? long C. into ? along D. onto? along () 16. There _________ a wonderful football match between Spain and Italy next week. A. is B. will have C. is going to be D. is going to have () 17. The little boy wasn't listening_________in class, so he often missed some important
七年级下册英语知识点复习(完整版)
新目标英语七年级下册知识点总结 Unit 1 Can you play the guitar？ 1，情态动词+V原can do= be able to do 2，Play+ the+ 乐器 +球类，棋类 3，join 参加社团、组织、团体 4，4个说的区别：say+内容 Speak+语言 Talk 谈论talk about sth talk with sb talk to sb Tell 告诉，讲述tell sb （not）to do sth Tell stories/ jokes 5，want= would like +（sb）to do sth 6，4个也的区别：too 肯定句末（前面加逗号） Either否定句末（前面加逗号） Also 行前be 后 As well 口语中（前面不加逗号） 7，be good at+ V-ing=do well in 擅长于 be good for 对…有益（be bad for对…有害） be good to 对…友好（good 可用friendly，nice，kind替换） be good with和…相处好=get on/ along well with 8，特殊疑问句的构成：疑问词+一般疑问句 9，How/ what about+V-ing …怎么样？（表建议） 10，感官动词（look, sound, taste, smell, feel）+adj/ like 11，选择疑问句：回答不能直接用Yes或者No，要从中选择一个回答 12，students wanted for school show（wanted表示招募，含有被动意义） 13，show sth to sb=show sb sth give sth to sb=give sb sth 14，help sb （to）do sth Help sb with sth With sb’s help= with the help of sb Help oneself to 随便享用 15，be busy doing sth/ be busy with sth 16，need to do sth 17，be free= have time 18，have friends= make friends 19，call sb at +电话号码 20，on the weekend= on weekends 21，English-speaking students 说英语的学生（带有连词符，有形容词性质） 22，do kung fu表演功夫 Unit 2 What time do you go to school？ 1，问时间用what time或者when At+钟点at 7 o’clock at noon/ at night（during/ in the day） On+ 具体某天、星期、特指的一天on April 1st on Sunday on a cold winter morning In +年、月、上午、下午、晚上 2，时间读法：顺读法 逆读法：分钟≤30用past five past eight（8:05）half past eight（8:30）
人教版七年级英语上册知识点汇总大全
人教版七年级英语上册知识点 Starter unit 1 Good morning! 1.短语归纳： good morning 早上好good afternoon 下午好good evening 晚上好 name list 名单an English name 英文名字 2.必背典句： （1）Good morning, Alice! 早上好，艾丽斯！ （2）Good afternoon! 下午好！ （3）Hi, Bob! 你好，鲍勃！ （4）Hello, Frank! 你好，弗兰克！ （5）Good evening 晚上好！ （6）—How are you? 你好吗？ —I’m fine, thanks. How are you? 我很好，谢谢。你好吗？ —I’m OK. 我很好。 3．英语中常见的问候语 ①Hello! “你好！”是比较随便、不分时间的一种问候语，通常用于打招呼、打电话。表示惊 讶或引起对方注意。对方应答仍用Hello! ②Hi! “你好！”的使用比hello！更随便，在青年人中使用更为普遍。 ③Nice to meet you! “很高兴见到你！”Nice to meet you, too.或者Me, too“见到你很高兴”用于 初次见面 ④How do you do? “你好！”用于初次见面，是非正式的打招呼用语。对方应答语应是“How do you do?” How are you? 表示问候意为“你好吗？”，为询问对方身体状况的问候语，应答语一般是“I’m fine. Thank you. / I’m very well. Thank you. / I’m OK. 3.大写字母的用法： ①在英语中，句子的第一个单词的第一个字母都应大写。Sit down, please. 请坐。 ②字母I作人称代词时，意为“我”，在句中任何位置都必须大写。日常用语“OK”在句中任何位置都大写。I’m a student. 我是一名学生。Is everything OK? 一切都好吗？ ③人名、地名、国名、某国人或某种语言等专有名词的第一个字母都必须大写。
初一上学期英语专项训练
英语专项巩固训练 1、这是海伦，那是鲍勃 This is Helen,Bob. 2、That is a blue pen in English.(对划线部分提问) （）（）in English? 3、我有两张我弟弟的照片 I have ( )( )( )my brother. 4、Wto our school.Have a good day!(根据提示补齐句子) 5、My pencil is blue.What color is his pencil ?(同义句转换) My pencil is blue( )( )( ). 6、一串钥匙在失物招领箱里。（翻译） 。 ７、This( )ruler is Leo’s（根据句意用定冠词the或/填空） ８、My e-mail is sdgqwjy @ https://www.360docs.net/doc/ff1917878.html,. E-mail me ,please.(两句合并为一句) You can( )me( )sdgqwjy@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ff1917878.html,. 9、一串钥匙在书包里（翻译） （）（）（）（）（）in the shoolbag。 10.( )( ) (在我头上) is a white hat. 11.On the dictionary is a notebook.(改为同义句) The dictionary ( )( )a notebook. 12.我不认识教室里的那个女孩（翻译） 。 13.让她和我们一起去图书馆吧。(根据汉语完成下列句子) （）（）（）to the libray with us.
14.My sister and i have a dog.but wlost it this afternoon.(根据首字母单词完善句子) 15.Alice (go) to school with her brother every day(用所给单词正确形式填空)。 16.Cindy always (play)baseball in the afternoon(用所给单词正确形式填空)。 17.I have a computer(用he改写句子) He a computer. 18.Peter, go and ask(they) for some balls(用所给单词适当形式填空)。 19.戴维没有电脑，但是鲍勃有一台。 David a coputer, but Bob . 20.They have a socder ball(改为否定句) They a soccer ball. 21.迈克只在电视上观看体育运动。(按照汉语意思完成句子) Mike only sports . 22.简和詹妮在同一所学校里。（翻译） 。 23.他们真正地喜欢健康的食品。 。 24.她想要一条白色的裤子。 She wants trousers. 25.Sorry ,Miss Brown .I am Ifor class.(根据首字母完成句子)。 26.Eat woman real health watch tv (用所给单词适当形式填空)