英国文学

英国文学
英国文学

Chapter3 From Morpheme to Phrase

1. what is Morpheme?定义

The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

2.Types of Morphemes分类

(1)Free vs. Bound morphemes: 自由语素黏着语素

?Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table,

nation.

?Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.

(2)Root, and affix and stem

A Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of

identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness.

Roots may be

?free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation+-al; or

?bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive,

conceive.

B Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

Normally divided into

?prefix (dis-, un-) and

?suffix (-en, -ify).

Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added, eg

?friend root > base

?friendly root/base + suffix > base

?unfriendly prefix + base > base

?unfriendliness base + suffix > base?

C Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may

be added, eg friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.

(3)Inflectional affix and derivation affix

Inflection: grammatical endings, eg plural, tense, comparative, etc.

Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, eg friend+-ly > friendly.

3. Word class 掌握、例子

known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.

?Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article,

etc.

Some new terms in word class:

(1)Particle: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc.

(2)Auxiliary: do, have

Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.

(3)Pro-forms: substitutes for other terms.

?Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone

?Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.

?Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did.

?Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.

?Pro-locative: He went there.

(4)Determiner: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and

its modifiers.

?As many as three determiners may be used in each case and there is a fixed order

when there is more than one.

4.构词方法(注意例子)

(1)Compounding复合

?Two or more free roots combine to make a new word.

?Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill

?Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit

?Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree

?Preposition compounds: into, throughout

(compounds can be further divided into two kinds)

?Endocentric & exocentric

?Endocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; eg

?self-control: a kind of control

?armchair: a kind of chair

?Exocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, eg

?scarecrow: not a kind of crow

?breakneck: not a kind of neck

?Written forms of compounds

?Solid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguard

?Hyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-length

?Open: coffee table, washing machine

?Free variation:

?businessman, business-man, business man

?winebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottle

?no one, no-one, noone

(2)Derivation派生

(2.1)Class-changing:

?N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard

?N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless

?V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant

?V>A: acceptable, adorable

?A>N: rapidness, rapidity

?A>V: deafen, sweeten

?Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly

(2.2)Class-preserving:

?N>N: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet

?V>V: disobey, unfasten

?A>A: grayish, irrelevant

英国文学参考资料

1.The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as ___________ into England. 1.诺曼的战胜带来了即是的关税和理想的身体___________进入英国之内。 A.chivalry 一。骑士精神 B.feudalism 封建制度 C.Christianity 。基督教 D.capitalism资本主义 2. Being one of the forerunners of ____________, Chaucer praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. 作为先驱之一____________, 乔叟称赞男人的精力,智力、快的机智和生活的爱。 一。人性 B。写实主义 C。现代作风 D。浪漫精神 A. humanism B. realism C. modernism D. romanticism 3.The keynote of English Renaissance was ____________. 3.英国文艺复兴的主调音是____________. 一。人性 B。改革 C。附件运动 D。恢复 A.Humanism B.reformation C.Enclosure movement D.Restoration 4.When Shakespeare wrote King Lear and Macbeth, he mainly relied on ___________. 4.当莎士比亚写信给李尔王的时候和马克白,他主要地仰赖__________ _. 一。意大利故事 B。Holinshed 年代记 C。高贵希腊人的生命和罗马人 D。丹麦的事件 A.Italian stories

中世纪英国文学概述

中世纪英国文学概述 中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。

英国文学名著整理

☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗,古英语文学的最高成就,同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦,帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲;第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位,平安统治50年。后来,他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏,老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战,杀死火龙,自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ,1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层,而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格,读者广泛,对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇,杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事,揭露了封建制度的残酷无情,同时,歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈(Keats, 1795一1821)是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦,作过医生的学徒,后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满,希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称,在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱(Shelley ,1792一1822)是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗,也写了很多优美的抒情诗,特别是爱情诗,显示了不羁的想象,瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵,这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”(If Winters comes,can spring be far behind)成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯(Wordsworth,1770-1850),18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴,1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福(Daniel Defoe,1661-1731)是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后,他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、(大疫年日记)(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落

英国文学名词解释

Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟): a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature

英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)

Byronic hero A proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom. Sonnet A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成,通常是五步抑扬格,有着严格的特定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。 Lake Poets The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement 早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth,Coleridge和Southey,也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区,并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代,把自然看作是精神上的避难所,因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。 Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17t

英国文学复习资料

British Literature 英国文学 一、The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485) Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟(1343---1400) Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry” 首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体(the heroic couplet),被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟翻译过法国诗歌,其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后,乔叟接触到意大利文学,深受以但丁(Dante, 1265---1321)、彼特拉克(Petrarch, 1304---1347)和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂(Westminster Abbey),从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”(the Poet’s Corner) 代表作:《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)(1836) 《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)(1374---1384) 《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowls)(1380) 《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》(Troilus and Criseyde)(1380---1385) 《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)(1386---1400) 二、Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期---17世纪初) 1、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚 莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年,一共创作了38(或39)部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等,另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗(Venus and Adonis,1593)。 Ben Johnson (本·琼森,莎士比亚同时代戏剧家)wrote in the dedication to the edition that “he was not of an age, but for all time!”(他不属于一个时代,而是)属于永远。 四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet(1601)《奥赛罗》Othello (1604)《李尔王》King Lear(1605)《麦克白》Macbeth(1606)《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉(埃及艳后)》Anthony And Cleopatra(1606---1607) 《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》《裘力斯·凯撒》《科利奥兰纳斯》《特洛埃围城记》 《雅典的泰门》等 四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice(1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《皆大欢喜》As You Like It 《第十二夜》Twelfth Night(1600) 《冬天的故事》Winter’s Tale(1610)《暴风雨》The Tempest(1612) 《错中错》《终成眷属》《无事生非》《一报还一报》《驯悍记》《辛白林》 《温莎的风流娘们》《爱的徒劳》《维洛那二绅士》《泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯》等 悲喜剧(正剧):《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and Juliet(1595) 历史剧:《亨利四世(上篇)》Henry IV, Part I(1597)《亨利四世(下篇)》 《亨利五世》《亨利六世(上篇)》《亨利六世(中篇)》《亨利六世(下篇)》《亨利八世》《约翰王》《里查二世》《里查三世》 十四行诗:《爱人的怨诉》《鲁克丽丝失贞记》《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》 《热情的朝圣者》《凤凰和斑鸠》等

英国文学概述-王守仁

英国文学概述-王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪—1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、

莎士比亚对英国文学影响

T erm Paper for A History of English and American Literature (A) (June 2011) I. Write a paper of about 600 words on any one of the following topics: 1. Shakespeare’s contributions to literature and the English language 2. The general features of English critical realism 3. The influence of Puritanism on American literature II. Note your Microsoft W ord document should meet the following requirements: 1. The typeface is Times New Roman. 2. The title uses font size 16 and bold type. 3. The body uses font size 12 and normal font weight. 4. The entire document is single-spaced.

It is the East, Shakespeare is the Sun (June 2011) Name _陆雨婷Class_091__ Number __32__ Mark ________ Almost all of us know “Hamlet” “Romeo and Juliet”, but know very little about Shakespeare. Actually he did a lot to the English literature and English language. “The English literature is nothing without Shakespeare.”This is someone’s appraise to Shakespeare Maybe you think that this is too high to him, but actually, he worth it. Shakespeare is one of the most popular and respected writer in the history. Through his life, William Shakespeare published two long narrative poems, 154 sonnets and 37 plays. What’s more, almost all of his works are still loved by people after so many years. Shakespeare is the represent of English Renaissance. The best features of that time such as the feeling of freedom in thought and action, the excesses of energy and so on, are all reflected perfectly in his works. Shakespeare deal with love, life and death and these universal themes get beautiful touch by him. He is really knowledgeable. Therefore, his characters have become memorable in the field of literature. There are many popular sayings from Shakespeare’ works. Such as “A light heart lives long.” “Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.” Among all of these, “To be or not to be” is the most famous soliloquy in the history of the theater. Is it worth to fight with evil or is it better to ignore evil, endure the pain and live on? This discusses the attitude of a Renaissance humanist toward life and death. Also, this reflects in a modern man who is caught in the same situation. The characters of his works are all not that simple. Y ou can’t say that guy is good or bad. They all have several contract characters. Such as Hamlet, he is a hero in that play, but we all impressed by his procrastination. Sometimes, we are hard to understand why the young man does not take the immediate action. Shakespeare liked to use pun and the justapositation of the comic element alongside the serious. He respected the sense of certitude and justice. His works are full of wisdom and philoso phy. They touch the reader’s souls. He believes in the goodness of human nature and man’s potential for self-improvement. William Shakespeare is a monument in the history of English literature. Not only has Shakespeare contributed to the English literature, but also the English language. As the represent of the Early Modern English’s users. He contributed a lot to the English’s development. Early Modern English was unfixed in structure and vocabulary in comparison to Greek and Latin. Due to wars, exploration and other reasons, when Shakespeare began writing his works, the English language was rapidly absorbing words from other languages. By the age of Elizabeth, English had become widely used. But still, many writers expressed new ideas by inventing, borrowing or adopting words from another language. As someone’s research showed that between the year 1500 and

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The Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066 Events & Terms ?Celts ?Roman Conquest ?Anglo-Saxons ?Myth Celts ?500 B.C and 100 B.C. ?Coming from central Europe ?Tribal society ?Clan as unit ?Celtic warriors enjoying fighting ?Lack of unity Roman Conquest ?55BC - 407AD ?Roman general Julius Caesar ?Roman emperor Claudius ?Britannia: British Isles as a province of Roman empire ?Roman governors ?Christianity The Anglo-Saxons (449-1066) ?Angles, Saxons, Jutes, tribes from the places now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia ?Creation of the English nation ?Old English or Anglo-Saxon ?Anglo-Saxon myth: The Lord of the Rings; The Song of Beowulf Myth(ology) The story, handed down from olden times, especially concepts or beliefs about the early history of a race or a nation usually with supernatural episodes. Questions for Anglo-Saxon Period ?What is your impression of Beowulf as a hero and king? ?What do you think is the most important theme of Beowulf? ?In what way is the movie different from original myth and why? The Anglo-Norman Period 1066-1350 Events & Terms ●Norman Conquest ●King Arthur

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点资料

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点

一、中世纪文学(约5世纪—1485) ?《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf) ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。(Father of English Poetry) 《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales) 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初) ?托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More ) 《乌托邦》(Utopia) ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser) 《仙后》(The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根(Francis Bacon) 《论说文集》(Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》(Tamburlaine) ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus) ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》(The Jew of Malta) 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ) 《哈姆莱特》(Hamlet) SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》(Paradise Lost) ?约翰·班扬(John Bunyan) 《天路历程》(The Pilgrim’s Progress) 四、启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期) 18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope)是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe) ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》(Tom Jones) ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》(Tom Jones) 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard) 五、浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832) ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)

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英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪

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